Exercise and body image: A meta-analysis

References

• *Adame , DD , Johnson , TC and Cole , SP . 1989 . Physical fitness, body image, and locus of control in college freshman men and women . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 68 : 400 – 402 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Adame , DD , Johnson , TC , Cole , SP , Matthiasson , H and Abbas , MA . 1990 . Physical fitness in relation to amount of physical exercise, body image, and locus of control among college men and women . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 70 : 1347 – 1350 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Adame , DD , Radell , SA , Johnson , TC and Cole , SP . 1991 . Physical fitness, body image, and locus of control in college women dancers and non-dancers . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 72 : 91 – 95 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Alfermann , D and Stoll , O . 2000 . Effects of physical exercise on self-concept and well-being . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 31 : 47 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Altabe , M . 1998 . Ethnicity and body image: Quantitative and qualitative analysis . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 23 : 153 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Sports Medicine . 2000 . ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription , 6th Edn , Philadephia : Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• American College of Sports Medicine . 2002 . ACSM position stand: Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 34 : 364 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th Edn , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• *Anderson , SL , Zager , K , Hetzler , RK , Nahikian-Nelms , M and Syler , G . 1996 . Comparison of eating disorder inventory (EDI-2) scores of male bodybuilders to the male college student subgroup . International Journal of Sport Nutrition , 6 : 255 – 262 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Annesi , JJ . 2000 . Effects of minimal exercise and cognitive behavior modification on adherence, emotion change, self-image and physical change in obese women . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 91 : 322 – 336 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arent , SM , Landers , DM and Etnier , JL . 2000 . The effects of exercise on mood in older adults: A meta-analytic review. . Journal of Aging and Physical Activity , 8 : 416 – 439 .
   Google Scholar
• *Armstrong , G . 1993 . Assessing changes in attitudes toward physical activity and leisure activity participation patterns of college students after a personalized health fitness course , New York University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• *Aronowitz , AS . 1986 . Prediction of successful weight loss maintenance , Hofstra University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• *Asci , FH , Kin , A and Kosar , N . 1998 . Effect of participation in an 8 week aerobic dance and step aerobics program on physical self-perception and body image satisfaction . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 29 : 366 – 375 .
   Google Scholar
• *Baldwin , MK and Courneya , KS . 1997 . Exercise and self-esteem in breast cancer survivors: An application of the exercise and self-esteem model . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 19 : 347 – 358 .
   Google Scholar
• *Bane , SM . 1995 . Reducing physique anxiety in college females , University of Illinois . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Bane , S and McAuley , E . 1998 . “ Body image and exercise ” . In Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement , Edited by: Duda , JL . 311 – 324 . Morgantown, WV : Fitness Information Technology .
   Google Scholar
• *Barenholtz , DE . 1995 . The effects of an exercise program on the eating behavior, body image and self-esteem of adolescent girls , California School of Professional Psychology . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• *Bartlewski , PP , Van Raalte , JL and Brewer , BW . 1996 . Effects of aerobic exercise on the social physique anxiety and body esteem of female college students . Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal , 5 : 49 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• *Belling , LR . 1992 . “ The relationship between social physique anxiety and physical activity ” . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina . Unpublished master's thesis
   Google Scholar
• *Ben-Shlomo , LS and Short , MA . 1986 . The effects of physical conditioning on selected dimensions of self concept in sedentary females . Occupational Therapy in Mental Health , 5 : 27 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Berscheid , E , Walster , E and Bohrnstedt , G . 1973 . The happy American body: A survey report . Psychology Today , 7 : 119 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• *Blassingame , CL , Gibbons , ES and Reed , JL . 1996 . Effects of class gender composition on the physical self-efficacy of college females in beginning strength training classes. . Research Quarterly for Exercise & Science , 67 : A95 – A96 .
   Google Scholar
• *Borough , M and Thompson , JK . 2002 . Exercise status and sexual orientation as moderators of body image disturbance and eating disorders in males . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 31 : 307 – 311 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Bowden , R , Lanning , BA , Irons , LM and Briggs , J . 2002 . Gender comparisons of social physique anxiety and perceived fitness in a college population . April 2002 , San Diego, CA. American Alliance of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance .
   Google Scholar
• *Brown , D , Wang , Y , Hinkle , R , Webber , L , Ahlquist , L Puleo , E . 1991 . The effects of four strength training program on body cathexis, physical estimation, and self-esteem. . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 23 : S82
   Google Scholar
• *Brown , EY , Morrow , JR and Livingston , SM . 1982 . Self-concept changes in women as a result of training . Journal of Sport Psychology , 4 : 354 – 363 .
   Google Scholar
• *Brown , RD . 1985 . Effects of a strength training program on strength, body composition, and self-concept of females , Brigham Young University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• *Caruso , CM and Gill , DL . 1992 . Strengthening physical self-perceptions through exercise . The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 32 : 416 – 427 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Cash , T . 1994 . The situational inventory of body-image dysphoria . The Behavioral Therapist , 17 : 133 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Cash , TF , Winstead , BA and Janda , LH . 1986 . The great American shape-up . Psychology Today , 20 : 30 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J . 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• *Cok , F . 1990 . Body image satisfaction in Turkish adolescence . Adolescence , 25 : 409 – 413 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Collingwood , TR . 1972 . The effects of physical training upon behavior and self attitudes . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 28 : 583 – 585 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper , H and Hedges , LV . 1994 . The handbook of research synthesis , New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• *Daleng , ML , Pierce , EF and Louden , E . 1997 . Perceptions of body schema among older adult exercisers and non-exercisers. . Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise , 29 : S119
   Google Scholar
• *Daley , AJ and Buchanan , J . 1999 . Aerobic dance and physical self-perceptions in female adolescents: Some implications for physical education . Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport , 70 : 196 – 200 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *D'Amato , KR . 1981 . Effects of cardiovascular efficiency on psychological and physiological variables in women , California School of Professional Psychology . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• *Davis , C . 1990 . Body image and weight preoccupation: A comparison between exercising and non-exercising women . Appetite , 15 : 13 – 21 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Davis , C , Brewer , H and Weinstein , M . 1993 . A study of appearance anxiety in young men . Social Behavior and Personality , 21 : 63 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• *Davis , C , Claridge , G and Brewer , H . 1996 . The two faces of narcissism: Personality dynamics of body esteem . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 15 : 153 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• *Davis , C and Cowles , M . 1991 . Body image and exercise: A study of relationships and comparisons between physically active men and women . Sex Roles , 25 : 33 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• *Davis , C , Elliott , S , Dionne , M and Mitchell , I . 1991 . The relationship of personality factors and physical activity to body satisfaction in men . Personality and Individual Differences , 12 : 689 – 694 .
   Google Scholar
• *Davis , C , Fox , J , Cowles , M , Hastings , P and Schwass , K . 1990 . The functional role of exercise in the development of weight and diet concerns in women . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 34 : 563 – 574 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Davis , TC . 1980 . Effect of cardiovascular fitness on the body concept of women , The Fielding Institute . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• *DiLorenzo , TM , Bargman , EP , Stucky-Ropp , R , Brassington , GS , Frensch , PA and LaFontaine , T . 1999 . Long-term effects of aerobic exercise on psychological outcomes . Preventative Medicine , 28 : 75 – 85 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Dionne , M , Davis , C , Fox , J and Gurevich , M . 1995 . Feminist ideology as a predictor of body dissatisfaction in women . Sex Roles , 33 : 277 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• *Eikoff , J , Thorland , W and Ansorge , C . 1983 . Selected physiological and psychological effects of aerobic dancing among young adult women . Journal of Sports Medicine , 23 : 273 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• *Ellis Gardner , R and Hausenblas , HA . 2002 . Social physique anxiety in overweight women attempting to lose weight . June 2002 , Harford, CT. The North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical .
   Google Scholar
• *Finkenberg , ME , DiNicci , JM , McCune , SL and McCune , ED . 1993 . Body esteem and enrollment in classes with different levels of physical activity . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 76 : 783 – 792 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Fisher , E and Thompson , JK . 1994 . A comparative evaluation of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) versus exercise therapy (ET) for the treatment of body image disturbance . Behavior Modification , 18 : 171 – 185 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Folkins , CH . 1976 . Effects of physical training on mood . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 32 : 385 – 388 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Ford , HT , Puckett , JR , Reeve , G and Lafavi , RG . 1991 . Effects of selected physical activities on global self-concept and body-cathexis scores . Psychological Reports , 68 : 1339 – 1343 .
   Google Scholar
• *Franzoi , SL and Shields , SA . 1984 . The body esteem scale: Multidimensional structure and sex differences in college population . Journal of Personality Assessment , 48 : 173 – 178 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Frederick , CJ . 1993 . “ The gender experience of aerobic exercise classes: Exploring body image as a leisure constraint for undergraduate students ” . ON, , Canada : University of Waterloo . Unpublished master's thesis
   Google Scholar
• *Frederick , CJ and Shaw , SM . 1995 . Body image as a leisure constraint: Examining the experience of aerobic exercise classes for young women . Leisure Sciences , 17 : 57 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• *Furnham , A and Boughton , J . 1995 . Eating behavior and body dissatisfaction among dieters, aerobic exercisers and a control group . European Eating Disorders Review , 3 : 35 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Garner , DM . January/February 1997 . “ The body image survey ” . In Psychology Today January/February , 32 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• *Gary , V and Guthrie , D . 1972 . The effect of jogging on physical fitness and self-concept in hospitalized alcoholics . Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 33 : 1073 – 1078 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Gilman , JC . 1996 . The effects of weight training and aerobic exercise on body image, anxiety, locus of control, and self-esteem , University of Southern California . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Gleser , LJ and Olkin , I . 1994 . “ Stochastically dependent effect sizes ” . In The handbook of research synthesis , Edited by: Cooper , H and Hedges , LV . 339 – 357 . New York, NY : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• *Guinn , B . 1997 . Mexican American female adolescent self-esteem: The effect of body image, exercise behavior, and body fatness . Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , 19 : 519 – 526 .
   Google Scholar
• *Guinn , B , Semper, T, Jorgensen , L and Skaggs , S . 1997 . Body image perception in female Mexican-American adolescents . Journal of School Health , 67 : 112 – 115 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Hallinan , CJ and Schuler , P . 1993 . Body-shape perceptions of elderly women exercisers and nonexercisers . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 77 : 451 – 456 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Hanson , JS and Nedde , WH . 1974 . Long-term physical training effect in sedentary females . Journal of Applied Physiology , 37 : 112 – 116 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Hase , JA . 1995 . Weight training effects on body image, self-esteem and risk factors for an eating disorder , California School of Professional Psychology . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Hausenblas , HA , Brewer , BW and Van Raalte , JL . 2004 . Self-presentation and exercise . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 16 : 3 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hausenblas , HA and Fallon , EA . 2002 . Relationship among body image, exercise behavior and exercise dependence symptoms . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 32 : 179 – 185 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Hausenblas , HA , Symons , DA , Fleming , D and Connaughton , DP . 2002 . Body image in middle school children . The Journal of Eating and Weight Disorders , 7 : 244 – 248 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Hawkins , DL . 1981 . The effect of exercise on self esteem and body image , University of Georgia . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• *Hayes , SD , Crocker , PRE and Kowalski , KC . 1999 . Gender differences in physical self-perceptions, global self-esteem and physical activity: Evaluation of the physical self-perception profile model . Journal of Sport Behavior , 22 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• *Heaps , RA . 1978 . Relating physical and psychological fitness: A psychological point of view . Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 18 : 399 – 408 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hedges , LV . 1981 . Distribution theory for Glass's estimates of effect size and relates estimates . Journal of Educational Statistics , 6 : 107 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Hedges , LV . 1982 . Fitting categorical models to effect sizes from a sizes of experiments . Journal of Educational Statistics , 7 : 119 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Hedges , LV and Olkin , I . 1985 . Statistical methods for meta-analysis , New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• *Hensley , SL . 1995 . The effects of aerobic exercise on state and trait body image and physical fitness among college women , Old Dominion University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• *Herman-Tofler , LR and Tuckman , BW . 1998 . The effects of aerobic training on children's creativity, self-perception, and aerobic power . Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 7 : 773 – 790 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Hilyer , JC and Mitchell , W . 1979 . Effect of systematic physical fitness training combined with counseling on the self-concept of college students . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 26 : 427 – 436 .
   Google Scholar
• *Holmes , T , Chamberlin , P and Young , M . 1994 . Relations of exercise to body image and sexual desirability among a sample of university students . Psychological Reports , 74 : 920 – 922 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Huddy , DC and Cash , TF . 1997 . Body-image attitudes among male marathon runners: A controlled comparative study . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 28 : 227 – 236 .
   Google Scholar
• *Imm , PS and Pruitt , J . 1991 . Body shape satisfaction in female exercisers and nonexercisers . Women & Health , 17 : 87 – 96 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Joesting , J . 1981 . Comparison of students who exercise with those who do not. . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 53 : 426
   Google Scholar
• *Joesting , J and Clance , PR . 1979 . Comparison of runners and nonrunners on the body-cathexis and self-cathexis scales. . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 48 : 1046
   Google Scholar
• *Joshua , MD , Van Raalte , JL , Brewer , BW and Petitpas , AJ . 1997 . Self-presentation behaviors and social physique anxiety in aerobics class participants. . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 9 : S114
   Google Scholar
• *Koff , E and Bauman , CL . 1997 . Effects of wellness, fitness, and sport skills programs on body image and lifestyle behaviors . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 84 : 555 – 562 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Kowalski , NP and Crocker , P . 1999 . Predicting physical activity in young women: Investigating moderator effects between social physique anxiety and physical self-perceptions. . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 21 : S70
   Google Scholar
• Landers , DM and Arent , SM . 2001 . “ Physical activity and mental health ” . In Handbook of research on sport psychology , Edited by: Singer , RN , Hausenblas , HA and Janelle , CM . 740 – 765 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• *Lantz , CD , Hardy , CJ and Ainsworth , BE . 1997 . Social physique anxiety and perceived exercise behavior . Journal of Sport Behavior , 20 : 83 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• *Loland , NW . 1998 . Body image and physical activity. A survey among Norwegian men and women . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 29 : 339 – 365 .
   Google Scholar
• *Loland , NW . 2000 . The aging body: Attitudes toward bodily appearance among physically active and inactive women and men of different ages . Journal of Aging and Physical Activity , 8 : 197 – 213 .
   Google Scholar
• *Loosemore , DJ and Moriarty , D . 1990 . Body dissatisfaction and body image distortion in selected groups of males . Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education & Recreation , 11 : 11 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• *Loumidis , KS and Wells , A . 1998 . Assessment of beliefs in exercise dependence: The development and preliminary validation of the exercise beliefs questionnaire . Personality and Individual Differences , 25 : 553 – 567 .
   Google Scholar
• *Lox , CL , McAuley , E and Tucker , R . 1995 . Exercise as an intervention for enhancing subjective well-being in an HIV-1 population . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 17 : 345 – 362 .
   Google Scholar
• *Marsh , HW . 1996 . Construct validity of physical self-description questionnaire responses: Relations to external criteria . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 18 : 111 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• *Martin , ED . 1995 . Male body image reconsidered: A study of resistance trainers, runners and sedentary men , University of Missouri . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• *Martin , KA and Hausenblas , HA . 1998 . Psychological commitment to exercise and eating disorder symptomatology among female aerobic instructors . The Sport Psychologist , 12 : 180 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , KA and Lichtenberger , CM . 2002 . “ Fitness enhancement and changes in body image ” . In A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice , Edited by: Cash , TF and Pruzinsky , T . 414 – 421 . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• *McAuley , E and Bane , SM . 1996 . Exercise and body image in college females. . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 28 : S138
   Google Scholar
• *McAuley , E , Bane , SM and Mihalko , SL . 1995 . Exercise in middle-aged adults: Self-efficacy and self-presentational outcomes . Preventative Medicine , 24 : 319 – 328 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *McAuley , E , Bane , SM , Rudolph , DL and Lox , CL . 1995 . Physique anxiety and exercise in middle-aged adults . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 50B : 229 – 235 .
   Google Scholar
• *McAuley , E , Marquez , DX , Jerome , GJ , Blissmer , B and Katlua , J . 2002 . Physical activity and physique anxiety in older adults: Fitness and efficacy influences . Aging and Mental Health , 6 : 222 – 230 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *McAuley , E , Mihalko , SL and Bane , SM . 1997 . Exercise and self-esteem in middle-aged adults: Multidimensional relationships and physical fitness and self-efficacy influences . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 20 : 67 – 83 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonald , K and Thompson , KJ . 1992 . Eating disturbances, body image dissatisfaction, and reasons for exercising: Gender differences and correlational findings . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 11 : 289 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McInman , AD and Berger , BG . 1993 . Self-concept and mood changes associated with aerobic dance . Australian Journal of Psychology , 45 : 134 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *McLaughlin , WK . 1983 . The effects of an age-specific exercise program on aerobic capacity, body composition, body-image, and exercise behavior in 42-77 year-old women , University of Maryland . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• *Melnick , MJ and Mookerjee , S . 1991 . Effects of advanced weight training on body cathexis and self-esteem . Perceptual & Motor Skills , 72 : 1335 – 1345 .
   Google Scholar
• *Myszak , KA . 1985 . The influence of personal and situational factors on physical activity level in young and mature adult women , University of Cincinnati . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• *Netz , Y , Tennenbaum , G and Sagiv , M . 1988 . Pattern of psychological fitness as related to pattern of physical fitness among older adults . Perceptual & Motor Skills , 67 : 647 – 655 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Nudelman , S , Rosen , JC and Leitenberg , H . 1988 . Dissimilarities in eating attitudes, body image distortion, depression, and self-esteem between high-intensity male runners and women with bulimia nervosa . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 7 : 625 – 634 .
   Google Scholar
• *Olson , MS , Williford , HN , Richards , LA , Brown , JA and Pugh , S . 1996 . Self-reports on the eating disorder inventory by female aerobic instructors . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 82 : 1051 – 1058 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Pasman , L and Thompson , JK . 1988 . Body image and eating disturbance in obligatory runners, obligatory weightlifters, and sedentary individuals . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 7 : 759 – 769 .
   Google Scholar
• *Paxton , SJ , Wertheim , EH , Gibbons , K , Szmukler , GI , Hillier , L and Petrovich , JL . 1991 . Body image satisfaction, dieting beliefs, and weight loss behaviors in adolescent girls and boys . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 20 : 361 – 379 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pendleton , VR , Goodrick , GK , Poston , WSC , Reeves , RS and Foreyt , JP . 2002 . Exercise augments the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of binge eating . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 31 : 172 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Plummer , OK and Koh , YO . 1987 . Effect of “aerobics” on self-concepts of college women . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 65 : 271 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Pope , HG , Gruber , AJ , Mangweth , B , Beauea , B , deCol , C Jouvent , R . 2000 . Body image perception among men in three countries . American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 : 1297 – 1301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Puretz , SL . 1982 . Modern dance's effect on body image . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 13 : 176 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• *Quinn , P . 1974 . The effects of a graded exercise program on the physical fitness functioning level, self concept, body image, and behavior of the chronic psychiatrically disabled , Boston College . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• *Ransdell , LB , Wells , CL , Manore , MM , Swan , PD and Corbin , CB . 1998 . Social physique anxiety in postmenopausal women . Journal of Women and Aging , 10 : 19 – 39 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Reboussin , BA , Rejeski , WJ , Martin , KA , Callahan , K , Dunn , AL King , AC . 2000 . Correlates of satisfaction with body function and body appearance in middle- and older aged adults: The activity counseling trial (ACT) . Psychology and Health , 15 : 239 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• *Riggs , CA . 1996 . The impact of aerobic dance on the self-concept of female exercisers , University of Wyoming . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• *Robertson , K , Mellor , S , Hughes , M , Sanderson , F and Reilly , T . 1988 . Psychological health and squash play . Ergonomics , 31 : 1567 – 1572 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Rosenthal , MM and Beutell , NJ . 1981 . Movement and body-image: A preliminary study. . Perceptual & Motor Skills , 53 : 758
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenthal , R . 1979 . The “file drawer” problem and tolerance for null results . Psychological Bulletin , 86 : 38 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R . 1994 . “ Parametric measures of effect size ” . In The handbook of research synthesis , Edited by: Cooper , H and Hedges , LV . 231 – 244 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R . 1995 . Writing meta-analytic reviews . Psychological Bulletin , 118 : 183 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Russell , WD . 2002 . Comparison of self-esteem, body satisfaction, and social physique anxiety across males of different exercise frequency and racial background . Journal of Sport Behavior , 25 : 74 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• *Salusso-Deoier , CJ and Schwarzkopf , RJ . 1991 . Sex differences in body-cathexis associated with exercise involvement . Perceptual & Motor Skills , 73 : 139 – 145 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Scanlon , PA . 1991 . Effects of a five-week aerobic exercise class on the body image of adolescent girls , The American University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• *Schuler , PB , Hallinan , CJ , Beaird , JS and Buhre , TU . 1992 . The relation between physical activity and body image satisfaction in elderly women. . Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport , 63 : A-88
   Google Scholar
• *Schwerin , MJ . 1994 . A study of social physique anxiety, body esteem, and social anxiety in bodybuilders and anabolic steroid users , Southern Illinois University at Coarbondale . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• *Shaw , SM . 1991 . Body image among adolescent women: The role of sports and physically active leisure . Journal of Applied Recreation Research , 16 : 349 – 367 .
   Google Scholar
• *Short , MA , DiCarlo , S , Steffee , WP and Pavlou , K . 1984 . Effects of physical conditioning on self-concept of adult obese males . Physical Therapy , 64 : 194 – 198 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Skriner , GS , Bullen , BA , McArthur , JW , Cheek , JM and Vaughan , LK . 1994 . Effects of endurance training in ratings of self-perception and physical attributes in women. . Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise , 26 : S139
   Google Scholar
• *Sorensen , M , Anderssen , S , Hjerman , I , Holme , I and Ursin , H . 1997 . Exercise and diet interventions improve perceptions of self in middle-aged adults . Scandanavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports , 7 : 312 – 320 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Stein , PN . 1989 . The differential effects of aerobic and nonaerobic exercise on affect and self-concept , Hofstra University . Unpublished dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Stice , E . 2002 . Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review . Psychological Bulletin , 128 : 825 – 848 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock , WA . 1994 . “ Systematic coding for research synthesis ” . In Handbook of research synthesis , Edited by: Cooper , H and Hedges , LV . 125 – 138 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• *Stuppy , LA , Petlichkoff , LM and Harris , C . 1997 . The relationship between body image and body composition in exercising and non-exercising females. . Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise , 29 : S118
   Google Scholar
• Sundgot-Borgen , J , Rosenvinge , JH , Bahr , R and Schneider , LS . 2002 . The effect of exercise, cognitive therapy, and nutritional counseling in treating bulimia nervosa . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 34 : 190 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , JK . 2004 . The (mis)measurement of body image: Ten strategies to improve assessment for applied research purposes . Body Image , 1 : 7 – 14 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson , JK , Heinberg , LJ , Altabe , M and Tantleff-Dunn , S . 1999 . “ Exacting beauty. Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance ” . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• *Tucker , LA . 1982 . Effect of weight-training program on the self-concept of college males . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 54 : 1055 – 1061 .
   Google Scholar
• *Tucker , LA . 1983 . Effective weight training on self-concept: A profile of those influenced most . Research Quarterly , 54 : 389 – 397 .
   Google Scholar
• *Tucker , LA . 1987 . Effect of weight training on body attitudes: Who benefits most? . Journal of Sports Medicine , 27 : 70 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Health and Human Services . 2000 . Healthy People 2010 , Washington, DC : Author . (Conference Edition, in Two Volumes)
   Google Scholar
• *Welk , GJ , Corbin , CB , Dowell , N and Harris , H . 1996 . The relationship between physical self-perceptions and physical fitness in children. . Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport , 67 : A-102
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Williams , PA and Cash , T . 2001 . Effects of a circuit weight training program on the body images of college students . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 30 : 75 – 82 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Williams , L and Depcik , E . 2001 . Effects of weight training on body satisfaction among body image disturbed college women. . Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport , 72 : A-91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Wolfe , EM and Akamatsu , TJ . 1994 . Exercise involvement and eating-disordered characteristics in college students . Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention , 2 : 308 – 318 .
   Google Scholar
• *Yuen , HK and Hanson , C . 2002 . Body image and exercise in people with and without acquired mobility disability . Disability and Rehabilitation , 24 : 289 – 296 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Yeung , RR and Hensley , DR . 1997 . Personality, exercise and psychological well-being: Static relationships in the community . Personality and Individual Differences , 22 : 47 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• *Zabinski , MF , Calfas , KJ , Gehrman , CA , Wilfley , DE and Sallis , JF . 2001 . Effects of physical activity intervention on body image in university seniors: Project GRAD . Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 23 : 247 – 252 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Study used in the meta-analysis.
   Google Scholar