Unplanned Cesarean delivery is associated with risk for postpartum depressive symptoms in the immediate postpartum period

References

• Viguera AC, Tondo L, Koukopoulos AE, et al. Episodes of mood disorders in 2,252 pregnancies and postpartum periods. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(11):1179–1185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banti S, Mauri M, Oppo A, et al. From the third month of pregnancy to 1 year postpartum. Prevalence, incidence, recurrence, and new onset of depression. Results from the perinatal depression-research & screening unit study. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52(4):343–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz PM, Williams SB, Callaghan WM, et al. Clinically identified maternal depression before, during, and after pregnancies ending in live births. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(10):1515–1520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck CT. Predictors of postpartum depression: an update. Nurs Res. 2001;50(5):275–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett HA, Einarson A, Taddio A, et al. Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):698–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell EA, Mora P, Leventhal H. Correlates of early postpartum depressive symptoms. Matern Child Health J. 2006;10(2):149–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segre LS, O'Hara MW, Losch ME. Race/ethnicity and perinatal depressed mood. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2006;24(2):99–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace SL, Evindar A, Stewart DE. The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: a review and critical analysis of the literature. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2003;6(4):263–274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murray L, Cooper PJ. The impact of postpartum depression on child development. Int Rev Psychiatry. 1996;8(1):55–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misri S, Kendrick K. Perinatal depression, fetal bonding, and mother-child attachment: a review of the literature. Curr. Pediatric Rev. 2008;4(2):66–70.
   Google Scholar
• Tronick E, Reck C. Infants of depressed mothers. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2009;17(2):147–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman R, Granat A, Pariente C, et al. Maternal depression and anxiety across the postpartum year and infant social engagement, fear regulation, and stress reactivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(9):919–927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fihrer I, McMahon CA, Taylor AJ. The impact of postnatal and concurrent maternal depression on child behaviour during the early school years. J Affect Disord. 2009;119(1–3):116–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milgrom J, Westley DT, Gemmill AW. The mediating role of maternal responsiveness in some longer term effects of postnatal depression on infant development. Infant Behav Dev. 2004;27(4):443–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moehler E, Brunner R, Wiebel A, et al. Maternal depressive symptoms in the postnatal period are associated with long-term impairment of mother-child bonding. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2006;9(5):273–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halligan SL, Murray L, Martins C, et al. Maternal depression and psychiatric outcomes in adolescent offspring: a 13-year longitudinal study. J Affect Disord. 2007;97(1–3):145–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman MM, Prusoff BA, Gammon GD, et al. Psychopathology in the children (ages 6–18) of depressed and normal parents. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1984;23(1):78–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyons-Ruth K, Wolfe R, Lyubchik A. Depression and the parenting of young children: making the case for early preventive mental health services. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2000;8(3):148–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HH, Lai JC, Hwang SJ, et al. Understanding the relationship between cesarean birth and stress, anxiety, and depression after childbirth: a nationwide cohort study. Birth. 2017;44(4):369–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youn HL, Han SW, Kim LY, et al. Obstetric factors for depression during the postpartum period in South Korea: a nationwide study. J Psychosom Res. 2017;102:15–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer-Brody S, Maegbaek ML, Medland SE, et al. Obstetrical, pregnancy and socio-economic predictors for new-onset severe postpartum psychiatric disorders in primiparous women. Psychol Med. 2017;47(8):1427–1441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meky HK, Shaaban MM, Ahmed MR, et al. Prevalence of postpartum depression regarding mode of delivery: a cross-sectional study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;33(19):3300–3307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Ding Y, Ma Y, et al. Cesarean section and risk of postpartum depression: a meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2017;97:118–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckerdal P, Georgakis MK, Kollia N, et al. Delineating the association between mode of delivery and postpartum depression symptoms: a longitudinal study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2018;97(3):301–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanardo V, Giliberti L, Giliberti E, et al. The role of elective and emergency cesarean delivery in maternal postpartum anhedonia, anxiety, and depression. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;143(3):374–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadat Z, Kafaei Atrian M, Masoudi Alavi N, et al. Effect of mode of delivery on postpartum depression in Iranian women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2014;40(1):172–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekel S, Ein-Dor T, Berman Z, et al. Delivery mode is associated with maternal mental health following childbirth. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2019;22(6):817–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston KA, Kaimal AJ, Nakagawa S, et al. Mode of delivery and postpartum depression: the role of patient preferences. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212(2):229.e1–229.e7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjerulff KH, Brubaker LH. New mothers' feelings of disappointment and failure after cesarean delivery. Birth. 2018;45(1):19–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guglielminotti J, Li G. Exposure to general anesthesia for cesarean delivery and odds of severe postpartum depression requiring hospitalization. Anesth Analg. 2020;131(5):1421–1429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawar G, Wetzker C, Gjerdingen D. Prevalence of depressive symptoms in the immediate postpartum period. J Am Board Fam Med. 2011;24(3):258–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accortt EE, Wong MS. It is time for routine screening for perinatal mood and anxiety disorders in obstetrics and gynecology settings. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2017;72(9):553–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanusa BH, Scholle SH, Haskett RF, et al. Screening for depression in the postpartum period: a comparison of three instruments. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2008;17(4):585–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingston D, Janes-Kelley S, Tyrrell J, et al. An integrated web-based mental health intervention of assessment-referral-care to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression in hospitalized pregnant women with medically high-risk pregnancies: a feasibility study protocol of hospital-based implementation. JMIR Res Protoc. 2015;4(1):e9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis CL, Ross LE. Depressive symptomatology in the immediate postnatal period: identifying maternal characteristics related to true- and false-positive screening scores. Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51(5):265–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis CL. Can we identify mothers at risk for postpartum depression in the immediate postpartum period using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale? J Affect Disord. 2004;78(2):163–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marín-Morales D, Toro-Molina S, Peñacoba-Puente C, et al. Relationship between postpartum depression and psychological and biological variables in the initial postpartum period. Matern Child Health J. 2018;22(6):866–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgiopoulos AM, Bryan TL, Wollan P, et al. Routine screening for postpartum depression. J Fam Pract. 2001;50(2):117–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan TL, Georgiopoulos AM, Harms RW, et al. Incidence of postpartum depression in Olmsted County, Minnesota. A population-based, retrospective study. J Reprod Med. 1999;44(4):351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley N, Bell L, Hayton B, et al. Care for postpartum depression: what do women and their partners prefer? Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2016;52(2):120–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar