Maternal healthy lifestyle during early pregnancy and offspring birthweight: differences by offspring sex

References

• Hediger ML, Joseph KS, Fetal growth: measurement and evaluation. In: Lewis GB, Platt R, eds. Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology New York: Oxford University Press; 2011:168–185.
   Google Scholar
• Clausson B, Cnattingius S, Axelsson O. Outcomes of post-term births: the role of fetal growth restriction and malformations. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:758–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos MS, Joles JA. Early determinants of cardiovascular disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;26:581–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berends LM, Ozanne SE. Early determinants of type-2 diabetes. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;26:569–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson J, Forsen T, Tuomilehto J, et al. Size at birth, childhood growth and obesity in adult life. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:735–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson JG, Forsen T, Tuomilehto J, et al. Effects of size at birth and childhood growth on the insulin resistance syndrome in elderly individuals. Diabetologia 2002;45:342–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Bernal CL, Rebagliato M, Iniguez C, et al. Diet quality in early pregnancy and its effects on fetal growth outcomes: the Infancia y Medio Ambiente (Childhood and Environment) Mother and Child Cohort Study in Spain. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:1659–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward C, Lewis S, Coleman T. Prevalence of maternal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and impact on birth weight: retrospective study using Millennium Cohort. BMC Public Health 2007;7:81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu P, Tao F, Hao J, et al. Prenatal life events stress: implications for preterm birth and infant birthweight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;203:34.e1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badon SE, Wander PL, Qiu C, et al. Maternal leisure time physical activity and infant birth size. Epidemiology 2016;27:74–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan P, Galizzi MM. Like ripples on a pond: behavioral spillovers and their implications for research and policy. J Econ Psychol 2015;47:1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifton VL. Review: sex and the human placenta: mediating differential strategies of fetal growth and survival. Placenta 2010;31:S33–S9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudra CB, Sorensen TK, Luthy DA, et al. A prospective analysis of recreational physical activity and preeclampsia risk. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40:1581–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiuve SE, Fung TT, Rimm EB, et al. Alternative dietary indices both strongly predict risk of chronic disease. J Nutr 2012;142:1009–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav 1983;24:385–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Tobias DK, Chavarro JE, et al. Adherence to healthy lifestyle and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2014;349:g5450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG committee opinion. Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Number 267, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002;77:79–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams RL, Creasy RK, Cunningham GC, et al. Fetal growth and perinatal viability in California. Obstet Gynecol 1982;59:624–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien CM, Grivell RM, Dodd JM. Systematic review of antenatal dietary and lifestyle interventions in women with a normal body mass index. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2016;95:259–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oteng-Ntim E, Varma R, Croker H, et al. Lifestyle interventions for overweight and obese pregnant women to improve pregnancy outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2012;10:47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan SD, Singh S, Shah P, et al. Effect of maternal malnutrition and anemia on the endocrine regulation of fetal growth. Endocr Res 2004;30:189–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jauniaux E, Burton GJ. Morphological and biological effects of maternal exposure to tobacco smoke on the feto-placental unit. Early Hum Dev 2007;83:699–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluckman PD, Pinal CS. Regulation of fetal growth by the somatotrophic axis. J Nutr 2003;133:1741S–6S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seckl JR. Glucocorticoids, feto-placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, and the early life origins of adult disease. Steroids 1997;62:89–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins SA, Baldi JC, Cutfield WS, et al. Exercise training in pregnancy reduces offspring size without changes in maternal insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:2080–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox LA, Li C, Glenn JP, et al. Expression of the placental transcriptome in maternal nutrient reduction in baboons is dependent on fetal sex. J Nutr 2013;143:1698–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voigt M, Mermanussen M, Wittwer-Backofen U, et al. Sex-specific differences in birth weight due to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Eur J Pediatr 2006;165:757–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson RE, Kristal AR, Tinker LF, et al. Measurement characteristics of the women's health initiative food frequency questionnaire. Ann Epidemiol 1999;9:178–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evenson KR, Wen F. Measuring physical activity among pregnant women using a structured one-week recall questionnaire: evidence for validity and reliability. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010;7:21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karam F, Berard A, Sheehy O, et al. Reliability and validity of the 4-item perceived stress scale among pregnant women: results from the OTIS antidepressants study. Res Nurs Health 2012;35:363–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar