References
- Larsen WJ. Human embryology. 3rd ed. New York (NY): Churchill Livingstone; 2001.
- Underwood MA, Gilbert WM, Sherman MP. Amniotic fluid: not just fetal urine anymore. J Perinatol. 2005;25(5):341–348.
- Harman CR. Amniotic fluid abnormalities. Semin Perinatol. 2008;32(4):288–294.
- Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free radical in biology and medicine. 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1999.
- Myatt L. Review: reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and functional adaptation of the placenta. Placenta. 2010;31:S66–S69.
- Wink DA, Mitchell JB. Chemical biology of nitric oxide: insights into regulatory, cytotoxic, and cytoprotective mechanisms of nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998;25(4–5):434–456.
- Mocatta TJ, Winterbourn CC, Inder TE, et al. The effect of gestational age and labour on markers of lipid and protein oxidation in cord plasma. Free Radic Res. 2004;38(2):185–191.
- Dordević NZ, Babić GM, Marković SD, et al. Oxidative stress and changes in antioxidative defense system in erythrocytes of preeclampsia in women. Reprod Toxicol. 2008;25(2):213–218.
- Perluigi M, di Domenico F, Fiorini A, et al. Oxidative stress occurs early in Down syndrome pregnancy: a redox proteomics analysis of amniotic fluid. Proteom Clin Appl. 2011;5(3–4):167–178.
- Cuffe JS, Xu ZC, Perkins AV. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in pregnancy complications. Biomark Med. 2017;11(3):295–306.
- Ramandeep K, Kapil G, Harkiran K. Correlation of enhanced oxidative stress with altered thyroid profile: probable role in spontaneous abortion. Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2017;7(1):20–25.
- Hattori Y, Mukaide T, Jiang L, et al. Catalytic ferrous iron in amniotic fluid as a predictive marker of human maternal-fetal disorders. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2015;56(1):57–63.
- Perrone S, Tataranno ML, Stazzoni G, et al. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in fetal and neonatal diseases. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(12):2575–2578.
- Vasilopoulou E, Loubière LS, Lash GE, et al. Triiodothyronine regulates angiogenic growth factor and cytokine secretion by isolated human decidual cells in a cell-type specific and gestational age-dependent manner. Hum Reprod. 2014;29(6):1161–1172.
- Teng W, Shan Z, Patil-Sisodia K, et al. Hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013;1(3):228–237.
- Carney LA, Quinlan JD, West JM. Thyroid disease in pregnancy. Am Fam Phys. 2014;89(4):273–278.
- Mezosi E, Szabo J, Nagy EV, et al. Nongenomic effect of thyroid hormone on free-radical production in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Endocrinol. 2005;185(1):121–129.
- Mancini A, Di Segni C, Raimondo S, et al. Thyroid hormones, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:6757154.
- Auclair C, Voisin E. Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction. In: Greenwald RA, editor. Handbook of methods for oxygen radical research. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 1985. p. 123–132.
- Pick E, Keisari Y. A simple colorimetric method for the measurement of hydrogen peroxide produced by cells in culture. J Immunol Methods. 1980;38(1–2):161–170.
- Green LC, Wagner DA, Glogowski J, et al. Analysis of nitrate, nitrite and [15N] nitrate in biological fluids. Anal Biochem. 1982;126(1):131–138.
- Riordan JF, Vallee BL. Nitration with tetranitromethane. In: Hirs CHW, Timasheff SN, editors. Methods in enzymology. New York (NY): Academic Press; 1972;25:515–521.
- Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 1979;95(2):351–358.
- Beutler E. Reduced glutathione (GSH). In: Beutler E, editor. Red cell metabolism, a manual of biochemical methods. New York (NY): Grune and Straton; 1975. p. 112–114.
- Beutler E. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG). In: Beutler E, editor. Red cell metabolism, a manual of biochemical methods. New York (NY): Grune and Straton; 1975. p. 112–114.
- Tudosa R, Vartej P, Horhoianu I, et al. Maternal and fetal complications of the hypothyroidism-related pregnancy. Maedica (Buchar). 2010;5(2):116–123.
- Guzy RD, Schumacker PT. Oxygen sensing by mitochondria at complex III: the paradox of increased reactive oxygen species during hypoxia. Exp Physiol. 2006;91(5):807–819.
- Yin J, Ren W, Liu G, et al. Birth oxidative stress and the development of an antioxidant system in newborn piglets. Free Radic Res. 2013;47(12):1027–1035.
- Luo ZC, Fraser WD, Julien P, et al. Tracing the origins of “fetal origins” of adult diseases: programming by oxidative stress? Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(1):38–44.
- Saki F, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Ghaemi SZ, et al. Thyroid function in pregnancy and its influences on maternal and fetal outcomes. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;12(4):e19378.
- Maraka S, Ospina NM, O’Keeffe DT, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid. 2016;26(4):580–590.
- Pasupathi P, Latha R. Free radical activity and antioxidant defence mechanisms in patients with hypothyroidism. Thyroid Sci. 2008;3:CLS1–6.
- Sözmen EY, Kerry Z, Uysal F, et al. Antioxidant enzyme activities and total nitrite/nitrate levels in the collar model. Effect of nicardipine. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2000;38(1):21–25.
- Morris NH, Carroll S, Nicolaides KH, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide concentration and amniotic fluid nitrite concentration during pregnancy. Eur J Clin Invest. 1995;25(2):138–141.
- Hsu CD, Aversa K, Meaddough E, et al. Elevated amniotic fluid nitric oxide metabolites and cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in pregnant women with intraamniotic infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177(4):793–796.
- Di Iorio R, Marinoni E, Coacci F, et al. Amniotic fluid nitric oxide and uteroplacental blood flow in pregnancy complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104(10):1134–1139.
- Pfeiffer S, Gorren AC, Schmidt K, et al. Metabolic fate of peroxynitrite in aqueous solution. Reaction with nitric oxide and pH-dependent decomposition to nitrite and oxygen in a 2:1 stoichiometry. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(6):3465–3470.
- Yilmaz S, Ozan S, Benzer F, et al. Oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in experimental hypothyroidism. Cell Biochem Funct. 2003;21(4):325–330.
- Dariyerli N, Toplan S, Akyolcu MC, et al. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility and oxidative stress in experimental hypothyroidism. Endocrine. 2004;25(1):1–5.
- Petrulea M, Muresan A, Duncea I. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in hypo- and hyperthyroidism. In: Amr El-Missiry M, editor. Antioxidant enzyme. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech; 2012.