References
- Nesby-O’Dell S, Scanlon KS, Cogswell ME, et al. Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(1):187–192.
- Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Powers RW, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in black and white pregnant women residing in the northern United States and their neonates. J Nutr. 2007;137(2):447–452.
- Lee JM, Smith JR, Philipp BL, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in a healthy group of mothers and newborn infants. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2007;46(1):42–44.
- Mulligan ML, Felton SK, Riek AE, et al. Implications of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and lactation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(5):429.e1–429.e9.
- Andersen LB, Jørgensen JS, Jensen TK, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with increased risk of first-trimester miscarriage in the Odense Child Cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(3):633–638.
- Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Catov JM, et al. Maternal vitamin D status and the risk of mild and severe preeclampsia. Epidemiology. 2014;25(2):207–214.
- Arnold DL, Enquobahrie DA, Qiu C, et al. Early pregnancy maternal vitamin D concentrations and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2015;29(3):200–210.
- Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Zmuda JM, et al. Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with small-for-gestational age births in white women. J Nutr. 2010;140(5):999–1006.
- Soni M, Kos K, Lang IA, et al. Vitamin D and cognitive function. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 2012;243:79–82.
- Sutherland MK, Somerville MJ, Yoong LK, et al. Reduction of vitamin D hormone receptor mRNA levels in Alzheimer as compared to Huntington hippocampus: correlation with calbindin-28k mRNA levels. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1992;13(3):239–250.
- Stolp HB. Neuropoietic cytokines in normal brain development and neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2013;53:63–68.
- Keunen K, van Elburg RM, van Bel F, et al. Impact of nutrition on brain development and its neuroprotective implications following preterm birth. Pediatr Res. 2015;77(1–2):148–155.
- Maxmen A. Nutrition advice: the vitamin D-lemma. Nature. 2011;475(7354):23–25.
- Tamblyn JA, Hewison M, Wagner CL, et al. Immunological role of vitamin D at the maternal-fetal interface. J Endocrinol. 2015;224(3):R107–R121.
- Chen YH, Yu Z, Fu L, et al. Vitamin D3 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced placental inflammation through reinforcing interaction between vitamin D receptor and nuclear factor kappa B p65 subunit. Sci Rep. 2015;5:10871.
- Liu NQ, Kaplan AT, Lagishetty V, et al. Vitamin D and the regulation of placental inflammation. J Immunol. 2011;186(10):5968–5974.
- Patrick RP, Ames BN. Vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: relevance for ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior. FASEB J. 2015;29(6):2207–2222.
- Eyles DW, Burne TH, McGrath JJ. Vitamin D, effects on brain development, adult brain function and the links between low levels of vitamin D and neuropsychiatric disease. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2013;34(1):47–64.
- Whitehouse AJ, Holt BJ, Serralha M, et al. Maternal serum vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring neurocognitive development. Pediatrics. 2012;129(3):485–493.
- Keim SA, Bodnar LM, Klebanoff MA. Maternal and cord blood 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations in relation to child development and behaviour. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2014;28(5):434–444.
- Morales E, Julvez J, Torrent M, et al. Vitamin D in pregnancy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-like symptoms in childhood. Epidemiology. 2015;26(4):458–465.
- Burris HH, Thomas A, Zera CA, et al. Prenatal vitamin use and vitamin D status during pregnancy, differences by race and overweight status. J Perinatol. 2015;35(4):241–245.
- Michos ED, Misialek JR, Selvin E, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, vitamin D binding protein gene polymorphisms and incident coronary heart disease among whites and blacks: the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis. 2015;241(1):12–17.
- Tian Y, Holzman C, Siega-Riz AM, et al. Maternal Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations during pregnancy and infant birthweight for gestational age: a three-cohort study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2016;30(2):124–133.
- Hoyo C, Murtha AP, Schildkraut JM, et al. Folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy in the Newborn Epigenetics Study (NEST). BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):46.
- Pacis MM, Fortin CN, Zarek SM, et al. Vitamin D and assisted reproduction: should vitamin D be routinely screened and repleted prior to ART? A systematic review. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2015;32(3):323–335.
- Carter AS, Briggs-Gowan MJ, Jones SM, et al. The Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA): factor structure, reliability, and validity. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2003;31(5):495–514.
- Briggs-Gowan MJ, Carter AS, Bosson-Heenan J, et al. Are infant-toddler social-emotional and behavioral problems transient? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45(7):849–858.
- Gardner LM, Murphy L, Campbell JM, et al. Screening accuracy for risk of autism spectrum disorder using the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA). Res Autism Spec Disord. 2013;7(5):591–600.
- Kruizinga I, Visser JC, van Batenburg-Eddes T, et al. Screening for autism spectrum disorders with the brief infant-toddler social and emotional assessment. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e97630.
- Greenland S, Pearl J, Robins JM. Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology. 1999;10(1):37–48.
- Services NCDoHaH: 2011 County Health Data Book. North Carolina Community Health Assessment Process; 2011.
- Harris SS. Vitamin D and African Americans. J Nutr. 2006;136(4):1126–1129.
- Jones G. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(2):582S–586S.
- Mallah EM, Hamad MF, Elmanaseer MA, et al. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D among Jordanians: effect of biological and habitual factors on vitamin D status. BMC Clin Pathol. 2011;11:8.