Phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of a circum-Indian Ocean clade of leaf-toed geckos (Reptilia: Gekkota), with a description of two new genera

References

• Ali, J.R. & Aitchison, J.C. 2009. Kerguelen Plateau and the late Cretaceous southern-continent bioconnection hypothesis: tales from a topographical ocean. Journal of Biogeography 36, 1778–1784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, J.R. & Huber, M. 2010. Mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar controlled by ocean currents. Nature 463, 653–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1993–2013. World Ocean Surface Currents (OSCAR – Ocean Surface Current Analyses – Real Time). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [http://www.oscar.noaa.gov, accessed 01 May 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 2013. ODSN Plate Tectonic Reconstruction Service. Ocean Drilling Stratigraphic Network. [http://www.odsn.de/odsn/services/paleomap/paleomap.html, accessed 1 May 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Austin, J.J., Arnold, E.N. & Jones, C.G. 2004. Reconstructing an island radiation using ancient and recent DNA: the extinct and living day geckos (Phelsuma) of the Mascarene islands. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31, 109–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, N.P., Weston, P.H., Rutschmann, F. & Sauquet, H. 2007. Molecular dating of the ‘Gondwanan’ plant family Proteaceae is only partially congruent with the timing of the break-up of Gondwana. Journal of Biogeography 34, 2012–2027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, A.M. 1990. Phylogeny and biogeography of the geckos of southern Africa and the islands of the western Indian Ocean: a preliminary analysis. In: Peters, G. & Hutterer, R., Eds., Vertebrates in the Tropics. Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum A. Koenig, Bonn, Germany. pp. 274–284.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, A.M. & Henle, K. 1994. Das Tierreich 109. Gekkonidae. Part 1, Australia and Oceania. Walter De Gruyter Publishers, Berlin, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, A.M., Russell, A.P. & Powell, G.L. 1996. The evolution of locomotor morphology in Rhoptropus (Squamata: Gekkonidae). African Journal of Herpetology 45, 8–30.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, A.M., Good, D.A. & Branch, W.R. 1997. The taxonomy of the southern African leaf-toed geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae), with a review of Old World “Phyllodactylus” and the description of five new genera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4 49, 447–497.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, A.M., Heinicke, M.P., Jackman, T.R. & Branch, W.R. 2011. Systematics of the Pachydactylus mariquensis group of geckos (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae): status of P. mariquensis latirostris, P. m. macrolepis and P. amoenus. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein 27, 85–107.
   Google Scholar
• Baum, D.A., Small, R.L. & Wendell, J.F. 1998. Biogeography and floral evolution of baobabs (Adansonia, Bombacaceae) as inferred from multiple data sets. Systematic Biology 47, 181–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergh, N.G. & Linder, H.P. 2009. Cape diversification and repeated out-of-southern-Africa dispersal in paper daisies (Asteraceae-Gnaphalieae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51, 5–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 1. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger, G.A. 1907. Descriptions of three new lizards and a new frog, discovered by Dr. W. J. Ansorge in Angola. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7 19, 212–214.
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger, G.A. 1910. A revised list of South African reptiles and batrachians, with synoptic tables, special reference to the specimens in the South African Museum, and descriptions of new species. Annals of the South African Museum 5, 455–538.
   Google Scholar
• Branch, W.R. 1998. Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa, 3rd edition. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Branch, W.R. & Bauer, A.M. 1994. Phyllodactylus peringueyi (Reptilia, Gekkonidae): its taxonomic history, rediscovery, and phylogenetic affinities. Annals of the South African Museum 104, 13–30.
   Google Scholar
• Branch, W. R. & Bauer, A. M. 1996. Notes on poorly-known Phyllodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from South Africa. Herpetological Natural History 4, 127–134.
   Google Scholar
• Chenoweth, L.B. & Schwarz, M.P. 2011. Biogeographical origins and diversification of the exoneurine allodapine bees of Australia (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Journal of Biogeography 38, 1471–1483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogger, H.G. 2000. Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, 6th edition. Ralph Curtis Publishing, Sanibel Island, FL, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Crisp, M.D., Arroyo, M.T.K., Cook, L.G., Gandolfo, M.A., Jordan, G.J., McGlone, M.S., Weston, P.H, Westoby, M. Wilf, P., & Linder, H.P. 2009. Phylogenetic biome conservatism on a global scale. Nature 458, 754–756.
   Google Scholar
• Crottini, A., Madsen, O., Poux, C., Strauss, A., Vieites, D.R. & Vences, M. 2012. Vertebrate time-tree elucidates the biogeographic pattern of a major biotic change around the K–T boundary in Madagascar. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109, 5358–5363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daudin, F.M. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles. Tome Quatrième. F. Dufart, Paris, France.
   Google Scholar
• Daza, J.D. & Bauer, A.M. 2012a. Temporal bones of the Gekkota support molecular relationships within the Pygopodoidea. Journal of Herpetology 46, 381–386.
   Google Scholar
• Daza, J.D. & Bauer, A.M. 2012b. A new amber-embedded sphaerodactyl gecko from Hispaniola, with comments on the morphological synapomorphies of the Sphaerodactylidae. Breviora 529, 1–128.
   Google Scholar
• Daza, J.D., Abdala, V., Thomas, R. & Bauer, A.M. 2008. Skull anatomy of the miniaturized gecko Sphaerodactylus roosevelti (Squamata: Gekkota). Journal of Morphology 239, 1340–1364.
   Google Scholar
• Dijkstra, K. 2007. Gone with the wind: westward dispersal across the Indian Ocean and island speciation in Hemicordulia dragonflies (Odonata: Corduliidae). Zootaxa 1438, 27–48.
   Google Scholar
• Drummond, A.J. & Rambaut, A. 2007. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BioMed Central Evolutionary Biology 7, 214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, J., Han, D., Bauer, A.M. & Zhou, K. 2007. Interrelationships among gekkonid geckos inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Zoological Science 24, 656–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzinger, L.J.F.J. 1843. Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus Primus. Braunmüller et Seidel, Wien.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzsimons, V.F. 1943. The lizards of South Africa. Memoirs of the Transvaal Museum 1, 1–528, 24 pls., 1 map.
   Google Scholar
• Funnell, S., Shrum, M., Ellis, E. & Andreone, F. 2012. A new record of the phantom gecko Matoatoa spannringi from Sainte Luce, SE Madagascar augments the species’ known range. Herpetology Notes 5, 151–153.
   Google Scholar
• Gamble, T., Bauer, A.M., Greenbaum, E. & Jackman, T.R. 2008a. Out of the blue: a novel, trans-Atlantic clade of geckos (Gekkota, Squamata). Zoologica Scripta 37, 355–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamble, T., Bauer, A.M., Greenbaum, E. & Jackman, T.R. 2008b. Evidence for Gondwanan vicariance in an ancient clade of gecko lizards. Journal of Biogeography 35, 88–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamble, T., Greenbaum, E., Jackman, T.R., Russell, A.P. & Bauer, A.M. 2012. Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos. Public Library of Science ONE 7, e39429.
   Google Scholar
• Glaw, F. & Vences, M. 2007. A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar, 3rd edition. Vences and Glaw Verlags GbR, Köln, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J.S. & Nixon, K.C. 2008. TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24, 774–786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, J.E. 1845. Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizard in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Greenbaum, E., Jackman, T.R. & Bauer, A.M. 2007. Homopholis and Blaesodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) revisited: new insights from a molecular phylogeny. African Journal of Herpetology 56, 101–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer, A.E. 1989. The Biology and Evolution of Australian Lizards. Surrey Beatty, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Haacke, W.D. 1996. Description of a new species of Phyllodactylus Gray (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from the Cape Fold Mountains, South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 36, 229–237.
   Google Scholar
• Haacke, W.D. 2008. A new leaf-toed gecko (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from south-western Angola. African Journal of Herpetology 57, 85–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, R. 2001. Cainozoic reconstruction of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: changing patterns of land and sea. In: Metcalfe, I., Smith, J.M.B., Morwood, M. & Davidson, L.D., Eds., Faunal and Floral Migrations and Evolution in SE Asia-Australasia, Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, Leiden, The Netherlands. pp. 35–56.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, R. 2002. Cainozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: computer-based reconstructions, model and animations. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 20, 353–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, T.A. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41, 95–98.
   Google Scholar
• Hay, W.W., Deconto, R., Wold, C.N., Wilson, K.M., Voigt, S., Schulz, M., Wold-Rossby, A., Dullo, W.C., Ronov, A.B., Balukhovsky, A.N. & Soeding, E. 1999. Alternative global Cretaceous paleogeography. In: Barrera, E. & Johnson, C., Eds., The Evolution of Cretaceous Ocean/Climate Systems. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, USA. pp. 1–47.
   Google Scholar
• Heinicke, M.P., Greenbaum, E., Jackman, T.R. & Bauer, A.M. 2010. Molecular phylogenetics of Pacific Nactus (Squamata: Gekkota: Gekkonidae) and the diphyly of Australian species. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4 61, 633–646.
   Google Scholar
• Heinicke, M.P., Greenbaum, E., Jackman, T.R. & Bauer, A.M. 2011. Phylogeny of a trans-Wallacean radiation (Squamata, Gekkonidae, Gehyra) supports a single early colonization of Australia. Zoologica Scripta 40, 584–602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, S.Y.W., Phillips, M.J., Cooper, A. & Drummond, A.J. 2005. Time dependency of molecular rate estimates and systematic overestimation of recent divergence times. Molecular Biology and Evolution 22, 1561–1568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffstetter, P. & Gasc, J.-P. 1969. Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles. In: Gans, C, Bellairs, A. D’A. & Parsons, T., Eds., Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 1, Morphology A. Academic Press, New York, USA. pp. 201–310.
   Google Scholar
• Irschick, D.J., Austin, C.C., Petren, K., Fisher, R.F., Losos, J.B. & Ellers, O. 1996. A comparative analysis of clinging ability among pad-bearing lizards. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 59, 21–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackman, T.R., Bauer, A.M. & Greenbaum, E. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of geckos of the genus Nactus and their relatives (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Acta Herpetologica 3, 1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jønsson, K.A., Bowie, R.C.K., Nylander, J.A.A., Christidis, L., Norman, J.A. & Fjeldsä, J. 2010. Biogeographical history of cuckoo-shrikes (Aves: Passeriformes): transoceanic colonization of Africa from Australo-Papua. Journal of Biogeography 37, 1767–1781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, G.M. 2008. Patterns of phylogenetic history in southwestern Australian lizards inform future conservation planning in Australia's biodiversity hotspot. Honours thesis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. pp. 67.
   Google Scholar
• Kluge, A.G. 1967. Higher taxonomic categories of gekkonid lizards and their evolution. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135, 1–59.
   Google Scholar
• Kluge, A.G. 1987. Cladistic relationships in the Gekkonoidea (Squamata, Sauria). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 173, 1–54.
   Google Scholar
• Kluge, A.G. 1991. Checklist of Gekkonidae lizards. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 80, 1–35.
   Google Scholar
• Kluge, A.G. & Nussbaum, R.A. 1995. A review of African-Madagascan gekkonid lizard phylogeny and biogeography (Squamata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 183, 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Laslett, D. & Canbäck, B. 2008. ARWEN: a program to detect tRNA genes in metazoan mitochondrial nucleotide sequences. Bioinformatics 24, 172–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder, H.P., Eldenas, P.K. & Briggs, B.A. 2003. Contrasting patterns of radiation in African and Australian Restionaceae. Evolution 57, 2688–2702.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loveridge, A. 1947. Revision of the African lizards of the family Gekkonidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 98, 1–409, pls. i–vii.
   Google Scholar
• Maddison, W.P. & Maddison, D.R. 2011. Mesquite: A Modular System for Evolutionary Analysis. Version 2.74. [http://mesquiteproject.org, accessed 18 December 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Mocquard, M.F. 1900. Diagnoses d’espèces nouvelles de reptiles de Madagascar. Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 6, 345–348.
   Google Scholar
• Nixon, K. C. 1999. Winclada (BETA) ver. 0.9.9. Published by the author, Ithaca, New York, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Noonan, B.P. & Chippindale, P.T. 2006. Vicariant origin of Malagasy reptiles supports late Cretaceous Antarctic land bridge. American Naturalist 168, 730–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noonan, B.P. & Sites, J.W., Jr. 2010. Tracing the origins of iguanid lizards and boine snakes of the Pacific. American Naturalist 175, 61–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussbaum, R.A., Raxworthy, C.J. & Pronk, O. 1998. The ghost geckos of Madagascar: a further revision of the Malagasy leaf-toed geckos (Reptilia, Squamata, Gekkonidae). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 186, i–iv + 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, J., Mariani, C., Olson, L., Russell, A.L., Say, L., Yoder, A.D. & Hayden, T.J. 2009. Multiple colonisations of the western Indian Ocean by Pteropus fruit bats (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae): the furthest islands were colonised first. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51, 294–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, P.M. & Sanders, K. 2009. Molecular evidence for Gondwanan origins of multiple lineages within a diverse Australasian gecko radiation. Journal of Biogeography 36, 2044–2055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posada, D. 2008. jModelTest: phylogenetic model averaging. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25, 1253–1256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T. & Wiens, J.J. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BioMed Central Evolutionary Biology 13, 93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rambaut, A. & Drummond, A.J. 2007. Tracer v1.5. [http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Tracer, accessed 18 December 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Rocha, S., Carretero, M.A., Vences, M., Glaw, F. & Harris, D.J. 2006. Deciphering patterns of transoceanic dispersal: the evolutionary origin and biogeography of coastal lizards (Cryptoblepharus) in the Western Indian Ocean region. Journal of Biogeography 33, 13–22.
   Google Scholar
• Rocha, S., Vences, M., Glaw, F., Posada, D. & Harris, D.J. 2009. Multigene phylogeny of Malagasy day geckos of the genus Phelsuma. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52, 530–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Röll, B., Pröhl, H. & Hoffman, K. 2010. Multigene phylogenetic analysis of Lygodactylus dwarf geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56, 327–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19, 1572–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruibal, R. & Ernst, V. 1965. The structure of the digital setae of lizards. Journal of Morphology 117, 271–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, A.P. & Bauer, A.M. 2008. The appendicular locomotor apparatus of Sphenodon and normal-limbed squamates. In: Gans, C., Gaunt, A. & Adler, K.K., Eds., Biology of the Reptilia. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York, USA. pp. 1–466.
   Google Scholar
• Samonds, K.E., Godfrey, L.R., Ali, J.R., Goodman, S.M., Vences, M., Sutherland, M.R., Irwin, M.T. & Krause, D.W. 2012. Spatial and temporal arrival patterns of Madagascar's vertebrate fauna explained by distance, ocean currents, and ancestor type. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109, 5352–5357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanmartín, I. & Ronquist, F. 2004. Southern hemisphere biogeography inferred by event-based models: plant versus animal patterns. Systematic Biology 53, 216–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, M.P., Fuller, S., Tierney, S.M. & Cooper, S.J.B. 2006. Molecular phylogenetics of the exoneurine allodapine bees reveal an ancient and puzzling dispersal from Africa to Australia. Systematic Biology 55, 31–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, B., Sibthorpe, D., Rambaut, A., Austin, J., Wragg, G.M., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Lee, P.L.M. & Cooper, A. 2002. Flight of the dodo. Science 295, 1683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storr, G.M. 1987. The genus Phyllodactylus (Lacertilia: Gekkonidae) in Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 14, 183–187.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, J.D., Higgins, D.G. & Gibson, T.J. 1994. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research 22, 4673–4680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood, G. 1954. On the classification and evolution of geckos. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 124, 469–492.
   Google Scholar
• Warren, B.H., Strasberg, D., Bruggemann, J.H., Prys-Jones, R.P. & Thébaud, C. 2010. Why does the biota of the Madagascar region have such a strong Asiatic flavour? Cladistics 26, 526–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellborn, V. 1933. Vergleichende osteologische Untersuchungen an Geckoniden, Eublephariden and Uroplatiden. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1933, 126–199.
   Google Scholar
• Wells, R.W. & Wellington, C.R. 1984. A synopsis of the Class Reptilia in Australia. Australian Journal of Herpetology 1, 73–129.
   Google Scholar
• Wermuth, H. 965. Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien: Gekkonidae, Pygopodidae, Xantusiidae. Das Tierreich 80, 1–246.
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker, K., Cunningham, M. & Bloomer, P. 2004. Evolution in the Cape Fold Mountains: Gecko tales. Programme and Abstracts, 7^th Herpetological Association of Africa Symposium. Bayworld, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. pp. 31–32.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, E.E. & Peterson, J.A. 1982. Convergent and alternative designs in the digital adhesive pads of scincid lizards. Science 215, 1509–1511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, P.L., Heinicke, M.P., Jackman, T.R. & Bauer, A.M. 2012. Phylogeny of bent-toed geckos (Cyrtodactylus) reveals a west to east pattern of diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 65, 992–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar