1,272
Views
42
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Osteology of the Middle Triassic stem-turtle Pappochelys rosinae and the early evolution of the turtle skeleton

&
Pages 927-965 | Received 16 Mar 2016, Accepted 26 Jun 2017, Published online: 15 Aug 2017

References

  • Baur, G. 1887. Über den Ursprung der Extremitäten der Ichthyopterygia. Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des oberrheinischen geologischen Vereins, 20, 17–20.
  • Benton, M. J. 1985. Classification and phylogeny of the diapsid reptiles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 84, 97–164.
  • Bever, G. S., Lyson, T. R., Field, D. J. & Bhullar, B.-A. S. 2015. Evolutionary origin of the turtle skull. Nature, 525, 239–242.
  • Bickelmann, C., Müller, J. & Reisz, R. R. 2009. The enigmatic reptile Acerosodontosaurus piveteaui (Reptilia: Neodiapsida) from the Upper Permian of Madagascar and the paraphyly of ‘younginiform’ reptiles. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 46, 651–661.
  • Borsuk-Białynicka, M. & Evans, S. E. 2009a. A long-necked archosauromorph from the Early Triassic of Poland. Palaeontologia Polonica, 65, 203–234.
  • Borsuk-Białynicka, M. & Evans, S. E. 2009b. Cranial and mandibular osteology of the Early Triassic archosauriform Osmolskina czatkowicensis from Poland. Palaeontologia Polonica, 65, 235–281.
  • Borsuk-Białynicka, M. & Sennikov, A. G. 2009. Archosauriform postcranial remains from the Early Triassic karst deposits of southern Poland. Palaeontologia Polonica, 65, 283–328.
  • Broom, R. 1924. On the classification of the reptiles. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 51, 39–65.
  • Burke, A. C. 1989. The development of the turtle carapace: implications for the evolution of a novel Bauplan. Journal of Morphology, 199, 363–378.
  • Carroll, R. L. 1981. Plesiosaur ancestors from the Upper Permian of Madagascar. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 293, 315–372.
  • Carroll, R. L. & Lindsay, W. 1985. The cranial anatomy of the primitive reptile Procolophon. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 1571–1587.
  • Carus, C. G. 1834. Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Zootomie. Band 1. Ernst Fleischer, Lepizig, 426 pp.
  • Cox, C. B. 1969. The problematical Permian reptile Eunoto-saurus. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology Series, 18, 165–196.
  • Crawford, N. G., Faircloth, B. C., McCormack, J. E., Brumfield, R. T., Winker, K. & Glenn, T. C. 2012. More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group of archosaurs. Biology Letters, 8, 783–786.
  • Cuvier, G. 1800. Leçons d'anatomie comparée de G. Cuvier. Recueillies et publiées sous ses yeux, par C. Duméril. Volume 1. Contenant les organes du mouvement. Baudouin, Paris, xxxi + 521 pp.
  • deBeer, G. 1937. On the development of the vertebrate skull. Clarendon Press, Oxford, xxiii + 552 pp + 143 pls.
  • deBraga, M. & Rieppel, O. 1997. Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 120, 281–354.
  • Dilkes, D. W. 1998. The Early Triassic rhynchosaur Mesosuchus and the interrelationships of basal archosauromorph reptiles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 353, 501–541.
  • Drevermann, F. 1933. Die Placodontier. 3. Das Skelett von Placodus gigas Agassiz im Senckenberg-Museum. Abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 38, 319–364.
  • Evans, S. E. 1980. The skull of a new eosuchian reptile from the Lower Jurassic of South Wales. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 70, 203–264.
  • Evans, S. E. 1981. The postcranial skeleton of the Lower Jurassic eosuchian Gephyrosaurus bridensis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 73, 81–116.
  • Evans, S. E. 1991. A new lizard-like reptile (Diapsida: Lepidosauromorpha) from the Middle Jurassic of England. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, 391–412.
  • Evans, S. E. & Borsuk-Białynicka, M. 2009. A small lepidosauromorph reptile from the Early Triassic of Poland. Palaeontologia Polonica, 65, 179–202.
  • Ewer, R. F. 1965. The anatomy of the thecodont reptile Euparkeria capensis Broom. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 248, 379–435.
  • Flynn, J. J., Nesbitt, S. J., Parrish, J. M., Ranivoharimanana, L. & Wyss, A. R. 2010. A new species of Azendohsaurus (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha) from the Triassic Isalo Group of southwestern Madagascar: cranium and mandible. Palaeontology, 53, 669–688.
  • Fraas, E. 1913. Proterochersis, eine pleurodire Schildkröte aus dem Keuper. Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg, 69, 13–90.
  • Fraser, N. C. 1988. The osteology and relationships of Clevosaurus (Reptilia: Sphenodontida). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 321, 125–178.
  • Gaffney, E. S. 1990. The comparative osteology of the Triassic turtle Proganochelys. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 194, 1–263.
  • Gaffney, E. S. & Kitching, J. W. 1995. The morphology and relationships of Australochelys, an Early Jurassic turtle from South Africa. American Museum Novitates, 3130, 1–29.
  • Gaffney, E. S. & McKenna, M. C. 1979. A Late Permian captorhinid from Rhodesia. American Museum Novitates, 2688, 1–15.
  • Gauthier, J. A., Kluge, A. G. & Rowe T. 1988. The early evolution of the Amniota. Pp. 103–155 in M. J. Benton (ed.) The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, Volume 1: amphibians, reptiles, birds. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. 1818. Philosophie anatomique. Volume 1. Des organes respiratoires sous le rapport de la détermination et de l'identité de leurs pièces osseuses. J. B. Baillière, Paris, xxxix + 517 pp.
  • Gilbert, S. F., Loredo, G. A., Brukman, A. & Burke, A. C. 2001. Morphogenesis of the turtle shell: the development of a novel structure in tetrapod evolution. Evolution and Development, 3, 47–58.
  • Gilbert, S. F., Bender, G., Betters, E., Yin, M. & Cebra-Thomas, J. A. 2007. The contribution of neural crest cells to the nuchal bone and plastron of the turtle shell. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 47, 401–408.
  • Gottmann-Quesada, A. & Sander, P. M. 2009. A redescription of the early archosauromorph Protorosaurus speneri Meyer, 1832 and its phylogenetic relationships. Palaeontographica A, 287, 123–220.
  • Gow, C. E. 1975. The morphology and relationships of Youngina capensis Broom and Prolacerta broomi Parrington. Palaeontologia Africana, 18, 89–131.
  • Gow, C. E. 1997. A reassessment of Eunotosaurus africanus Seeley (Amniota: Parareptilia). Palaeontologia Africana, 34, 33–42.
  • Gower, D. J. 1999. The cranial and mandibular osteology of a new rauisuchian archosaur from the Middle Triassic of southern Germany. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde B, 280, 1–49.
  • Gower, D. J. & Schoch, R. R. 2009. Postcranial anatomy of the rauisuchian archosaur Batrachotomus kupferzellensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29, 103–122.
  • Heaton, M. J. 1979. The cranial anatomy of primitive captorhinid reptiles from the Pennsylvanian and Permian of Oklahoma and Texas. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin, 127, 1–84.
  • Hedges, S. B. & Poling, L. L. 1999. A molecular phylogeny of reptiles. Science, 283, 998–1001.
  • Hill, R. V. 2005. Integration of morphological data sets for phylogenetic analysis of Amniota: the importance of integumentary characters and increased taxonomic sampling. Systematic Biology, 54, 530–547.
  • Hirasawa, T., Nagashima, H. & Kuratani, S. 2013. The endoskeletal origin of the turtle carapace. Nature Communications, 4, 2107.
  • Huene, F. v. 1938. Stenaulorhynchus, ein Rhynchosauride der ostafrikanischen Obertrias. Nova Acta Leopoldina, Neue Folge, 6, 83–121.
  • Jaekel, O. 1914. Über die Wirbeltierfunde in der oberen Trias von Halberstadt. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift, 1, 155–215.
  • Jones, M. E. H. 2008. Skull shape and feeding strategy in Sphenodon and other Rhynchocephalia (Diapsida: Lepidosauria). Journal of Morphology, 269, 945–966.
  • Jones, M. E., Anderson, C. L., Hipsley, C. A., Müller, J., Evans, S., & Schoch, R.R. 2013. Integration of molecules and new fossils supports a Triassic origin for Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuatara). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13, 208.
  • Joyce, W. G. 2015. The origin of turtles: a paleontological perspective. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 324B, 181–193.
  • Joyce, W. G. & Gauthier, J. A. 2003. Palaeoecology of Triassic stem-turtles sheds new light on turtle origins. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 271, 1–5.
  • Joyce, W. G., Parham, J. F. & Gauthier, J. A. 2004. Developing a protocol for the conversion of rank-based taxon names to phylogenetically defined clade names, as exemplified by turtles. Journal of Paleontology, 78, 989–1013.
  • Joyce, W. G., Werneburg, I. & Lyson, T. R. 2013. The hooked element in the pes of turtles (Testudines): a global approach to exploring primary and secondary homology. Journal of Anatomy, 223, 421–441.
  • Kuratani, S., Kuraku, S. & Nagashima, H. 2011. Evolutionary developmental perspective for the origin of turtles: the folding theory for the shell based on the developmental nature of the carapacial ridge. Evolution & Development, 13, 1–14.
  • Laurenti, J. N. 1768. Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatum cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium Austriacorum. J. T. de Trattern, Vienna, 214 pp + 5 pls.
  • Laurin, M. & Reisz, R. R. 1997. A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 113, 165–215.
  • Lee, M. S. Y. 1997. Pareiasaur phylogeny and the origin of turtles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 120, 197–280.
  • Lee, M. S. Y. 2013. Turtle origins: insights from phylogenetic retrofitting and molecular scaffolds. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 26, 2729–2738.
  • Li, C., Wu, X.-C., Rieppel, O., Wang, L.-T. & Zhao, L.-J. 2008. An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature, 456, 497–501.
  • Lu, B., Yang, W., Dai, Q. & Fu, J. 2013. Using genes as characters and a parsimony analysis to explore the phylogenetic position of turtles. PLoS ONE, 8, e79348.
  • Lyson, T. R., Bever, G. S., Bhullar, B.-A. S., Joyce, W. G. & Gauthier, J. A. 2010. Transitional fossils and the origin of turtles. Biology Letters, 6, 830–833.
  • Lyson, T. R., Bever, G. S., Scheyer, T. M., Hsiang, A. Y. & Gauthier, J. A. 2013. Evolutionary origin of the turtle shell. Current Biology, 23, 1113–1119.
  • Lyson, T. R., Rubidge, B. S., Scheyer, T. M., de Queiroz, K., Schachner, E. R., Smith, R. H. M., Botha-Brink, J. & Bever, G. S. 2016. Fossorial origin of the turtle shell. Current Biology, 26, 1887–1894.
  • Lyson, T. R., Schachner, E. R., Botha-Brink, J., Scheyer, T. M., Lambertz, M., Bever, G. S., Rubidge, B. S. & de Queiroz, K. 2014. Origin of the unique ventilatory apparatus of turtles. Nature Communications, 5, 5211.
  • MacDougall, M. J. & Reisz, R. R. 2014. The first record of a nyctiphruretid parareptile from the Early Permian of North America, with a discussion of parareptilian temporal fenestration. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 172, 616–630.
  • Modesto, S. P. & Sues, H.-D. 2004. The skull of the Early Triassic archosauromorph reptile Prolacerta broomi and its phylogenetic significance. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 140, 335–351.
  • Müller, J. 2003. Early loss and multiple return of the lower temporal arcade in diapsid reptiles. Naturwissenschaften, 90, 473–476.
  • Nagashima, H., Kuraku, S., Utchida, K., Kawashima-Ohya, Y., Narita, Y. & Kuratani, S. 2013. Origin of the turtle body plan: the folding theory to illustrate turtle-specific developmental repatterning. Pp. 37–50 in D. B. Brinkman, P. A. Holroyd & J. D. Gardner (eds) Morphology and evolution of turtles. Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Nagashima, H., Sugahara, F., Takechi, M., Ericsson, R., Kawashima-Ohya, Y., Narita, Y. & Kuratani, S. 2009. Evolution of the turtle body plan by folding and creation of new muscle connections. Science, 325, 193–196.
  • Osborn, H. F. 1903. The reptilian subclasses Diapsida and Synapsida and the early history of the Diaptosauria. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, 1, 449–507.
  • Osborn, J. W. 1984. From reptile to mammal: evolutionary considerations of the dentition with emphasis on tooth attachment. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 52, 549–574.
  • Rathke, H. 1848. Über die Entwickelung der Schildkröten. Vieweg, Braunschweig, 267 pp.
  • Reisz, R. R. & Scott, D. 2002. Owenetta kitchingorum, sp. nov., a small parareptile (Procolophonia: Owenettidae) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 244–256.
  • Reisz, R. R., & Head, J. J. 2008. Turtle origins out to sea. Nature, 456, 450–451.
  • Rice, R., Kallonen, A. Cebra-Thomas, J. & Gilbert, S. F. 2016. Development of the turtle plastron, the order-defining skeletal structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113, 5317–5322.
  • Rieppel, O. 2000a. Turtles as diapsid reptiles. Zoologica Scripta, 29, 199–212.
  • Rieppel, O. 2000b. Paraplacodus and the phylogeny of the Placodontia (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 130, 635–659.
  • Rieppel, O. 2013. The evolution of the turtle shell. Pp. 51–61 in D. B. Brinkman, P. A. Holroyd & J. D. Gardner (eds) Morphology and evolution of turtles. Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Rieppel, O. & Reisz, R. R. 1999. The origin and early evolution of turtles. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30, 1–22.
  • Romer, A. S. 1956. The osteology of the reptiles. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 772 pp.
  • Scheyer, T. M. & Sander, P. M. 2007. Shell bone histology indicates terrestrial palaeoecology of basal turtles. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 274, 1885–1893.
  • Scheyer, T. M., Brüllmann, B. & Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. 2008. The ontogeny of the shell in side-necked turtles, with emphasis on the homologies of costal and neural bones. Journal of Morphology, 269, 1008–1021.
  • Schoch, R. R. 2008. A new stereospondyl from the Middle Triassic of Germany, and the origin of the Metoposauridae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 152, 79–113.
  • Schoch, R. R. 2011. New archosauriform remains from the Lower Keuper of Germany. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 260, 87–100.
  • Schoch, R. R. & Seegis, D. 2016. A Middle Triassic palaeontological gold mine: the vertebrate deposits of Vellberg (Germany). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 459, 249–267.
  • Schoch, R. R. & Sues, H.-D. 2014. A new doswelliid archosauriform from the Middle Triassic of Germany. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 12, 113–131.
  • Schoch, R. R. & Sues, H.-D. 2015. A new stem-turtle from the Middle Triassic of Germany and the evolution of the turtle body plan. Nature, 523, 584–587.
  • Spielmann, J. A., Lucas, S. G., Rinehart, L. F. & Heckert, A. B. 2008. The Late Triassic archosauromorph Trilophosaurus. New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Bulletin, 43, 1–177.
  • Sterli, J., de la Fuente, M. S. & Rougier, G. W. 2007. Anatomy and relationships of Palaeochersis talampayensis, a Late Triassic turtle from Argentina. Palaeontographica A, 281, 1–61.
  • Sues, H.-D. & Schoch, R. R. 2013. First record of Colognathus (Amniota) from the Middle Triassic of Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33, 998–1002.
  • Szczygielski, T. & Sulej, T. 2016. Revision of the Triassic European turtles Proterochersis and Murrhardtia (Reptilia, Testudinata, Proterochersidae), with the description of new taxa from Poland and Germany. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 177, 395–427.
  • Tsuji, L. A. & Müller, J. 2009. Assembling the history of the Parareptilia: phylogeny, diversification, and a new definition of the clade. Fossil Record, 12, 71–81.
  • Vickaryous, M. K. & Hall, B. K. 2008. Development of the dermal skeleton in Alligator mississippiensis (Archosauria, Crocodylia) with comments on the homology of osteoderms. Journal of Morphology, 269, 398–422.
  • Watson, D. M. S. 1914. Eunotosaurus africanus Seeley, and the ancestry of the Chelonia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1914, 1011–1020.
  • Werneburg, I. 2012. Temporal bone arrangements in turtles: an overview. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution), 318, 235–249.
  • Wild, R. 1973. Die Triasfauna der Tessiner Kalkalkpen. XXIII. Tanystropheus longobardicus (Bassani) (Neue Ergebnisse). Abhandlungen der Schweizerischen Paläontologischen Gesellschaft, 95, 1–162.
  • Witzmann, F., Schoch, R. R. & Maisch, M. W. 2008. A relict basal tetrapod from the Middle Triassic of Germany. Naturwissenschaften, 95, 67–72.
  • Zangerl, R. 1939. The homology of the shell elements in turtles. Journal of Morphology, 65, 383–406.
  • Zangerl, R. 1969. The turtle shell. Pp. 311–339 in C. Gans, A. d'A. Bellairs & T. S. Parsons (eds) Biology of the Reptilia. Volume 1: Morphology A. Academic Press, London.
  • Zardoya, R. & Meyer, A. 2001. The evolutionary position of turtles revisited. Naturwissenschaften, 88, 193–200.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.