References
- Albers LL, Sedler KD, Bedrick EJ, et al. Midwifery care measures in the second stage of labor and reduction of genital tract trauma at birth: a randomized trial. J Midwif Womens Health. 2005;50(5):365–372.
- Carroli G, Mignini L. Episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;1:CD000081.
- Amorim MMR, Katz L. The role of episiotomy in modern obstetrics. Femina. 2008;36(1):47–54.
- Kudish B, Sokol RJ, Kruger M. Trends in major modifiable risk factors for severe perineal trauma, 1996–2006. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2008;102(2):165–170.
- Aasheim V, Nilsen ABV, Reinar LM, et al. Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;12:CD006672.
- Ruckhäberle E, Jundt K, Bäuerle M, et al. Prospective randomised multicentre trial with the birth trainer EPI-NO for the prevention of perineal trauma. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;49(5):478–483.
- Dahlen HG, Ryan M, Homer CS, et al. An Australian prospective cohort study of risk factors for severe perineal trauma during childbirth. Midwifery. 2007;23(2):196–203.
- Matsuo K, Shiki Y, Yamasaki M, et al. Use of uterine fundal pressure maneuver at vaginal delivery and risk of severe perineal laceration. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009;280(5):781–786.
- Groutz A, Hasson J, Wengier A, et al. Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears: prevalence and risk factors in the third millennium. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204(4):347.e1–347.e4.
- Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, et al. Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: risk factors and outcome of primary repair. BMJ. 1994;308(6933):887–891.
- Albers LL, Greulich B, Peralta P. Body mass index, midwifery intrapartum care, and childbirth lacerations. J Midwif Womens Health. 2006;51(4):249–253.
- Caughey AB, Stotland NE, Washington AE, et al. Maternal and obstetric complications of pregnancy are associated with increasing gestational age at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196(2):155.e1–155.e6.
- Deering SH, Carlson N, Stitely M, et al. Perineal body length and lacerations at delivery. J Reprod Med. 2004;49(4):306–310.
- Halperin O, Raz I, Ben-Gal L, et al. Prediction of perineal trauma during childbirth by assessment of striae gravidarum score. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2010;39(3):292–297.
- Howard D, Davies PS, DeLancey JO, et al. Differences in perineal lacerations in black and white primiparas. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96(4):622–624.
- Elvander C, Ahlberg M, Thies-Lagergren L, et al. Birth position and obstetric anal sphincter injury: a population-based study of 113 000 spontaneous births. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15:252.
- Low LK, Zielinski R, Tao Y, et al. Predicting birth-related Levator ani tear severity in primiparous women: evaluating maternal recovery from labor and delivery (EMRLD Study). Open J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;4(6):266–278.
- Santos JdO, Bolanho IC, Mota JQCd, et al. Frequency of perineal lesions occurred during natural child labour in a hospital institution. Esc Anna Nery. 2008;12(4):658–663.
- Victora CG, Huttly SR, Fuchs SC, et al. The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26(1):224–227.
- Mouta RJO, Pilotto DTS, Vargens OMC, et al. Relationship between delivery positions, perineal outcome and newborn vitality. Rev Enferm UERJ 2008.Vol. 16(4). p. 472–476.
- Amorim MMR, Maia SB, Leite DFB, et al. Humanized childbirth in the Instituto de Saúde Elpídio de Almeida (ISEA): maternal outcomes. Revista Saúde & Ciência. 2010;1:80–87.
- Araújo NM, Oliveira SM. The use of liquid petroleum jelly in the prevention of perineal lacerations during birth. Rev Lat Am Enferm. 2008;16(3):375–381.
- de Souza Caroci da Costa A, Gonzalez Riesco ML. A comparison of “hands off” versus “hands on” techniques for decreasing perineal lacerations during birth. J Midwif Womens Health. 2006;51(2):106–111.
- de Oliveira C, Lopes MA, Carla Longo e Pereira LC, et al. Effects of pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy. Clinics. 2007;62(4):439–446.
- Ott J, Gritsch E, Pils S, et al. A retrospective study on perineal lacerations in vaginal delivery and the individual performance of experienced mifwives. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15:270.