Ductal size indexed to weight and body surface area correlates with morbidities in preterm infants ≤32 weeks

References

• Noori S, McCoy M, Friedlich P, et al. Failure of ductus arteriosus closure is associated with increased mortality in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):e138–e144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zonnenberg I, de Waal K. The definition of a haemodynamic significant duct in randomized controlled trials: a systematic literature review. Acta Paediatr. 2012;101(3):247–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skelton R, Evans N, Smythe J. A blinded comparison of clinical and echocardiographic evaluation of the preterm infant for patent ductus arteriosus. J Paediatr Child Health. 1994;30(5):406–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiruvolu A, Punjwani P, Ramaciotti C. Clinical and echocardiographic diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus in premature neonates. Early Hum Dev. 2009;85(3):147–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehgal A, McNamara PJ. Coronary artery perfusion and myocardial performance after patent ductus arteriosus ligation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143(6):1271–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans N, Kluckow M. Early determinants of right and left ventricular output in ventilated preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1996;74(2):F88–F94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluckow M, Evans N. Low superior vena cava flow and intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000;82(3):F188–F194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain A, Shah PS. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(9):863–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groves AM, Kuschel CA, Knight DB, et al. Does retrograde diastolic flow in the descending aorta signify impaired systemic perfusion in preterm infants? Pediatr Res. 2008;63(1):89–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su BH, Watanabe T, Shimizu M, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of patent ductus arteriosus shunt flow pattern in premature infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1997;77(1):F36–F40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluckow M, Evans N. Early echocardiographic prediction of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants undergoing mechanical ventilation. J Pediatr. 1995;127(5):774–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluckow M, Evans N. Ductal shunting, high pulmonary blood flow, and pulmonary hemorrhage. J Pediatr. 2000;137(1):68–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Hajjar M, Vaksmann G, Rakza T, et al. Severity of the ductal shunt: a comparison of different markers. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90(5):F419–F422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harling S, Hansen-Pupp I, Baigi A, et al. Echocardiographic prediction of patent ductus arteriosus in need of therapeutic intervention. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100(2):231–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos FG, Rosenfeld CR, Roy L, et al. Echocardiographic predictors of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in extremely-low-birth-weight preterm neonates. J Perinatol. 2010;30(8):535–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapia-Rombo CA, González-Arenas M, Carpio-Hernández JC, et al. An index internal diameter ductus arteriosus/body surface area as a need for closure of duct in the preterm newborn. Rev Invest Clin. 2013;65(1):12–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benitz WE. Treatment of persistent patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: time to accept the null hypothesis? J Perinatol. 2010;30(4):241–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillam-Krakauer M, Reese J. Diagnosis and management of patent ductus arteriosus. NeoReviews. 2018;19(7):e394–e402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mertens L, Seri I, Marek J, et al. Targeted neonatal echocardiography in the neonatal intensive care unit: practice guidelines and recommendations for training. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011;12(10):715–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosteller RD. Simplified calculation of body-surface area. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(17):1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans N, Iyer P. Longitudinal changes in the diameter of the ductus arteriosus in ventilated preterm infants: correlation with respiratory outcomes. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1995;72(3):F156–F161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke L, Steer P, Woodgate P. Indomethacin for asymptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;2(2):CD003745.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt B, Roberts RS, Fanaroff A, et al. Indomethacin prophylaxis, patent ductus arteriosus, and the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: further analyses from the Trial of indomethacin prophylaxis in Preterms (TIPP). J Pediatr. 2006;148(6):730–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara PJ, Sehgal A. Towards rational management of the patent ductus arteriosus: the need for disease staging. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2007;92(6):F424–F427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehgal A, Paul E, Menahem S. Functional echocardiography in staging for ductal disease severity: role in predicting outcomes. Eur J Pediatr. 2013;172(2):179–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellmer A, Bjerre JV, Schmidt MR, et al. Morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates with patent ductus arteriosus on day 3. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2013;98(6):F505–F510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schena F, Francescato G, Cappelleri A, et al. Association between hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 2015;166(6):1488–1492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Khuffash A, James AT, Corcoran JD, et al. A patent ductus arteriosus severity score predicts chronic lung disease or death before discharge. J Pediatr. 2015;167(6):1354–1361.e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch J, Hensley G, Roy L, et al. Prevalence of spontaneous closure of the ductus arteriosus in neonates at a birth weight of 1000 grams or less. Pediatrics. 2006;117(4):1113–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Freitas Martins F, Ibarra Rios D, F Resende MH, et al. Relationship of patent ductus arteriosus size to echocardiographic markers of shunt volume. J Pediatr. 2018;202:50–55.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar