Phylogenetic implications of the systematic reassessment of Xenacanthiformes and ‘Ctenacanthiformes’ (Chondrichthyes) neurocrania from the Carboniferous–Permian Autun Basin (France)

References

• Adams, D. C. & Otárola-Castillo, E. 2013. geomorph: software for geometric morphometric analyses. R package version 3.3.1. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 4, 393–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agassiz, L. 1833. Recherches sur les poissons fossiles 2. Contenant l’histoire de l’Ordre des Ganoïdes. Imprimerie de Petitpierre, Neuchâtel, viii + 390 + 32 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bengtson, P. 1988. Open nomenclature. Palaeontology, 31, 223–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzer, P. 1944. Morphology of calcification in Squalus acanthias. Copeia, 1944, 217–224.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, L. S. 1937. A classification of fish-like vertebrates. Bulletin de l’Académie des Sciences de l’URSS, 4, 1277–1280.
   Google Scholar
• Boule, M. & Glangeaud, P. 1893. Le Callibrachion gaudryi, nouveau reptile fossile du Permien d’Autun. Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire naturelle et des amis du musée d’Autun, 6, 199–215.
   Google Scholar
• Boy, J. A. & Schindler, T. 2000. Ökostratigraphische Bioevents im Grenzbereich Stephanium/Autunium (höchstes Karbon) des Saar-Nahe-Beckens (SW-Deutchland) und benachbarter Gebiete. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Abhandlungen, 216(1), 89–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/216/2000/89
   Google Scholar
• Brazeau, M. D., Giles, S., Dearden, R. P., Jerve, A., Ariunchimeg, Y. A., Zorig, E., Sansom, R., Guillerme, T. & Castiello, M. 2020. Endochondral bone in an Early Devonian ‘placoderm’ from Mongolia. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4, 1477–1484. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01290-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Châteauneuf, J. J. 1980. Synthèse géologique des bassins permiens français. Rapport du Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, 82, 1–124.
   Google Scholar
• Châteauneuf, J. J. & Farjanel, G. 1989. Synthèse géologique des bassins permiens français. Mémoires du Bureau de Recherches Géologiques Minières, 128, 1–128.
   Google Scholar
• Châteauneuf, J. J., Farjanel, G., Pacaud, G. & Broutin, J. 1992. The Autun Permian basin, the autunian startotype. Cahiers de Micropaléontologie, 7, 123–139.
   Google Scholar
• Claude, J. 2008. Morphometrics with R. Springer, New York, 316 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Coates, M. I., Gess, R. W., Finarelli, J. A., Criswell, K. E. & Tietjen, K. 2017. A symmoriiform chondrichthyan braincase and the origin of chimaeroid fishes. Nature, 54, 208–211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20806
   Google Scholar
• Coates, M. I., Finarelli, J. A., Sansom, I. J., Andreev, P. S., Criswell, K. E., Tietjen, K., Rivers, M. L. & La Riviere, P. J. 2018. An early chondrichthyan and the evolutionary assembly of a shark body plan. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285, 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debriette, P. 1992. Le bassin de Bourbon-l’Archambault et le sillon houillier (Allier, France). Présentation et itinéraire géologique. Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire naturelle et des amis du musée d’Autun, 144, 13–34.
   Google Scholar
• Duffin, C. J. & Ginter, M. 2006. Comments on the Selachian genus Cladodus Agassiz, 1843. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26, 253–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastman, C. R. 1897. Tamiobatis vetustus; a new form of fossil skate. American Journal of Science, s4-4, 85–90.
   Google Scholar
• Falconnet, J. 2014. An evaluation of French amniote diversity through the Pennsylvanian–Cisuralian boundary. Annales de Paléontologie, 100, 119–130.
   Google Scholar
• Falconnet, J. 2015. The sphenacodontid synapsid Neosaurus cynodus, and related material, from the Permo-Carboniferous of France. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 60(1), 169–182.
   Google Scholar
• Frey, L., Coates, M. I., Ginter, M., Hairapetian, V., Rücklin, M., Jerjen, I. & Klug, C. 2019. The early elasmobranch Phoebodus: phylogenetic relationships, ecomorphology and a new time-scale for shark evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286, 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1336
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey, L., Coates, M. I., Tietjen, K., Rücklin, M. & Klug, C. 2020. A symmoriiform from the Late Devonian of Morocco demonstrates a derived jaw function in ancient chondrichthyans. Communications Biology, 3(1), 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01394-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsch, A. 1890. Fauna der Geskohle und der Kalksteine der Permformation Böhmens. Prague, Fritsch, 132 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Fritsch, A. 1889. Fauna Der Gaskohle Und Der Kalksteine Der Permformation Böhmens. Prague, Fritsch, 114 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gand, G., Garric, J. & Lapeyrie, J. 1997a. Biocénoses à Tripsidés (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) du Permien du bassin de Lodève (France). Geobios, 30, 673–700.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gand, G., Lapeyrie, J., Garric, J., Nel, A., Schneider, J. W. & Walter, H. 1997b. Découverte d’arthropodes et de bivalves inédits dans le Permien continental (Lodévois, France). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, 325, 891–898.
   Google Scholar
• Gand, G., Châteauneuf, J. J., Durand, M., Chabard, D. & Passaqui, J. P. 2007. Early Permian continental environnements in the Autun basin. Association des Sédimentologues Français, Autun, 35 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gand, G., Steyer, J.-S. & Chabard, D. 2011. Reprise de fouilles paléontologiques dans un gîte bourgignon célèbre: les ‘schistes bitumineux’ de l’Autunien de Muse (Bassin d’Autun) Bilan 2010 et perspectives. Revue Scientifique Bourgogne-Nature, 12, 10–29.
   Google Scholar
• Gand, G., Steyer, J.-S., Pellenard, P., Béthoux, O., Odin, G., Rouchon, V., Van Waveren, I., de Ploeg, G. & Chabard, D. 2015. Le stratotype autunien (Permien) du bassin d’Autun: résultats préliminaires des travaux réalisés en 2014 sur les niveaux de la couche de Muse (Saône-et-Loire, France). Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire naturelle et des amis du musée d’Autun, 207, 12–31.
   Google Scholar
• Gand, G., Pellenard, P., Galtier, J., Broutin, J. & Steyer, J.-S. 2017. Le stratotype autunien du bassin d’Autun (Bourgogne-France): évolution de la stratigraphie et des âges. Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire naturelle et des amis du musée d’Autun, 211, 19–36.
   Google Scholar
• Gaudry, A. 1867. Mémoire sur le reptile découvert par M. Frossard à Muse (Saône-et-Loire). Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, 3, 21–40.
   Google Scholar
• Gaudry, A. 1883. Les enchaînements du monde animal dans les temps géologiques. Fossiles primaires. Librairie F. Savy, Paris, 317 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gaudry, A. 1886. Sur un nouveau genre de reptile trouvé dans le terrain permien. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 14, 430–433.
   Google Scholar
• Ginter, M. 2004. Devonian sharks and the origin of Xenacanthiformes. Pp. 473–468 in G. Arratia, M. V. H. Wilson & R. Cloutier (eds) Recent advances in the origin and early radiation of vertebrates. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich.
   Google Scholar
• Ginter, M. & Maisey, J. G. 2007. The braincase and jaws of Cladodus from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland. Palaeontology, 50, 305–322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00633.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginter, M., Hampe, O. & Duffin, C. J. 2010. Handbook of paleoichthylology – volume 3D – Chondrichtyes – Paleozoic Elasmobranchii: teeth. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich, 168 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hampe, O. 1994. Neue Erkenntnisse zur permokarbonischen Xenacanthiden-Fauna (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) und deren Verbreitung im südwestdeutschen Saar-Nahe- Becken. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Abhandlungen, 192, 53–87.
   Google Scholar
• Heidtke, U. H. J. 1982. Der Xenacantiüde Orthacanthus senckenbergianus aus dem pfälzischen Rodiegenden (Unter-Perm). Mitteilungen der POLLICHIA, 70, 65–86.
   Google Scholar
• Heidtke, U. H. J. 1998. Revision der Gattung Orthacanthus Agassiz 1843 (Chondrichthyes: Xenacanthida). Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 72(1–2), 135–147. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987822
   Google Scholar
• Heidtke, U. H. J. 2007. Neue Erkenntnisse über Lebachacanthus (Chondrichthyes: Xenacanthida) aus dem Unteren Rotliegend des südwestdeutschen Saar-Nahe-Beckens. Mitteilungen der POLLICHIA, 93, 7–14.
   Google Scholar
• Heidtke, U. H. J. & Schwind, C. 2004. über die Organisation des Skelettes der Gattung Xenacanthus (Elasmobranchii: Xenacanthida) aus dem Unterperm de südwestdeutschen Saar-Nahe-Beckens. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Abhandlungen, 231(1), 85–117. doi:https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/231/2004/85
   Google Scholar
• Heidtke, U. H. J., Schwind, C. & Krätschmer, K. 2004. Über die Organisation des Skelettes und die verwandschaftlichen Beziehunger der Gattung Triodus JORDAN 1849 (Elasmobranchii: Xenacanthida). Mainzer Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen, 32, 9–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/231/2004/85
   Google Scholar
• Heyler, D. 1969. Vertébrés de l’Autunien de France. Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 259 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Heyler, D. & Poplin, C. 1982. Sur quelques neurocrânes d’Élasmobranches du Permien du bassin d’Autun (Saône-et-Loire, France). Annales de Paléontologie, 68(1), 15–32.
   Google Scholar
• Heyler, D. & Poplin, C. 1989. Systematics and relationshps among the Xanacanthiformes (Pisces, Chondrichthyes) in the light of Carboniferous and Permian French material. Acta Musei Reginaehradecensis A, 22, 69–78.
   Google Scholar
• Hodnett, J. P. M., Elliott, D. K., Olson, T. J. & Wittke, J. H. 2012. Ctenacanthiform sharks from the Permian Kaibab Formation, northern Arizona. Historical Biology, 1, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Hodnett, J. P. M., Grogan, E. D., Lund, R., Spencer, L. G., Suazo, T., Elliott, D. K. & Pruitt, J. 2021. Ctenacanthiform sharks from the late Pennsylvanian (Missourian) Tinajas Member of the Atrasado Formation, Central New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 84, 391–424.
   Google Scholar
• Huxley, T. H. 1880. On the application of the laws of evolution to the arrangement of the Vertebrata, and more particularly of the Mammalia. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, 1880, 649–662.
   Google Scholar
• Jaekel, O. 1921. Die Stellung der Paläontologie zu einigen Problemen der Biologie und Phylogenie. 2. Schädelprobleme. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 3, 213–239.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, H. 1849. Triodus sessilis, ein neuer Fisch der Kohlenformation von Lebach. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, 1–843.
   Google Scholar
• Kriwet, J., Witzmann, F., Klug, S. & Heidtke, U. H. J. 2008. First direct evidence of a vertebrate three-level trophic chain in the fossil record. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 275, 181–186. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luccisano, V., Pradel, A., Amiot, R., Gand, G., Steyer, J.-S. & Cuny, G. 2021a. A new Triodus shark species (Xenacanthidae, Xenacanthiformes) from the lowermost Permian of France and its paleobiogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1926470
   Google Scholar
• Luccisano V., Rambert-Natsuaki M., Cuny G., Amiot R., Pouillon J.-M. & Pradel A. 2021b. 3D models related to the publication: Phylogenetic implications of the systematic reassessment of Xenacanthiformes and ‘Ctenacanthiformes’ (Chondrichthyes) neurocrania from the Carboniferous–Permian Autun Basin (France). MorphoMuseuM, 7, 155. doi:https://doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.155
   Google Scholar
• Maisey, J. G. 2001. CT-scan reveals new cranial features in Devonian chondrichthyan ‘Cladodus’ wildungensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21, 807–810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisey, J. G. 2005. Braincase of the Upper Devonian shark Cladodoides wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii), with observations on the braincase in early chondrichthyans. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 288, 1–103.
   Google Scholar
• Maisey, J. G., Miller, R. & Turner, S. 2009. The braincase of the chondrichthyan Doliodus from the Lower Devonian Campbellton Formation of New Brunswick, Canada. Acta Zoologica, 90, 109–122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00330.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisey, J. G., Denton, J. S. S., Burrow, C. J. & Pradel, A. 2020. Architectural and ultrastructural features of tessellated calcified cartilage in modern and extinct chondrichthyan fishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 98, 1–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14376
   Google Scholar
• Marteau, P. 1983. Le bassin permo Carbonifère d’Autun: stratigraphie, sédimentologie et aspects structuraux. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Dijon, 183 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Pellenard, P., Gand, G., Schmitz, M., Galtier, J., Broutin, J. & Steyer, J.-S. 2017. High-precision U-Pb zircon ages for explosive volcanism calibrating the NW European continental Autunian stratotype. Gondwana Research, 51, 118–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poplin, C. & Heyler, D. 1989. Évolution et phylogénie des Xenacanthiformes (= Pleuracanthiformes) (Pisces, Chondrichthyes). Annales de Paléontologie, 75, 187–222.
   Google Scholar
• Pradel, A., Langer, M., Maisey, J. G., Geffard-Kuriyama, D., Cloetens, P., Janvier, P. & Tafforeau, P. 2009. Skull and brain of a 300-million-year-old chimaeroid fish revealed by synchrotron holotomography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 5224–5228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0807047106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradel, A., Tafforeau, P., Maisey, J. G. & Janvier, P. 2011. A new Paleozoic Symmoriiformes (Chondrichthyes) from the Late Carboniferous of Kansas (USA) and cladistic analysis of early chondrichthyans. PLoS ONE, 6(9), e24938. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024938
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pruvost, P. 1942. Étude géologique du bassin Permo-Carbonifère d’Autun. Rapport inédit du BRGM, Orléans, 23 pp.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2020. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Rasband, W. S. 1997–2020. ImageJ. Bethesda, Maryland, US National Institutes of Health, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Romer, A. S. 1964. The braincase of the Paleozoic elasmobranch Tamiobatis. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 131, 87–105.
   Google Scholar
• Sauvage, H.-É. 1893. Bassin houiller et Permien d’Autun et d’Épinac: poissons fossiles. Fascicule V. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 34 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Schaeffer, B. 1981. The xenacanth shark neurocranium, with comments on elasmobranch monophyly. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 169, 1–66.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, J. W. & Zajíc, J. 1994. Xenacanthiden (Pisces, Chondrichtyes) des mitteleuropäischen Oberkarbon und Perm. Freiberger Forschungshefte C, 452, 101–151.
   Google Scholar
• Schultze, H. P. & Soler-Gijón, R. 2004. A xenacanth clasper from the ?uppermost Carboniferous–Lower Permian of Buxières-les-Mines (Massif Central, France) and the palaeoecology of the European Permo-Carboniferous basins. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Abhandlungen, 232, 325–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwind, C. 1991. Zur organisation und zur phylogenie der beiden Gattungen Triodus und Xenacanthus. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Mainz, 201 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Soler-Gijón, R. 1995. Evidence of predator-prey relationship in xenacanth sharks of the Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian C) from Puertollano, Spain. Geobios, 28, 151–156.
   Google Scholar
• Soler-Gijón, R. & Hampe, O. 1998. Evidence of Triodus JORDAN 1849 (Elasmobranchii: Xenacanthidae) in the Lower Permian of the Autun basin (Muse, France). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie/Monatshefte, 1998, 335–348. doi:https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1998/1998/335
   Google Scholar
• Steyer, J.-S., Escuillié, F., Pouillon, J.-M., Broutin, J., Debriette, P., Freytet, P., Gand, G., Poplin, C., Rage, J.-C., Rival, J., Schneider, J. W., Štamberg, S., Werneburg, R. & Cuny, G. 2000. New data on the flora and fauna from the ?uppermost Carboniferous–Lower Permian of Buxières-les-Mines, Bourbon l’Archambault Basin (Allier, France). Preliminary report. Bulletin de la Société Géolologique de France, 171, 239–249.
   Google Scholar
• Swofford, D. L. 2003. PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
   Google Scholar
• Werneburg, R. 1997. Der Eryopide Onchiodon (Amphibia) aus dem Rotliegend des Beckens von Autun (Frankreich). Freiberger Forschungshefte C, 466, 167–181.
   Google Scholar
• Werneburg, R. & Steyer, J.-S. 1999. Redescription of the holotype of Actinodon frossardi (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the Lower Permian of the Autun Basin (France). Geobios, 32, 599–607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, M. E. 1985. The ‘cladodont level’ sharks of the Pennsylvanian black shales of central North America. Palaeontographica A, 190, 83–158.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, M. E. 1998. A new specimen of Tamiobatis vetustus (Chondrichthyes, Ctenacanthoidea) from the late Devonian Cleveland Shale of Ohio. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18, 251–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zangerl, R. 1981. Handbook of paleoichthyology – Chondrichthyes I – Paleozoic Elasmobranchii. Gustav Fischer Verlag, New York, 115 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, M., Yu, X., Ahlberg, P. E., Choo, B., Lu, J., Qiao, Q., Zhao, L. J., Blom, H. & Zhu, Y. A. 2013. Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones. Nature, 502, 188–193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoehfeld, K. W., Mossbrucker, M. T., Bakker, R. T. & Fils, C. J. 2014. Dimetrodon feeding on sharks and sharks feeding on Dimetrodon: Texas Early Permian food webs based on aquatic predation. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 46, 332.
   Google Scholar