A large-scale inventory of liana diversity in tropical forests of South Eastern Ghats, India

References

• Addo-Fordjour , P. , Anning , A. K. , Larbi , J. A. and Akyeampong , S. 2009 . Liana species richness, abundance and relationship with trees in the Bobiri forest reserve, Ghana: impact of management systems . Forest Ecology and Management , 257 : 1822 – 1828 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appanah , S. , Gentry , A. H. and Lafrankie , J. V. 1993 . Liana diversity and species richness of Malaysian rain forests . Journal of Tropical Forest Science , 6 : 116 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Appanah , S. and Putz , F. E. 1984 . Climber abundance in virgin dipterocarp forest and the effect of prefelling climber cutting on logging damage . Malaysian Forester , 47 : 335 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Balfour , D. A. and Bond , W. J. 1993 . Factors limiting climber distribution and abundance in a southern African forest . Journal of Ecology , 81 : 93 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazzaz , F. and Pickett , S. T. 1980 . The physiological ecology of tropical succession: a comparative review . Annual Review of Ecology and Systems , 11 : 287 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Bongers , F. , Parren , M. P.E. , Swaine , M. D. and Traore , D. 2005 . “ Forest climbing plants of West Africa: introduction ” . In Forest climbing plants of West Africa: Diversity, Ecology and Management , Edited by: Bongers , F. , Parren , M. P.E. and Traore , D. 5 – 18 . Wallingford : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• Cai , Z. Q. 2007 . “ Liana communities in three tropical forest types in Xishuangbanna, SW China ” . In Lianas and Trees in Tropical Forests in South China , Edited by: Cai , Z. Q. , Schnitzer , S. A. , Wen , B. , Chen , Y. J. and Bongers , F. 21 – 42 . Wageningen : Wageningen University .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , E. J.F. and Newbery , D. M. 1993 . Ecological relationships between lianas and trees in lowland rain forest in Sabah, East Malaysia . Journal of Tropical Ecology , 9 : 369 – 401 .
   Google Scholar
• Chalmers , A. C. and Turner , J. C. 1994 . Climbing plants in relation to their supports in a stand of dry rainforest in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales . Proceedings of the Linnean Society NSW , 114 : 73 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Chittibabu , C. V. and Parthasarathy , N. 2001 . Liana diversity and host relationships in a tropical evergreen forest in the Indian Eastern Ghats . Ecological Research , 16 : 519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell , J. H. 1978 . Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs . Science , 199 : 1302 – 1310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewalt , S. J. , Ickes , K. , Nilus , R. , Harms , K. E. and Burslem , D. F.R.P. 2006 . Liana habitat associations and community structure in a Bornean lowland tropical forest . Plant Ecology , 186 : 203 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewalt , S. J. , Schnitzer , S. A. and Denslow , J. S. 2000 . Density and diversity of lianas along a chronosequence in a central Panamanian lowland forest . Journal of Tropical Ecology , 16 : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding , Y. 2006 . Study on recovery ecology of the degraded tropical forest vegetation in Hainan Island, South China , Beijing, China [in Chinese] : Chinese Academy of Forestry .
   Google Scholar
• Ding , Y. and Zang , R. 2009 . Effects of logging on the diversity of lianas in a lowland tropical rain forest in Hainan Island, South China . Biotropica , 41 : 618 – 624 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , W. , Moles , A. T. and Franks , P. 2007 . The global trend in plant twining direction . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 16 : 795 – 800 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmons , L. H. and Gentry , A. H. 1983 . Tropical forest structure and the distribution of gliding and prehensile-tailed vertebrates . American Naturalist , 121 : 513 – 524 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epp , G. A. 1987 . The seed bank of Eupatorium odoratum along a successional gradient in a tropical rain forest in Ghana . Journal of Tropical Ecology , 3 : 139 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Fox , J. E.D. 1968 . Logging damage and the influence of climber cutting prior to logging in the lowland dipterocarp forest of Sabah . Malaysian Forester , : 326 – 347 .
   Google Scholar
• Gamble , J. S. and Fischer , C. E.C. Flora of Presidency of Madras , 1915 – 1935 . London : Adlard and Son .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , M. 1970 . The Ambidextrous Universe , Victoria, Australia : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Garrido-Perez , E. I. , Dupuy , J. M. , Duran-Garcia , R. , Ucan-May , M. , Schnitzer , S. A. and Gerold , G. 2008 . Effects of lianas and Hurricane Wilma on tree damage in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico . Journal of Tropical Ecology , 24 : 559 – 562 .
   Google Scholar
• Gentry , A. H. 1982 . “ Patterns of Neotropical plant species diversity ” . In Evolutionary Biology , Edited by: Hecht , M. K. , Wallace , B. and Prance , G. T. 1 – 84 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gentry , A. H. 1983 . Lianas and the ‘paradox’ of contrasting latitudinal gradients in wood and litter production . Tropical Ecology , 24 : 63 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Gentry , A. H. 1988 . Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 85 : 156 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry , A. H. 1991a . “ The distribution and evolution of climbing plants ” . In The Biology of Vines , Edited by: Putz , F. E. and Mooney , H. A. 3 – 49 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gentry , A. H. 1991b . “ Breeding and dispersal systems of lianas ” . In The Biology of Vines , Edited by: Putz , F. E. and Mooney , H. A. 393 – 426 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gentry , A. H. 1995 . “ Diversity and floristic composition of neotropical dry forests ” . In Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest , Edited by: Bullock , S. H. , Mooney , H. A. and Medina , E. 146 – 194 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Granados , J. and Korner , C. 2002 . In deep shade, elevated CO2 increases the vigor of tropical climbing plants . Global Change Biology , 8 : 1109 – 1117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grauel , W. T. and Putz , F. E. 2004 . Effects of lianas on growth and regeneration of Prioria copaifera in Darien, Panama . Forest Ecology and Management , 190 : 99 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto , T. 2002 . Molecular genetic analysis of left-right handedness in plants . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 357 : 799 – 808 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawthorne , W. D. 1993 . Forest Regeneration after Logging: Findings of a Study in the Bia South Game Production Reserve, Ghana , Chatham : Natural Resources Institute . ODA Forestry Series
   Google Scholar
• Hawthorne , W. D. 1994 . Fire Damage and Forest Regeneration in Ghana , Chatham : Natural Resources Institute . ODA Forestry Series
   Google Scholar
• Hegarty , E. E. 1988 . Canopy Dynamics of Lianes and Trees in Neotropical Rainforest , Brisbane : University of Queensland . PhD Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Hooker , J. D. 1872–1897 . The Flora of British India , London : Reeve & Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , L. 2000 . Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent? . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 15 : 56 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibarra-Manriquez , G. and Martinez-Ramos , M. 2002 . Landscape variation of liana communities in a Neotropical rain forest . Plant Ecology , 160 : 91 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibarra-Manriquez , G. and Oyama , K. 1992 . Ecological correlates of reproductive traits of Mexican rain forest trees . American Journal of Botany , 79 : 383 – 394 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadavul , K. and Parthasarathy , N. 1999 . Structure and composition of woody species in tropical semi-evergreen forest of Kalrayan hills, Eastern Ghats, India . Tropical Ecology , 40 : 247
   Google Scholar
• Kainer , K. A. , Wadt , L. H.O. , Gomes-Silva , D. A.P. and Capanu , M. 2006 . Liana loads and their association with Bertholletia excelsa fruit and nut production, diameter growth and crown attributes . Journal of Tropical Ecology , 22 : 147 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karin , J. and Andreas , H. 2005 . Testing the intermediate disturbance hypothesis: when will there be two peaks of diversity? . Diversity and Distributions , 11 : 111 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Killeen , T. J. , Jardim , A. , Mamani , F. and Rojas , N. 1998 . Diversity, composition and structure of a tropical semideciduous forest in the Chiquitania region of Santa Cruz, Bolivia . Journal of Tropical Ecology , 14 : 803 – 827 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurance , W. F. , Perez-Salicrup , D. , Delamonica , P. , Fearnside , P. M. , D'angelo , S. , Jerozolinski , A. , Pohl , L. and Lovejoy , T. E. 2001 . Rain forest fragmentation and the structure of Amazonian liana communities . Ecology , 82 : 105 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman , D. , Lieberman , M. , Peralta , R. and Hartshorn , G. S. 1996 . Tropical forest structure and composition on a large altitudinal gradient in Costa Rica . Journal of Ecology , 84 : 137 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Londre , R. A. and Schnitzer , S. A. 2006 . The distribution of lianas and their change in abundance in temperate forests over the past 45 years . Ecology , 87 : 2973 – 2978 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovejoy , T. E. and Hannah , L. 2005 . Climate Change and Biodiversity , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lowe , R. G. and Walker , P. 1977 . Classification of canopy, stem, crown status and climber infestation in natural tropical forest in Nigeria . Journal of Applied Ecology , 14 : 897 – 903 .
   Google Scholar
• Macia , M. J. , Ruokolainen , K. , Tuomisto , H. , Quisbert , J. and Cala , V. 2007 . Congruence between floristic patterns of trees and lianas in a southwest Amazonian rain forest . Ecography , 30 : 561 – 577 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magurran , A. 2004 . Measuring Biological Diversity , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Malhi , Y. and Wright , J. 2004 . Spatial patterns and recent trends in the climate of tropical rainforest regions . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 359 : 311 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malizia , A. and Grau , H. R. 2006 . Liana-host tree associations in a subtropical montane forest of north-western Argentina . Journal of Tropical Ecology , 22 : 331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascaro , J. , Schnitzer , S. A. and Carson , W. P. 2004 . Liana diversity, abundance, and mortality in a tropical wet forest in Costa Rica . Forest Ecology and Management , 190 : 3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthew , K. M. 1991 . An Excursion Flora of Central Tamil Nadu, India , New Delhi : Oxford and IBH Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Mori , S. A. , Boom , B. M. , De Carvalho , A. M. and Dos Santos , T. S. 1983 . Southern Bahian moist forests . Botanical Review , 49 : 155 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muoghalu , J. I. and Okeesan , O. O. 2005 . Climber species composition, abundance and relationship with trees in a Nigerian secondary forest . African Journal of Ecology , 43 : 258
   Google Scholar
• Muthuramkumar , S. , Ayyappan , N. , Parthasarathy , N. , Mudappa , D. , Raman , T. R.S. , Selwyn , M. A. and Pragasan , L. A. 2006 . Plant community structure in tropical rain forest fragments of the Western Ghats, India . Biotropica , 38 : 143 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Muthuramkumar , S. and Parthasarathy , N. 2000 . Alpha diversity of lianas in a tropical evergreen forest in the Anamalais, Western Ghats, India . Diversity and Distributions , 6 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Nabe-Nielsen , J. 2001 . Diversity and distribution of lianas in a neotropical rain forest, Yasunã National Park, Ecuador . Journal of Tropical Ecology , 17 : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odegaard , F. 2000 . The relative importance of trees versus lianas as hosts for phytophagous beetles (Coleoptera) in tropical forests . Journal of Biogeography , 27 : 283 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padaki , A. and Parthasarathy , N. 2000 . Abundance and distribution of lianas in tropical lowland evergreen forest of Agumbe, central Western Ghats, India . Tropical Ecology , 41 : 143
   Google Scholar
• Parker , I. M. , Simberloff , D. , Lonsdale , W. M. , Goodell , K. , Wonham , M. , Kareiva , P. M. , Williamson , M. H. , Von Holle , B. , Moyle , P. B. , Byers , J. E. and Goldwasser , L. 1999 . Impact: Toward a framework for understanding the ecological effects of invaders . Biological Invasions , 1 : 3 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Parthasarathy , N. , Muthuramkumar , S. and Sridhar Reddy , M. 2004 . Patterns of liana diversity in tropical evergreen forests of peninsular India . Forest Ecology and Management , 190 : 15 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Salicrup , D. R. 2001 . Effect of liana cutting on tree regeneration in a liana forest in Amazonian Bolivia . Ecology , 82 : 389 – 396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Salicrup , D. R. , Schnitzer , S. and Putz , F. E. 2004 . Community ecology and management of lianas . Forest Ecology and Management , 190 : 1 – 2 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Salicrup , D. R. , Sork , V. L. and Putz , F. E. 2001 . Lianas and trees in a liana forest of Amazonian Bolivia . Biotropica , 33 : 34 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , J. F. 1931 . Forest succession and ecology in a knysna region . Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa , 14 : 149 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , O. L. , Martinez , R. V. , Arroyo , L. , Baker , T. R. , Killeen , T. , Lewis , S. L. , Malhi , Y. , Monteagudo Mendoza , A. , Neill , D. , Vargas , P. N. , Alexiades , M. , Ceron , C. , Di Flore , A. , Erwin , T. , Jardim , A. , Palacios , W. , Saldias , M. and Vinceti , B. 2002 . Increasing dominance of large lianas in Amazonian forests . Nature , 418 : 770 – 774 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proctor , J. , Anderson , J. M. , Chai , P. and Vallack , H. W. 1983 . Ecological studies in four contrasting lowland rain forests in Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak. I. Forest environment, structure and floristics . Journal of Ecology , 71 : 237 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putz , F. E. 1983 . Liana biomass and leaf area of a ‘tierra firme’ forest in the Rio Negro Basin, Venezuela . Biotropica , 15 : 185 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Putz , F. E. 1984a . How trees avoid and shed lianas . Biotropica , 16 : 19 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putz , F. E. 1984b . The natural history of lianas on Barro Colorado Island, Panama . Ecology , 65 : 1713
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putz , F. E. 1995 . “ Vines in treetops: consequences of mechanical dependence ” . In Forest Canopies , Edited by: Lowman , M. D. and Nadkarni , N. M. 311 – 322 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Putz , F. E. and Chai , P. 1987 . Ecological studies of lianas in Lambir National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia . Journal of Ecology , 75 : 523 – 531 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putz , F. E. and Mooney , H. A. 1991 . The Biology of Vines , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Quigley , M. F. and Platt , W. J. 2003 . Composition and structure of seasonally deciduous forests in the Americas . Ecological Monographs , 73 : 87
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy , M. S. and Parthasarathy , N. 2003 . Liana diversity and distribution in four tropical dry evergreen forests on the Coromandel coast of south India . Biodiversity and Conservation , 12 : 1609
   Google Scholar
• Reddy , M. S. and Parthasarathy , N. 2006 . Liana diversity and distribution on host trees in four inland tropical dry evergreen forests of peninsular India . Tropical Ecology , 47 : 109 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Rice , K. , Brokaw , N. and Thompson , J. 2004 . Liana abundance in a Puerto Rican forest . Forest Ecology and Management , 190 : 33 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , P. W. 1952 . The Tropical Rain Forest , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Royal Botanical Garden . Online Herbarium Catalogue, http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/navigator.do (accessed 18 February 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Sala , O. E. , Chapin , F. S. , Armesto , J. J. , Berlow , E. and Bloomfield , J. 2000 . Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100 . Science , 287 : 1770 – 1774 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schelhas , J. and Greenberg , R. 1996 . “ Introduction: The value of forest patches ” . In Forest patches in tropical landscapes , Edited by: Schelhas , J. and Greenberg , R. xv – xxxvi . Washington, D.C : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schnitzer , S. A. 2005 . A mechanistic explanation for global patterns of liana abundance and distribution . American Naturalist , 166 : 262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzer , S. A. and Bongers , F. 2002 . The ecology of lianas and their role in forests . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 17 : 223 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzer , S. A. and Carson , W. P. 2001 . Treefall gaps and the maintenance of species diversity in a tropical forest . Ecology , 82 : 913 – 919 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzer , S. A. , Dalling , J. W. and Carson , W. P. 2000 . The impact of lianas on tree regeneration in tropical forest canopy gaps: evidence for an alternative pathway of gap-phase regeneration . Journal of Ecology , 88 : 655 – 666 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzer , S. A. , Kuzee , M. E. and Bongers , F. 2005 . Disentangling above- and below-ground competition between lianas and trees in a tropical forest . Journal of Ecology , 93 : 1115 – 1125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senbeta , F. , Schmitt , C. , Denich , M. , Demissew , S. , Velk , P. L.G. , Preisinger , H. , Woldemariam , T. and Teketay , D. 2005 . The diversity and distribution of lianas in the Afromontane rain forests of Ethiopia . Diversity and Distributions , 11 : 443 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solorzano , S. , Ibarra-Manriquez , G. and Oyama , K. 2002 . Liana diversity and reproductive attributes in two tropical forests in Mexico . Biodiversity and Conservation , 11 : 197 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , B. , Kutner , L. S. and Adams , J. S. 2000 . Precious Heritage , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , G. C. 1987 . Lianas as structural parasites: the Bursera simarouba example . Ecology , 68 : 77 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Swaine , M. D. and Grace , J. 2007 . Lianas may be favoured by low rainfall: evidence from Ghana . Plant Ecology , 192 : 271 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Heijden , G. M.F. and Phillips , O. L. 2008 . What controls liana success in Neotropical forests? . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 17 : 372 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Heijden , G. M.F. and Phillips , O. L. 2009 . Liana infestation impacts tree growth in a lowland tropical moist forest . Biogeosciences Discussions , 6 : 3133 – 3158 .
   Google Scholar
• Vidal , E. , Johns , J. , Gerwing , J. J. , Barreto , P. and Uhl , C. 1997 . Vine management for reduced-impact logging in eastern Amazonia . Forest Ecology and Management , 98 : 105 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcove , D. S. , Rothstein , D. , Dubow , J. , Phillips , A. and Losos , E. 1998 . Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States: Assessing the relative importance of habitat destruction, alien species, pollution, overexploitation, and disease . BioScience , 48 : 607 – 615 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams-Linera , G. 1990 . Vegetation structure and environmental conditions of forest edges in Panama . Journal of Ecology , 78 : 356 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson , M. 1996 . Biological Invasions , New York : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Zotz , G. , Cueni , N. and Korner , C. 2006 . In situ growth stimulation of a temperate zone liana (Hedera helix) in elevated CO2 . Functional Ecology , 20 : 763 – 769 .
   Google Scholar