Establishing a baseline of plant diversity and endemism on a neotropical mountain summit for future comparative studies assessing upward migration: an approach from biogeography and nature conservation

References

• Aristeguieta, L. 1964. Flora de Venezuela, vol. 10 (no. 1–2), Compositae. Dirección de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Ministerio de Agricultura y Cría, Caracas, Venezuela.
   Google Scholar
• Badillo, V., Díaz-pedrahita, S. & Benítez DE Rojas, C. 2008. Asteraceae. In: Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O., Eds., Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela Dr Tobías Lasser, Caracas, Venezuela, pp. 226–265.
   Google Scholar
• Balslev, H. 1996. Juncaceae. Flora Neotropica, Monograph 68, 1–167.
   Google Scholar
• Beckage, B., Osborne, B., Gavin, D.G., Pucko, C., Siccama, T. & Perkins, T. 2008. A rapid upward shift of a forest ecotone during 40 years of warming in the Green Mountains of Vermont. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105, 4197–4202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, P.E. & Riina, R. 2005. Insights into the diversity of the Pantepui Flora and the biogeographic complexity of the Guayana Shield. Biologiske Skrifter 55, 145–166.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, P.E., Huber, O. & Holst, B.K. 1995. Floristic analysis and phytogeography. In: Berry, P.E., Holst, B.K. & Yatskievych, K., Eds., Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, Vol. 1, Introduction. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St Louis, MO, USA, pp. 161–191.
   Google Scholar
• Boggan, J., Funk, V., Kelloff, C., Hoff, M., Cremers, G. & Feuillet, C. 1992. Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45, 1–1286.
   Google Scholar
• Brandenburg, D., Blackwell, W. & Thieret, J. 1991. Revision of the genus Cinna (Poaceae). Sida 14, 581–596.
   Google Scholar
• Briceño, H.O. & Schubert, C. 1990. Geomorphology of the Gran Sabana, Guayana Shield, southeastern Venezuela. Geomorphology 3, 125–141.
   Google Scholar
• Brook, B.W., Sodhi, N.S. & Bradshaw, C.J.A. 2008. Synergies among extinction drivers under global change. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23, 453–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunel, S., Branquart, E., Fried, G., Van Valkenburg, J., Brundu, G., Starfinger, U., Buholzer, S., Uludag, M. & Baker, R. 2010. The EPPO prioritization process for invasive alien plants. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Bulletin 40, 407–422.
   Google Scholar
• Brunner, H., Harris, R.V. & Amor, R.L. 1976. A note on the dispersal of seed of blackberry (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell.) by foxes and emus. Weed Research 16, 171–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock, J.M. & Clarke, R.T. 2000. Long distance seed dispersal by wind: measuring and modelling the tail of the curve. Oecologia 124, 506–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain, M.L., Milligan, B.G. & Strand, A.E. 2000. Long-distance seed dispersal in plant populations. American Journal of Botany 87, 1217–1227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calinger, K.M., Queenborough, S. & Curtis, P.S. 2013. Herbarium specimens reveal the footprint of climate change on flowering trends across north-central North America. Ecology Letters 16, 1037–1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, C.-H., Huang, T.-J., Lee, Y.-P., Chen, C.-Y., Hsu, T.-W. & Chen, C.-H. 2011. Diversity of the alpine vegetation in central Taiwan is affected by climate change based on a century of floristic inventories. Botanical Studies 52, 503–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christenhusz, M.J.M. 2009. New combinations and an overview of Cyathea subg. Hymenophyllopsis. Phytotaxa 1, 37–42.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, J.H., Hewitson, B., Busuioc, A., Chen, A., Gao, X., Held, I., Jones, R., Kolli, R.K., Kwon, W.-T., Laprise, R., Magaña rueda, V., Mearns, L., Menéndez, C.G., Räisänen, J., Rinke, A., Sarr, A. & Whetton, P. 2007. Regional Climate Projections. In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M. & Miller, H.L., Eds., Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 141–162.
   Google Scholar
• Cialdella, J. & Zuloaga, F. 2010. A revision of Deschampsia, Avenella and Vahlodea (Poaceae, Poeae, Airinae) in South America. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 97, 141–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colwell, R.K., Brehm, G., Cardelús, C.L., Gilman, A.C. & Longino, J.T. 2008. Global warming, elevational range shifts, and lowland biotic attrition in the wet tropics. Science 322, 258–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooney, R. 2004. The Precautionary Principle in Biodiversity Conservation and Natural Resource Management: An Issues Paper for Policy-Makers, Researchers and Practitioners. IUCN Publications Unit, Gland, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Corrales, M.E. 2004. La cuenca del Río Caroní: una visión en cifras. Editorial Exlibris, Caracas, Venezuela.
   Google Scholar
• Crawley, M.J., Brown, S.L., Hails, R.S., Kohn, D.D. & Rees, M. 2001. Transgenic crops in natural habitats. Nature 409, 682–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuevas, E. 1992. Relaciones nutricionales de la vegetación de turberas altotepuyanas. In: Huber, O., Ed., El Macizo del Chimantá, Escudo de Guayana, Venezuela: un ensayo ecológico tepuyano. Oscar Todtmann Editores, Caracas, Venezuela, pp. 203–218.
   Google Scholar
• Daehler, C.C. 2009. Short lag times for invasive tropical plants: evidence from experimental plantings in Hawai'i. Public Library of Science One 4, e4462. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004462.
   Google Scholar
• Davidse, G. & Pohl, R.W. 1994. Flora Mesoamericana, vol. 6, Poaceae. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
   Google Scholar
• Davidse, G., Judziewicz, E. & Zuloaga, F. 2004. Poaceae. In: Berry, P., Yatskievych, K. & Holst, B.K., Eds., Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, Vol. 8, Poaceae-Rubiaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St Louis, MO, USA, pp. 16–145.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, S.D., Heywood, V.H., Herrera-Macbryde, O., Villa-Lobos, J. & Hamilton, A. 1997. Centres of Plant Diversity: A Guide and Strategy for their Conservation, Vol. 3, The Americas. IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Delascio Chitty, F. 1991. Aspectos florísticos y de la vegetación del Lago Gladys, Cumbre de Roraima. Acta Terramaris 3, 39–44.
   Google Scholar
• Delascio Chitty, F. & Nozawa, S. 2010. Poa annua L. and Polypogon elongatus Kunth (Poaceae), two new exotic species to the flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Acta botánica Venezuelica 33, 357–361.
   Google Scholar
• Dirnböck, T., Essl, F. & Rabitsch, W. 2011. Disproportional risk for habitat loss of high-altitude endemic species under climate change. Global Change Biology 17, 990–996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engler, R., Randin, C.F., Thuiller, W., Dullinger, S., Zimmermann, N.E., Araújo, M.B., Pearman, P.B., Le Lay, G., Piedallu, C., Albert, C.H., Choler, P., Coldea, G., De Lamo, X., Dirnböck, T., Gégout, J-C., Gómez-garcía, D., Grytnes, J-A., Heegaard, E., HØISTAD, F., Nogués-Bravo, D., Normand, S., Puşcaş, M., Sebastià, M-T., Stanisci, A., Theurillat, J-P., Triverdi, M.R., Vittoz, P. & Guisan, A. 2011. 21st century climate change threatens mountain flora unequally across Europe. Global Change Biology 17, 2330–2341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, P.A. 1994. A Practical Guide to Environmental Impact Assessment. New England Research Inc., Worcester, MA, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Farrera, I., Harrison, S.P., Prentice, I.C., Ramstein, G., Guiot, J., Bartlein, P.J., Bonnefille, R., Bush, M., Cramer, W., VON Grafenstein, U., Holmgreen, K., Hooghiemstra, H., Hope, G., Jolly, D., Lauritzen, S.-E., Ono, Y., Pinot, S., Stute, M. & Yu, G. 1999. Tropical climates at the Last Glacial Maximum, a new synthesis of terrestrial paleoclimate data. I. Vegetation, lake-levels and geochemistry. Climate Dynamics 15, 823–856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedriani, J.M. & Delibes, M. 2009. Functional diversity in fruit-frugibore interactions: a field experiment with Mediterranean mammals. Ecography 32, 983–992.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley, K.J. 2011. Distributional migrations, expansions, and contractions of tropical plant species as revealed in dated herbarium records. Global Change Biology 18, 1335–1341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley, K.J. & Silman, M.R. 2011. The data void in modeling current and future distributions of tropical species. Global Change Biology 17, 626–630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley, K.J., Silman, M.R., Bush, M.B., FARFAN, W., Garcia Cabrera, K., Malhi, Y., Meir, P., Salinas Revilla, N., Raurau Quisiyupanqui, M.N. & Saatchi, S. 2011. Upslope migration of Andean trees. Journal of Biogeography 38, 783–791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gepts, P. & Papa, R. 2002. Evolution during Domestication. Nature Publishing Group, London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Givnish, T.J., Millman, K.C., Evans, T.M., Hall, J.C., Pires, J.C., Berry, P.E. & Sytsma, K.J. 2004. Ancient vicariance or recent long-distance dispersal? Inferences about phylogeny and South American-African disjunctions in Rapateaceae and Bromeliaceae based on ndhF sequence data. International Journal of Plant Sciences 165, 35–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Givnish, T.J., Barfuss, M.H.J., Van EE, B., Riina, R., Schulte, K., Horres, R., Gonsiska, P.A., Jabaily, R.S., Crayn, D.M., Smith, J.A.C., Winter, K., Brown, G.K., Evans, T.M., Holst, B.K., Luther, H., Till, W., Zizka, G., Berry, P.E. & Sytsma, K.J. 2011. Phylogeny, adaptive radiation, and historical biogeography in Bromeliaceae: insights from an eight-locus plastid phylogeny. American Journal of Botany 98, 872–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleason, H.A. 1929. Studies on the Flora of Northern South America-XIII. The Tate Collection from Mount Roraima and Vicinity. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 56, 391–408.
   Google Scholar
• González-elizondo, M. & Reznicek, A.A. 1998. Eleocharis (Cyperaceae). In: Steyermark, J.A., Berry, P.E. & Holst, B.K., Eds., Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, Vol. 4, Caesalpiniaceae-Ericaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St Louis, MO, USA, pp. 548–561.
   Google Scholar
• Gorzula, S. & Huber, O. 1992. Consideraciones finales. In: Huber, O., Ed., El Macizo del Chimantá, Escudo de Guayana, Venezuela: un ensayo ecológico tepuyano. Oscar Todtmann Editores, Caracas, Venezuela, pp. 325–330.
   Google Scholar
• Gottfried, M., Pauli, H., Futschik, A., Akhalkatsi, M., Barančok, P., Benito Alonso, J.L., Coldea, G., Dick, J., Erschbamer, B., Fernández Calzado, M.R., Kazakis, G., Krajči, J., Larsson, P., Mallaun, M., Michelsen, O., Moiseev, D., Moiseev, P., Molau, U., Merzouki, A., Nagy, L., Nakhutsrishvili, G., Pedersen, B., Pelino, G., Puşcaş, M., Rossi, G., Stanisci, A., Theurillat, J-P., Tomaselli, M., Villar, L., Vittoz, P., Vogiatzakis, I. & Grabherr, G. 2012. Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change. Nature Climate Change 2, 111–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabherr, G., Gottfried, M. & Pauli, H. 2000. GLORIA: A Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments. Mountain Research and Development 20/2, 190–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabherr, G., Gottfried, M. & Pauli, H. 2010. Climate change impacts in alpine environments. Geography Compass 4/8, 1133–1153.
   Google Scholar
• Guisan, A. & Theurillat, J.P. 2000. Assessing alpine plant vulnerability to climate change: a modeling perspective. Integrated Assessment 1, 307–320.
   Google Scholar
• Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A.T. & Ryan, P.D. 2001. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4. http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm, accessed 28 October 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Hiebert, R.D. & Stubbendieck, J. 1993. Handbook for Ranking Exotic Plants for Management and Control. US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Natural Resources Publication Office, Denver, CO, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. 2008. Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela. Fundación Insituto Botánico de Venezuela Dr Tobías Lasser, Caracas, Venezuela.
   Google Scholar
• Holm, L., Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J. & Herberger, J. 1997. World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Huber, O. 1987. Consideraciones sobre el concepto de Pantepui. Pantepui 2, 2–20.
   Google Scholar
• Huber, O. 1995a. Geographical and physical features. In: Berry, P.E., Holst, B.K. & Yatskievych, K., Eds., Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, Vol. 1, Introduction. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St Louis, MO, USA, pp. 1–61.
   Google Scholar
• Huber, O. 1995b. Vegetation. In: Berry, P.E., Holst, B.K. & Yatskievych, K., Eds., Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, Vol. 1, Introduction. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St Louis, MO, USA, pp. 97–160.
   Google Scholar
• Huber, O., 1995c. Conservation of the Venezuelan Guayana. In: Berry, P.E., Holst, B.K. & Yatskievych, K., Eds., Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, Vol. 1, Introduction. Missouri Botanical Gardens Press, St. Louis, MO, USA, pp. 193–218.
   Google Scholar
• Huber, O. 2006. Herbaceous ecosystems on the Guayana Shield, a regional overview. Journal of Biogeography 33, 464–475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Im Thurn, E.F. 1885. The First Ascent of Roraima. Timehri 4, 1–47.
   Google Scholar
• Jongman, R.H.G., Ter Braak, C.J.F. & Van Tongeren, O.F.R. 1995. Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Jump, A.S., Huang, T-J. & Chou, C-H. 2012. Rapid altitudinal migration of mountain plants in Taiwan and its implication for high altitude biodiversity. Ecography 35, 204–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, A.E. & Goulden, M.L. 2008. Rapid shifts in plant distributions with recent climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105, 11823–11826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok, P.J.R. 2009. Lizard in the clouds: a new highland genus and species of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata) from Maringma tepui, western Guyana. Zootaxa 1992, 53–67.
   Google Scholar
• Kreyling, J., Wana, D. & Beierkuhnlein, C. 2010. Potential consequences of climate warming for tropical plant species in high moutains of Southern Ethiopia. Diversity and Distributions 16, 593–605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurence, W.F., Useche, D.C., Shoo, L.P., Herzog, S.K., Kessler, M., Escobar, F., Brehm, G., Axmacher, J.C., Chen, I-C., Arellano Gámez, L., Hietz, P., Fiedler, K., Pyrcz, T., Wolf, J., Merkord, C.L., Cardelus, C., Marshall, A.R., Ah-Peng, C., Aplet, G.H., Del Coro Arizmendi, M., Baker, W.J., Barone, J., Brühl, C.A., Bussmann, R.W., Cicuzza, D., Eilu, G., Favila, M.E., Hemp, A., Hemp, C., Homeier, J., Hurtado, J., Jankowski, J., Kattán, G., Kluge, J., Krömer, T., Lees, D.C., Lehnert, M., Longino, J.T., Lovett, J., Martin, P.H., Patterson, B.D., Pearson, R.G., Peh, K.S-H., Richardson, B., Richardson, M., Samways, M.J., Senbeta, F., Smith, T.B., Utteridge, T.M.A., Watkins, J.E., Wilson, R., Williams, S.E. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Global warming, elevational ranges and the vulnerability of tropical biota. Biological Conservation 144, 548–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenoir, J., Gégout, J.C., Marquet, P.A., De Ruffray, P. & Brisse, H. 2008. A significant upward shift in plant species optimum elevation during the 20th century. Science 320, 1768–1771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisiecki, L.E. & Raymo, M.E. 2005. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography 20, PA1003. doi: 10.1029/2004PA001071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonard, R. 2007. Vulpia (Poacae). In: Barkworth, M.E., Capels, K.M., Long, S., Anderton, L.K. & Piep, M., Eds., Flora of North America, Vol. 24, Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 1. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 448–454.
   Google Scholar
• Macarthur, R.H. & Wilson, E.O. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm, J.R., Liu, C., Neilson, R.P., Hansen, L. & Hannah, L. 2006. Global warming and extinctions of endemic species from biodiversity hotspots. Conservation Biology 20, 538–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcneely, J.A., Mooney, H.A., Neville, I.E., Schei, P.J. & Waage, J.K. 2001. Global Strategy on Invasive Alien Species. IUCN in collaboration with the Global Invasive Species Programme, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
   Google Scholar
• MINAMB. 2010. Estrategia Nacional para la Conservación de la Diversidad Biológica de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. MINAMB (Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ambiente), Caracas, Venezuela.
   Google Scholar
• Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy, L., Grabherr, G., Körner, CH. & Thompson, D.B.A. 2003. Alpine Biodiversity in Europe. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Nogué, S., Rull, V. & Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T. 2009. Modeling biodiversity loss by global warming on Pantepui, northern South America: projected upward migration and potential habitat loss. Climatic Change 94, 77–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogué, S., Rull, V. & Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T. 2013. Elevational gradients in the neotropical table mountains: patterns of endemism and implications for conservation. Diversity and Distributions 17, 676–687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noonan, B.P. & Gaucher, P. 2005. Phyloeography and demography of Guianan harlequin toads (Atelopus), diversification within a refuge. Molecular Ecology 14, 3017–3031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noonan, B.P. & Gaucher, P. 2006. Refugial isolation and secondary contact in dyeing poison frog Dendrobates tinctorius. Molecular Ecology 15, 4425–4436.
   Google Scholar
• Ojasti, J. 2001. Especies exóticas invasoras. Estrategia Regional de Biodiversidad para los Países del Trópico Andino, Caracas, Venezuela.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, B.D. & Atmar, W. 1986. Nested subsets and the structure of insular mammalian faunes and archipelagos. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 28, 65–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauli, H., Gottfried, M., Reiter, K., Klettner, C. & Grabherr, G. 2007. Signals of range expansions and contractions of vascular plants in the high Alps: observations (1994–2004) at the GLORIA master site Schrankogel, Tyrol, Austria. Global Change Biology 13, 147–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauli, H., Gottfried, M., Dullinger, S., Abdaladze, O., Akhalkatsi, M., Benito Alonso, J.L., Coldea, G., Dick, J., Erschbamer, B., Fernández Calzado, M.R., Ghosn, D., Holten, J.I., Kanka, R., Kazakis, G., Kollár, J., Larsson, P., Moiseev, P., Moiseev, D., Molau, U., Molero Mesa, J., Nagy, L., Pelino, G., Puşcaş, M., Rossi, G., Stanisci, A., Syverhuset, A.O., Theurillat, J-P., Tomaselli, M., Unterluggauer, P., Villar, L., Vittoz, P. & Grabherr, G. 2012. Recent plant diversity changes on Europe’s mountain summits. Science 336, 353–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruski, J.F. 1997. Asteraceae. In: Steyermark, J.A., Berry, P.E. & Holst, B.K., Eds., Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, Vol. 3, Araliaceae-Cactaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St Louis, MO, USA, pp. 177–393.
   Google Scholar
• Pyšek, P., Richardson, D.M., Rejmánek, M., Webster, G.L., Williamson, M. & Kirschner, J. 2004. Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon 53, 131–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, G.P. & Keough, M.J. 2002. Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Raup, D. & Crick, R.E. 1979. Measurement of faunal similarity in paleontology. Journal of Paleontology 53, 1213–1227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renner, S. 2004. Plant dispersal across the tropical Atlantic by wind and sea currents. International Journal of Plant Sciences 165, S23–S33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, D.M., Pyšek, P., Rejmánek, M., Barbour, M.G., Panetta, F.D. & West, C.J. 2000. Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6, 93–107.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, J.E., Pennington, R.T., Pennington, T.D. & Hollingsworth, P.M. 2001. Rapid diversification of a species-rich genus of Neotropical rain forest trees. Science 293, 2242–2245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riina, R. 2003. Patterns of plant species richness and endemism of the tepuis of the Guayana Shield. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Rincón, D.A. 2005. Bird perches increase seed dispersal in abandoned pastures at Colombian Andean forests. Ph.D. dissertation, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Santander, Spain.
   Google Scholar
• Rull, V. 2004a. Biogeography of the Lost World, a palaeoecological perspective. Earth-Science Reviews 67, 125–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rull, V. 2004b. An evaluation of the lost world and vertical displacement hypotheses in the Chimantá massif, Venezuelan Guyana. Global Ecology and Biogeography 13, 141–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rull, V. 2004c. Is the Lost World really lost? Palaeoecological insights into the origin of the peculiar flora of the Guyana Highlands. Naturwissenschaften 91, 139–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rull, V. 2005. Biotic diversification in the Guyana Highlands, a proposal. Journal of Biogeography 32, 921–927.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rull, V. 2010. The Guayana Highlands: a natural laboratory for the biogeographical and evolutionary study of the Neotropical flora. In: Sánchez-Villagra, M., Aguilera, O. & Carlini, A., Eds., Urumaco and Venezuelan Paleontology. The Fossil Record of Northern Neotropics. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, USA, pp. 84–102.
   Google Scholar
• Rull, V. & Nogué, S. 2007. Potential migration routes and barriers for vascular plants of the Neotropical Guyana Highlands during the Quaternary. Journal of Biogeography 34, 1327–1341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rull, V. & Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T. 2006. Unexpected biodiversity loss under global warming in the neotropical Guayana Highlands: a preliminary appraisal. Global Change Biology 12, 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safont, E., Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T. & Rull, V. 2012. Use of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) tools to set priorities and optimize strategies in biodiversity conservation. Biological Cconservation 149, 113–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder, D., Mueller-Schaerer, H. & Stinson, C.S.A. 1993. A European weed survey in 10 major crop systems to identify targets for biological control. Weed Research 33, 449–458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon, J.C. & Burrows, F.M. 1973. The dispersal effectiveness of the achene-pappus units of selected Compositae in steady winds with convections. New Phytologist 72, 665–675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K.S., Yang, S. & Tewksbury, J.J. 2011. Climate change and community disassembly: impacts of warming on tropical and temperate montane community structure. Ecology Letters 14, 1191–1200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soreng, R.J., Guissani, L.M. & Negritto, M.A. 2003. Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): IV. Subfamily Pooideae. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 48, 505–580.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, C.N., Halfhill, M.D. & Warwick, S.I. 2003. Genetic modification: Transgene introgression from genetically modified crops to their wild relatives. Nature Reviews. Genetics 4, 806–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steyermark, J.A. 1966. Contribuciones a la flora de Venezuela, parte 5. Notas sobre la flora de Roraima. Acta botánica Venezuelica 1, 9–20.
   Google Scholar
• Steyermark, J.A., Berry, P.E., Yatskievych, K. & Holst, B.K. 1995–2005. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, 9 Vols. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St Louis, MO, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Stöckli, V., Wipf, S., Nilsson, C. & Rixen, C. 2011. Using historical plant surveys to track biodiversity on mountain summits. Plant Ecology and Diversity 4, 415–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THE SURVEY DEPARTMENT OF GUYANA, 1975. Topographic map of Guyana, 1:50,000 scale, UTM projection, Roraima sheet 40SE.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, W. 1998. Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae). In: Steyermark, J.A., Berry, P.E. & Holst, B.K., Eds., Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, Vol. 4, Caesalpiniaceae-Ericaceae. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St Louis, MO, USA, pp. 610–639.
   Google Scholar
• Thuiller, W., Lavorel, S., Araújo, M.B., Sykes, M.T. & Colin Prentice, I. 2005. Climate change threats to plant diversity in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102, 8245–8250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T., Nogué, S. & Rull, V. 2012. Global warming, habitat shifts and potential refugia for biodiversity conservation in the neotropical Guayana Highlands. Biological Conservation 152, 159–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vittoz, P., Bodin, J., Ungricht, S., Burga, C. & Walther, G.R. 2008. One century of vegetation change on Isla Persa, a nunatak in the Bernina massif in the Swiss Alps. Journal of Vegetation Science 19, 611–628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walther, G-R. 2010. Community and ecosystem responses to recent climate change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, 2019–2024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walther, G-R., Roques, A., Hulme, P.E., Sykes, M.T., Pyšek, P., Kühn, I., Zobel, M., Bacher, S., Botta-DukáT, Z., Bugmann, H., CzúCZ, B., Dauber, J., Hickler, T., JarošíK, V., Kenis, M., Klotz, S., Minchin, D., Moora, M., Nentwig, W., Ott, J., Panov, V.E., Reineking, B., Robinet, C., Semenchenko, V., Solarz, W., Thuiller, W., Vilà, M., Vohland, K. & Settele, J. 2009. Alien species in a warmer world: risks and opportunities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24, 686–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker, R.J., Bush, M.B. & Richards, K. 1989. Plant recolonization and vegetation succession on the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia. Ecological Monographs 59, 59–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker, R.J. & FernáNdez-Palacios, J.M. 2007. Island Biogeography. Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, D.H., Patterson, B.D., Mikkelson, G.M., Cutler, A. & Atmar, W. 1998. A comparative analysis of nested subset patterns of species composition. Oecologia 113, 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar