A new cymbospondylid ichthyosaur (Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of the Augusta Mountains, Nevada, USA

References

• Bardet, N., Falconnet, J., Fischer, V., Houssaye, A., Jouve, S., Pereda-Suberbiola, X., Pérez-García, A., Rage, J.-C. & Vincent, P. 2014. Mesozoic marine reptile palaeobiogeography in response to drifting plates. Gondwana Research 26, 869–887. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2014.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, M. A. & Lloyd, G. T. 2014. strap: stratigraphic tree analysis for palaeontology. R package version 1.4. Updated at: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=strap, accessed 28 December 2019.
   Google Scholar
• de Blainville, H. M. D. 1835. Description de quelques espèces de reptiles de la Californie. Nouvelles Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle 4, 233–296.
   Google Scholar
• Böttcher, R. 1990. Neue Erkenntnisse zur Fortpflanzungsbiologie der Ichthyosaurier (Reptilia). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Series B, 164, 1–51.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd, M. J. & Lomax, D. R. 2018. The youngest occurrence of ichthyosaur embryos in the UK: a new specimen from the Early Jurassic (Toarcian) of Yorkshire. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 62, 77–82. doi:10.1144/pygs2017-008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucher, H. 1988. A new middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) ammonoid zone from north-western Nevada (USA). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 81, 723–762.
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell, M. W. 1997. Modified perichondral ossification and the evolution of paddle-like limbs in ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17, 534–547. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuthbertson, R. S., Russell, A. P. & Anderson, J. S. 2013. Cranial morphology and relationships of a new grippidian (Ichthyopterygia) from the Vega–Phroso Siltstone Member (Lower Triassic) of British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33, 831–847. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.755989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dal Sasso, C. & Pinna, G. 1996. Besanosaurus leptorhynchus n. gen. n. sp., a new shastasaurid ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic of Besano (Lombardy, N. Italy). Paleontologia Lombarda, nuova seria, 4, 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Engelschiøn, V. S., Delsett, L. L., Roberts, A. J. & Hurum, J. H. 2018. Large-sized ichthyosaurs from the Lower Saurian niveau of the Vikinghøgda Formation (Early Triassic), Marmierfjellet, Spitsbergen. Norwegian Journal of Geology, 98, 239–265. doi:10.17850/njg98-2-05
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fröbisch, N. B., Sander, P. M. & Rieppel, O. 2006. A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 515–538. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00225.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fröbisch, N. B., Fröbisch, J., Sander, P. M., Schmitz, L. & Rieppel, O. 2013. Macropredatory ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic and the origin of modern trophic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 1393–1397. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216750110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goloboff, P. A., Farris, J. S. & Nixon, K. C. 2008. TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics, 24, 774–786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griebeler, E. M. & Klein, N. 2019. Life-history strategies indicate live-bearing in Nothosaurus (Sauropterygia). Paleontology, 62(4), 1–17. doi:10.1111/pala.12425
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houssaye, A., Nakajima, Y. & Sander, P. M. 2018. Structural, functional, and physiological signals in ichthyosaur vertebral centrum microanatomy and histology. Geodiversitas, 40, 161–170. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2018v40a7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huene, F. von. 1916. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Ichthyosaurier im deutschen Muschelkalk. Palaeontographica, 62, 1–68.
   Google Scholar
• Ji, C., Jiang, D.-Y., Motani, R., Rieppel, O., Hao, W. & Sun, Z.-Y. 2016. Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia incorporating recent discoveries from South China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36, e1025956. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2015.1025956
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, D.-Y., Motani, R., Hao, W., Schmitz, L., Rieppel, O., Sun, Y. & Sun, Z. 2008. New primitive ichthyosaurian (Reptilia, Diapsida) from the Middle Triassic of Panxian, Guizhou, southwestern China and its position in the Triassic biotic recovery. Progress in Natural Science, 18(10), 1315–1319. doi:10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.01.039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley, N. P., Motani, R., Embree, P. & Orchard, M. J. 2016. A new Lower Triassic ichthyopterygian assemblage from Fossil Hill, Nevada. PeerJ, 4, e1626. doi:10.7717/peerj.1626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leidy, J. 1868. Notice of some reptilian remains from Nevada. Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Science, 20, 177–178.
   Google Scholar
• Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I. Tenth edition. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [= Stockholm], i–ii, 1–824.
   Google Scholar
• Maisch, M. W. 2010. Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria – the state of the art. Palaeodiversity, 3, 151–214.
   Google Scholar
• Maisch, M. W. & Matzke, A. T. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Series B, 298, 1–159.
   Google Scholar
• Maisch, M. W. & Matzke, A. T. 2004. Observations on Triassic ichthyosaurs. Part XIII: new data on the cranial osteology of Cymbospondylus petrinus (Leidy, 1868) from the Middle Triassic Prida Formation of Nevada. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 2004, 370–384.
   Google Scholar
• Massare, J. A. 1987. Tooth morphology and prey preference of Mesozoic marine reptiles. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 7, 121–137.
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell, E. E., Cortés, D. Y., Patarroyo, P. & Parra Ruge, M. A. 2019. A new specimen of Platypterygius sachicarum (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from the Early Cretaceous of Colombia and its phylogenetic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 39, e1577875. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1577875
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan, C. & Motani, R. 2003. Ichthyopterygia. Handbook of Paleoherpetology, 8. Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich, VIII+173 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Merriam, J. C. 1908. Triassic Ichthyosauria, with special reference to the American forms. Memoirs of the University of California, 1, 1–155.
   Google Scholar
• Moon, B. C. 2019. A new phylogeny of ichthyosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 17(2), 129–155. doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1394922
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motani, R. 1997. Temporal and spatial distribution of tooth implantation in ichthyosaurs. Pp. 81–103 in J. M. Callaway & E. L. Nicholls (eds) Ancient marine reptiles. Academic Press, London and New York.
   Google Scholar
• Motani, R. 1999. Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19, 473–496. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motani, R., Jiang, D.-Y., Tintori, A., Rieppel, O. & Chen, G.-B. 2014. Terrestrial origin of viviparity in Mesozoic marine reptiles indicated by Early Triassic embryonic fossils. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e88640. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motani, R., Huang, J.-D., Jiang, D.-Y., Tintori, A., Rieppel, O., You, H., Hu, Y.-C. & Zong, R. 2018. Separating sexual dimorphism from other morphological variation in a specimen complex of fossil marine reptiles (Reptilia, Ichthyosauriformes, Chaohusaurus). Scientific Reports, 8(1), 14978. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33302-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nichols, K. M. & Silberling, N. J. 1977. Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Star Peak Group (Triassic), northwestern Nevada. Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 178, 1–73.
   Google Scholar
• O’Keefe, F. R. & Chiappe, L. M. 2011. Viviparity and K-selected life history in a Mesozoic marine plesiosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia). Science, 333, 870–873. doi:10.1126/science.1205689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborn, H. F. 1903. On the primary division of the Reptilia into two sub-classes, Synapsida and Diapsida. Science, 17, 275–276. doi:10.1126/science.17.424.275-b
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• R Core Team. 2018. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. Updated at: https://www.R-project.org/, accessed 18 August 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Rieber, H. 1970. Phragmoteuthis ticinensis sp. nov., ein Coeloidea-Rest aus der Grenzbitumenzone (Mittlere Trias) des Monte San Giorgio (Kanton Tessin, Schweiz). Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 44, 32–40. doi:10.1007/BF02989793
   Google Scholar
• Rieppel, O., Sander, P. M. & Storrs, G. 2002. The skull of the pistosaur Augustasaurus from the Middle Triassic of northwestern Nevada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 577–592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romer, A. S. 1956. Osteology of the reptiles. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 800 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Romer, A. S. 1968. An ichthyosaur skull from the Cretaceous of Wyoming. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 7, 27–41.
   Google Scholar
• Sander, P. M. 1989. The large ichthyosaur Cymbospondylus buchseri, sp. nov., from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland), with a survey of the genus in Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 9, 163–173. doi:10.1080/02724634.1989.10011750
   Google Scholar
• Sander P. M. 1992. Cymbospondylus (Shastasauridae: Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Spitsbergen: filling a paleobiogeographic gap. Journal of Paleontology, 66, 332–337. doi:10.1017/S0022336000033825
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander, P. M. 2000. Ichthyosauria: their diversity, distribution, and phylogeny. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 74, 1–35. doi:10.1007/BF02987949
   Google Scholar
• Sander, P. M. & Bucher, H. 1990. On the presence of Mixosaurus (Ichthyopterygia: Reptilia) in the Middle Triassic of Nevada. Journal of Paleontology, 64, 161–164. doi:10.1017/S0022336000042396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander, P. M., Rieppel, O. C. & Bucher, H. 1997. A new pistosaurid (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and its implications for the origin of plesiosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17, 526–533. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10010999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheyer, T., Romano, C., Jenks, J. & Bucher, H. 2014. Early Triassic marine biotic recovery: the predators’ perspective. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e88987. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz, L. 2005. The taxonomic status of Mixosaurus nordenskioeldii (Ichthyosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 25, 983–985.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz, L., Sander, P. M., Storrs, G. W. & Rieppel, O. 2004. New Mixosauridae (Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of the Augusta Mountains (Nevada, USA) and their implications for mixosaur taxonomy. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 270, 133–162.
   Google Scholar
• Shikama, T., Kamei, T. & Murata, M. 1978. Early Triassic ichthyosaurus, Utatsusaurus hataii, gen. et sp. nov., from the Kitakami Massif, northeast Japan. The Science Reports of the Tohoku University, Second Series, Geology, 48, 77–97.
   Google Scholar
• Wiman, C. 1929. Eine neue Reptilordnung aus der Trias Svalbards. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala, 22, 183–196.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, M., Jiang, D.-Y., Motani, R., Tintori, A., Ji, C., Sun, Z.-Y., Ni, P.-G. & Lu, H. 2017. The cranial osteology revealed by three-dimensionally preserved skulls of the Early Triassic ichthyosauriform Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis (Reptilia: Ichthyosauromorpha) from Anhui, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37, e1343831. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1343831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar