1,153
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Higher education institutions as eyes of the state: Canada’s international student compliance regime

ORCID Icon
Pages 236-251 | Received 31 May 2021, Accepted 30 Jan 2022, Published online: 10 Feb 2022

References

  • Al-Haque, Rashed. 2017. “The Relationship between Federal Citizenship and Immigration Policies and the Internationalization of Higher Education in Canada.” PhD diss., The University of Western Ontario. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/4676/.
  • Andrews, Penny. 2019. “The Compliant Environment: Conformity, Data Processing and Increasing Inequality in UK Higher Education.” Online Information Review 43 (6): 1063–1079. doi:10.1108/OIR-09-2018-0284.
  • Bhuyan, Rupaleem, Anna C. Korteweg, and Karin Baqi. 2018. “Regulating Spousal Migration through Canada’s Multiple Border Strategy: The Gendered and Racialized Effects of Structurally Embedded Borders.” Law & Policy 40 (4): 346–370.
  • Bircan, Tuba, and Emre Eren Korkmaz. 2021. “Big Data for Whose Sake? Governing Migration through Artificial Intelligence.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 8 (241): 1–5.
  • Boggs, Abigail. 2013. “Prospective Students, Potential Threats: The Figure of the International Student in US Higher Education.” PhD diss., University of California Davis.
  • Boggs, Abigail. 2020. “Conditioned Inclusion: The student visa as History.” The Abusable Past, August 19, 2020. https://www.radicalhistoryreview.org/abusablepast/conditioned-inclusion-the-student-visa-as-history/.
  • Boucher, Anna, and Lucie Cerna. 2014. “Current Policy Trends in Skilled Immigration Policy.” International Migration 52 (3): 21–25.
  • Bozheva, Alexandra. 2020a. “From neoliberal to Supra-Neoliberal: Canadian Education Industry Formation.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 33 (5): 549–582. doi:10.1080/09518398.2019.1693069.
  • Bozheva, Alexandra. 2020b. “Geographic Embeddedness of Higher Education Institutions in the Migration Policy Domain.” Journal of International Students 10 (2): 443–465. doi:10.32674/jis.v10i2.961.
  • Bozheva, Alexandra, Lisa Ruth Brunner, Eleonora Erittu, Simon Morris-Lange, Emma Sabzalieva, Amira El Masri, and Roopa Trilokekar. 2021. “Global Policy Discourses on Immigration and International Student Mobility,” Chaired by E. Sabzalieva & R. D.” Trilokekar. Panel Presented at the International Conference on Public Policy, Barcelona, July 8.
  • Brouillette, Cindy, and Samantha DeCaria. 2018. “Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada and Immigration Practitioners (IRCCIP): Updates to Student and Worker Programs.” IRCC Presentation for the Canadian Bar Association Immigration Law section, May 1, 2018.
  • Brown, Michael, and Carrie Klein. 2020. “Whose Data? Which Rights? Whose Power? A Policy Discourse Analysis of Student Privacy Policy Documents.” The Journal of Higher Education 91 (7): 1149–1178.
  • Browne, Simone. 2015. Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Brunner, Lisa Ruth. 2016. “‘Grey Areas’ in International Student Immigration Policy.” Paper Presented at the Canadian Bar Association National Immigration Law Conference, Vancouver, April 8.
  • Brunner, Lisa Ruth. 2017a. “Education Quality Assurance in British Columbia.” PhD Research Series. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Bureau for International Education. http://cbie.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Education-Quality-Assurance-in-British-Columbia-LISA-RUTH-BRUNNER-WEB.pdf.
  • Brunner, Lisa Ruth. 2017b. “Higher Educational Institutions as Emerging Immigrant Selection Actors: A History of British Columbia’s Retention of International Graduates, 2001–2016.” Policy Reviews in Higher Education 1 (1): 22–41. doi:10.1080/23322969.2016.1243016.
  • Brunner, Lisa Ruth. 2022. “Towards a more Just Canadian Education-Migration System: International Student Mobility in Crisis.” Studies in Social Justice 16 (1): 79–102. doi:10.26522/ssj.v16i1.2685.
  • Brunner, Lisa Ruth. Forthcoming. “‘Edugration’ as a Wicked Problem: Higher Education and Three-Step Immigration.” Journal of Comparative and International Higher Education 13 (5S).
  • Castles, Stephen. 2004. “Why Migration Policies Fail.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 27 (2): 205–227.
  • CBIE (Canadian Bureau for International Education). 2017. “Key Immigration Issues and Challenges for International Students.” CBIE Immigration Advisory Committee Briefing Notes. https://cbie.ca/media/policy-statements/
  • CIC (Citizenship and Immigration Canada). 2010. “Evaluation of the International Student Program.” Evaluation Division. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/reports-statistics/evaluations.html
  • CIC (Citizenship and Immigration Canada). 2013a. International Student Program – Study Permit Compliance Verification System Internal Memo.
  • CIC (Citizenship and Immigration Canada). 2013b. “Overview of Proposed Changes to Canada’s International Student Program.” Internal Report. January 2013: 1–6.
  • CIC (Citizenship and Immigration Canada). 2014a. International Student Program Reforms: International Student Compliance Reporting by Designated Learning Institutions.
  • CIC (Citizenship and Immigration Canada). 2014b. “Notice – New Regulations for International Students Finalized.” Newsroom, February 2, 2014. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/notices/notice-new-regulations-international-students-finalized.html.
  • Collier, Amy, and Jen Ross. 2020. “Higher Education after Surveillance?” Postdigital Science and Education 2: 275–279.
  • Deacon, Lisa. 2016. “From Permits to Permanency: Supporting the International Student in Status Transition.” Canadian Bureau for International Education Research in Brief 5: 1–6.
  • Dear, Lou. 2018. “British University Border Control: Institutionalization and Resistance to Racialized Capitalism/Neoliberalism.” The International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives 17 (1): 7–23.
  • DFATD (Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development) Canada. 2014. “Canada’s International Education Strategy: Harnessing our Knowledge Advantage to Drive Innovation and Prosperity.” Cat. No.: FR5-86/2014. http://international.gc.ca/global-markets-marches-mondiaux/assets/pdfs/overview-apercu-eng.pdf.
  • Fischer-Tiné, Harald. 2016. Anxieties, Fear and Panic in Colonial Settings: Empires on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Flynn, Emma, and Harald Bauder. 2015. “The Private Sector, Institutions of Higher Education, and Immigrant Settlement in Canada.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 16 (3): 539–556.
  • Fournier, Ariel, and Madeleine Cummings. 2018. “Foreign Students File Lawsuit against Private Edmonton College, Immigration Consultant.” CBC News, May 16, 2018. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/foreign-students-claim-misrepresented-class-action-suit-1.4664309.
  • GAC (Global Affairs Canada). 2019. “Building on Success: International Education Strategy (2019-2024).” Cat. No.: FR5-165/2019E-PDF. https://www.international.gc.ca/education/strategy-2019-2024-strategie.aspx.
  • Gahman, Levi, and Elise Hjalmarson. 2019. “Border Imperialism, Racial Capitalism, and Geographies of Deracination.” ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies 18 (1): 107–129.
  • Geddie, Kate. 2015. “Policy Mobilities in the Race for Talent: Competitive State Strategies in International Student Mobility.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 40 (2): 235–248.
  • Gomez, Bianca. 2020. “Toward and Understanding of International Students within Canadian Settler-Colonial Capitalism.” Studies in Social Justice 14 (2): 515–525. doi:10.26522/ssj.v14i2.2529.
  • Gopal, Anita. 2016. “Visa and Immigration Trends: A Comparative Examination of International Student Mobility in Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.” Strategic Enrollment Management Quarterly 4 (3): 130–141.
  • Government of Canada. 2012. “Proposed Changes Would Strengthen Canada's International Student Program.” News release, December 28, 2012. https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2012/12/proposed-changes-would-strengthen-canada-international-student-program.html
  • Grande, Sandy. 2018. “Refusing the University.” In Toward What Justice? Describing Diverse Dreams of Justice in Education, edited by Eve Tuck, and K. Wayne Yang, 47–65. New York: Routledge.
  • Indelicato, Maria Elena. 2018. Australia’s New Migrants International Students’ History of Affective Encounters with the Border. London: Routledge.
  • IRCC (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada). 2018a. International Student Program Compliance Regime: Update – June 2018.” Internal Update. Obtained through Access to Information Act Request No. A-2018-72347.
  • IRCC (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada). 2018b. International Student Compliance Program: Fall 2017-Spring 2018 Report.” Internal Report. Obtained through Access to Information Act request No. A-2018-72347.
  • IRCC (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada). 2018c. The International Student Compliance Regime: 2018 Report.” Internal Report. Obtained through Access to Information Act request No. A-2018-72347.
  • IRCC (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada). 2019a. Program Delivery Update: New Instructions on Assessing Study Permit Conditions.” Operational Instructions and Guidelines. January 9. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/updates/2018-assessing-study-permit-conditions.html
  • IRCC (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada). 2019b. Study Permits: Assessing Study Permit Conditions.” Operational Instructions and Guidelines. June 24. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/temporary-residents/study-permits/assessing-conditions.html.
  • IRCC (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada). 2021a. Designated Learning Institution Portal: Compliance Reporting.” January 8, 2021. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/partners-service-providers/dli-portal/compliance-reporting-guide.html#sec5.
  • IRCC (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada). 2021b. IRCC Anti-Racism Employee Focus Groups: Final Report.” Catalogue Number: Ci4-224/2021E-PDF. https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pwgsc-tpsgc/por-ef/immigration_refugees/2021/122-20-e/POR_122-20-Final_Report_EN.pdf
  • Jenkins, Matt. 2014. “On the Effects and Implications of UK Border Agency Involvement in Higher Education.” The Geographical Journal 180 (3): 265–270. doi:10.1111/geoj.12066.
  • Johnstone, Marjorie, and Eunjung Lee. 2014. “Branded: International Education and 21st-Century Canadian Immigration, Education Policy, and the Welfare State.” International Social Work 57 (3): 209–221.
  • Kafka, Alexander C. 2020. “Will the Pandemic Usher in an Era of Mass Surveillance in Higher Education?” The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 14, 2020. https://www.chronicle.com/article/will-the-pandemic-usher-in-an-era-of-mass-surveillance-in-higher-education.
  • Keung, Nicholas, Isabel Teotonio, and Grant LaFleche. 2019. “Thousands of International Students Cited in Government Report for Breaking Rules.” The Toronto Star, November 17, 2019. https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2019/11/17/thousands-of-international-students-cited-in-government-report-for-breaking-rules.html.
  • Kundnani, Arun, and Deepa Kumar. 2015. “Race, Surveillance, and Empire.” International Socialist Review 96. https://isreview.org/issue/96/race-surveillance-and-empire.
  • La paperson. 2017. A Third University is Possible. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Larsen, Marianne A., and Rashed Al-Haque. 2020. “Canadian Internationalization Policy Network as Assemblage.” In International Education as Public Policy in Canada, edited by Merli Tamtik, Roopa Desai Trilokekar, and Glen A. Jones, 336–357. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
  • Leese, Matthias, and Stef Wittendorp. 2018. “The new Mobilities Paradigm and Critical Security Studies: Exploring Common Ground.” Mobilities 13 (2): 171–184.
  • Lyon, David. 2007. Surveillance Studies: An Overview. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Lyon, David. 2009. “Surveillance, Power, and Everyday Life.” In The Oxford Handbook of Information and Communication Technologies, edited by Chrisanthi Avgerou, Robin Mansell, Danny Quah, and Roger Silverstone, 449–468. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lyon, David. 2017. “Surveillance Culture: Engagement, Exposure, and Ethics in Digital Modernity.” International Journal of Communication 11: 824–842.
  • Macfarlane, Bruce. 2013. “The Surveillance of Learning: A Critical Analysis of University Attendance Policies.” Higher Education Quarterly 67 (4): 358–373.
  • Madge, Clare, Parvati Raghuram, and Pat Noxolo. 2014. “Conceptualizing International Education: From International Student to International Study.” Progress in Human Geography 39 (6): 681–701. doi: 10.1177/0309132514526442.
  • Marginson, Simon. 2013. “Equals or Others? Mobile Students in a Nationally Bordered World.” In International Students Negotiating Higher Education: Critical Perspectives, edited by Silvia Sovic, and Margo Blythman, 9–27. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Marginson, Simon, Chris Nyland, Erlenawati Sawir, and Helen Forbes-Mewett. 2010. International Student Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Marx, Gary T. 1985. “The Surveillance Society: The Threat of 1984-Style Techniques.” The Futurist 6: 21–26.
  • Maury, Olivia. 2021. “Ambivalent Strategies: Student-Migrant-Workers’ Efforts at Challenging Administrative Bordering.” Sociology. doi:10.1177/2F00380385211033174.
  • McCartney, Dale M. 2020. “Border Imperialism and Exclusion in Canadian Parliamentary Talk about International Students.” Canadian Journal of Higher Education 50 (4): 37–51. doi:10.47678/cjhe.v50i4.188831.
  • McCartney, Dale M. 2021. “From Charity Case to Cash Cow: Examining the History of the Idea that International Students are Wealthy Cosmopolitans.” Presentation for the Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education Conference, May 30, 2021.
  • Merrick, Beatrice. 2013. “Whose Initiative? International Student Policy in the UK.” In International Students Negotiating Higher Education: Critical Perspectives, edited by Silvia Sovic, and Margo Blythman, 28–38. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Molnar, Petra, and Lex Gill. 2018. Bots at the Gate: A Human Rights Analysis of Automated Decision-Making in Canada’s Immigration and Refugee System. Faculty of Law International Human Rights Program and Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy Citizen Lab, University of Toronto. https://hdl.handle.net/1807/94802
  • Parker, Noel, and Nick Vaughan-Williams, et al. 2009. “Lines in the Sand? Towards an Agenda for Critical Border Studies.” Geopolitics 14 (3): 582–587.
  • PSPC (Public Services and Procurement Canada). 2020. “About the Integrity Regime.” December 16. Retrieved from https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/ci-if/apropos-about-eng.html
  • Rass, Christoph, and Frank Wolff. 2018. “What is in a Migration Regime? Genealogical Approach and Methodological Proposal.” In Was ist ein Migrationsregime? What is a Migration Regime?, edited by A. Pott, Christoph Rass, and Frank Wolff, 19–65. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-20532-4_2.
  • Reeves, Mary H. 2005. “A Descriptive Case Study of the Impact of 9/11 on International Student Visa Policy in the 20 Months Following the Attacks.” PhD diss., University of Oklahoma. https://shareok.org/handle/11244/917.
  • Regulations Amending the IRPR (Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations). 2012. Canada Gazette Part 1 146 (52), Retrieved from https://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2012/2012-12-29/html/reg1-eng.html
  • Rizvi, Fazal. 2011. “Theorizing Student Mobility in an era of Globalization.” Teachers and Teaching 17 (6): 693–701.
  • Rodríguez, Dylan. 2012. “Racial/ Colonial Genocide and the ‘Neoliberal Academy’: In Excess of a Problematic.” American Quarterly 64 (4): 809–813. doi:10.1353/aq.2012.0054.
  • Rose, Nikolas. 2004. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511488856.
  • Rosser, Vicki J., Jill M. Hermsen, Ketevan Mamiseishvili, and Melinda S. Wood. 2007. “A National Study Examining the Impact of SEVIS on International Student and Scholar Advisors.” Higher Education 54 (4): 525–542.
  • Sá, Creso M., and Emma Sabzalieva. 2018. “The Politics of the Great Brain Race: Public Policy and International Student Recruitment in Australia, Canada, England and the USA.” Higher Education 75: 231–253.
  • Schinnerl, Sandra. 2021. “ The Influence of Higher Education on Immigration Policy in Canada.” PhD diss., University of British Columbia. doi:10.14288/1.0402423.
  • Scott, Colin, Saba Safdar, Roopa Desai Trilokekar, and Amira El Masri. 2015. “International Students as ‘Ideal Immigrants’ in Canada: A Disconnect between Policy Makers’ Assumptions and the Lived Experiences of International Students.” Canadian and International Education/Éducation canadienne et internationale 43 (3): Article 5. doi:10.5206/cie-eci.v43i3.9261.
  • Shachar, Ayelet. 2006. “The Race for Talent: Highly Skilled Migrants and Competitive Immigration Regimes.” New York University Law Review 81 (April): 148–206.
  • Shore, Cris, and Susan Wright. 2015. “Audit Culture Revisited: Rankings, Ratings, and the Reassembling of Society.” Current Anthropology 56 (3): 412–444. doi:10.1086/681534.
  • Siskin, Alison. 2006. “Monitoring Foreign Students in the United States: The Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS).” Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. US Library of Congress.
  • Skene, Allyson, Jessica Raffoul, and Laura Chittle. 2020. “Higher Education Under Surveillance.” Collected Essays on Learning and Teaching Vol. XIII: 160–165. doi:10.22329/celt.v13i0.6315.
  • Snow, Dave, and Benjamin Moffitt. 2012. “Straddling the Divide: Mainstream Populism and Conservatism in Howard's Australia and Harper's Canada.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 5 (3): 217–292. doi:10.1080/14662043.2012.692922.
  • Statistics Canada. 2020. “Financial Information of Universities for the 2018/2019 School Year and Projected Impact of COVID–19 for 2020/2021.” The Daily, October 8, 2020. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/201008/dq201008b-eng.htm.
  • Statistics Canada. 2022. (Table 37-10-0018-01: Postsecondary Enrolments, by Registration Status, Institution Type, Status of Student in Canada and Gender; accessed January 9).
  • Stein, Sharon. 2018a. “Confronting the Racial-Colonial Foundations of US higher Education.” Journal for the Study of Postsecondary and Tertiary Education 3: 77–98. doi:10.28945/4105.
  • Stein, Sharon. 2018b. “Racialized Frames of Value in U.S. University Responses to the Travel ban.” ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies 17 (4): 893–919.
  • Stein, Sharon. 2021. “What Can Decolonial and Abolitionist Critiques Teach the Field of Higher Education?” The Review of Higher Education 44 (3): 387–414.
  • Stein, Sharon, and Vanessa Oliveira de Andreotti. 2016. “Cash, Competition or Charity: International Students and the Global Imaginary.” Higher Education 72 (2): 225–239.
  • Tabor, Alison. 2008. “It’s Not Just a Database: SEVIS, the Federal Monitoring of International Graduate Students Post 9/11.” PhD diss., University of Kentucky.
  • Tao, Will, and Edris Arib. 2020. “Canadian International Students & the Global Pandemic: Law/Policy, COVID-19 Updates and the Role of Civil Society Organisations.” Webinar Presented for MOSAIC, Vancouver, BC, December 10.
  • Trilokekar, Roopa Desai, and Amira El Masri. 2017. “The ‘[h]unt for new Canadians Begins in the Classroom’: The Construction and Contradictions of Canadian Policy Discourse on International Education.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 15 (5): 666–678.
  • UNESCO UIS (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics). 2022. (Number and Rates of International Mobile Students, 2019; Accessed January 8). http://data.uis.unesco.org/
  • URBC (Unis Resist Border Controls). 2019. “University Staff: Use this Week's Strike to Protest against the Hostile Environment.” The Guardian, November 28, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/nov/28/university-staff-use-this-weeks-strike-to-protest-against-the-hostile-environment.
  • Van der Meulen, Emily, and Robert Heynen. 2019. “Unpacking State Surveillance: Histories, Theories, and Global Contexts.” In Making Surveillance States: Transnational Histories, edited by Robert Heynen, and Emily Van der Meulen, 3–30. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Vaughan-Williams, Nick. 2009. “The Generalised Bio-Political Border? Re-Conceptualising the Limits of Sovereign Power.” Review of International Studies 35: 729–749.
  • Walia, Harsha. 2013. Undoing Border Imperialism. Oakland, CA: AK Press.
  • Walker, R. B. J. 2002. “International/Inequality.” International Studies Review 4 (2): 7–24.
  • Walsh, James P. 2019. “Education or Enforcement? Enrolling Universities in the Surveillance and Policing of Migration.” Crime, Law and Social Change 71 (4): 325–344.
  • Walton-Roberts, Margaret. 2011. “Immigration, the University and the Welcoming Second Tier City.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 12: 453–473.
  • Warner, John. 2020. “A Teach-in Against Surveillance.” Inside Higher Ed, November 30. https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/just-visiting/teach-against-surveillance.
  • Weber, Leanne. 2015. “Border as Method: Tracing the Internal Border.” University of Oxford Faculty Border Criminologies Blog, May 18. https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/centre-criminology/centreborder-criminologies/blog/2015/05/border-method
  • Wennerstrom, Ann. 2008. “SEVIS and the Culture of Pedagogy.” TESOL Quarterly 42 (1): 99–109. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40264427.
  • Wilder, Craig Steven. 2013. Ebony & Ivy: Race, Slavery, and the Troubled History of America's Universities. New York: Bloomsbury Press.
  • Zureik, Elia. 2011. “Colonialism, Surveillance, and Population Control: Israel/Palestine.” In Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory, and Power, edited by Eila Zureik, David Lyon, and Yasmeen Abu-Laban, 3–48. London and New York: Routledge.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.