Is an episiotomy always necessary during an operative vaginal delivery with vacuum? A longitudinal study

References

• Sharma S, Dhakal I. Cesarean vs vaginal delivery: an institutional experience. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2018;56(209):535–539. PMID: 30058639,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Operative vaginal birth: ACOG practice bulletin, number 219. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(4):e149–e159. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003764. PMID: 32217976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doğan B, Gün İ, Özdamar Ö, et al. Long-term impacts of vaginal birth with mediolateral episiotomy on sexual and pelvic dysfunction and perineal pain. J Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(4):457–460. PubMed PMID: 27112425 doi:10.1080/14767058.2016.1174998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Affronti G, Agostini V, Brizzi A, et al. The daily-practiced post-partum hemorrhage management: an italian multidisciplinary attended protocol. Clin Ter. 2017;168(5):e307–e316. PMID: 29044353. doi:10.7417/T.2017.2026.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Espuña-Pons M, Solans-Domènech M, Sánchez E. Double incontinence in a cohort of nulliparous pregnant women. Neurourol. Urodyn. 2012;31(8):1236–1241. doi:10.1002/nau.22249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosa CG, Althabe F, Belizan JM, et al. Risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage in vaginal deliveries in a Latin-American population. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113(6):1313–1319. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181a66b05.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagi-Dain L, Sagi S. Morbidity associated with episiotomy in vacuum delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2015;122(8):1073–1081. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.13439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang H, Qian X, Carroli G, et al. Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2(2):CD000081. PMID: 28176333; PMCID: PMC5449575. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000081.pub3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leeuw JW, Struijk PC, Vierhout ME, et al. Risk factors for third degree perineal ruptures during delivery. BJOG. 2001;108(4):383–387. PMID: 11305545. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00090.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deane RP. Operative vaginal delivery and pelvic floor complications, best pract. Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;56:81–92. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.01.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abedzadeh-Kalahroudi M, Talebian A, Sadat Z, et al. Perineal trauma: incidence and its risk factors. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;39(2):206–211. Epub 2018 Sep 6. PMID: 30187786. doi:10.1080/01443615.2018.1476473.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO recommendations. Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. 2018. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/intrapartum-care-guidelines/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Sultan AH, Thakar R, Ismail KM, et al. The role of mediolateral episiotomy during operative vaginal delivery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019;240:192–196. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.07.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 116: management of intrapartum fetal heart rate tracings. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116:1232–1240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology-Green-top Guideline No 29 Management of third- and fourth-degree perineal tears. UK, 2015 Jun.
   Google Scholar
• van Bavel J, Hukkelhoven CWPM, de Vries C, et al. The effectiveness of mediolateral episiotomy in preventing obstetric anal sphincter injuries during operative vaginal delivery: a ten-year analysis of a national registry. Int Urogynecol J. 2018;29(3):407–413. doi:10.1007/s00192-017-3422-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blondel B, Alexander S, Bjarnadóttir RI, et al. Variations in rates of severe perineal tears and episiotomies in 20 european countries: a study based on routine national data in Euro-Peristat project. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016;95(7):746–754. doi:10.1111/aogs.12894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Società Italiana di Ginecologia (SIGO) - Linee Guida RACCOMANDAZIONI PER IL PARTO OPERATIVO VAGINALE (POV) MEDIANTE VENTOSA OSTETRIC. IT. 2021 Jan.
   Google Scholar
• Jang H, Langhoff-Roos J, Rosth S, et al. Modifiable risk factors of obstetric anal sphincter injury in primiparous women: a population-based cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(1):59.e1-6–59.e6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.08.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund NS, Persson LK, Jangö H, et al. Episiotomy in vacuum-assisted delivery affects the risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;207:193–199. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.10.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurol-Urganci I, Cromwell D, Edozien L, et al. Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears among primiparous women in England between 2000 and 2012: time trends and risk factors. BJOG. 2013;120(12):1516–1525. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raisanen SH, Selander T, Cartwright R, et al. The association of episiotomy with obstetric anal sphincter injury – population based matched cohort study. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107053. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samarasekera DN, Bekhit MT, Preston JP, et al. Risk factors for anal sphincter disruption during child birth. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2009;394(3):535–538. doi:10.1007/s00423-008-0441-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raisanen SH, Vehvilainen-Julkunen K, Gissler M, et al. Lateral episiotomy protects primiparous but not multiparous women from obstetric anal sphincter rupture. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88(12):1365–1372. doi:10.3109/00016340903295626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottvall K, Allebeck P, Ekeus C. Risk factors for anal sphincter tears: the importance of maternal position at birth. BJOG. 2007;114(10):1266–1272. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01482.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youssef A, Salsi G, Cataneo I, et al. Fundal pressure in second stage of labor (kristeller maneuver) is associated with increased risk of levator ani muscle avulsion. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019;53(1):95–100. Epub 2018 Dec 5. PMID: 29749657. doi:10.1002/uog.19085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmeyr GJ, Vogel JP, Cuthbert A, et al. Fundal pressure during the second stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3):CD006067. PMID: 28267223; PMCID: PMC6464399. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006067.pub3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dietz HP, Pardey J, Murray H. Pelvic floor and anal sphincter trauma should be key performance indicators of maternity services. Int Urogynecol J. 2015;26(1):29–32. Epub 2014 Oct 15. PMID: 25315175. doi:10.1007/s00192-014-2546-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda C, Ferolin SK, Masuda K, et al. Evidence-based intrapartum practice and its associated factors at a tertiary teaching hospital in the Philippines, a descriptive mixed-methods study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):78. PMID: 32024504; PMCID: PMC7003416. doi:10.1186/s12884-020-2778-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar