Sport event ecotourism: sustainability of trail racing events in US National Parks

References

• Aicher, T. J., & Brenner, J. (2015). Individuals’ motivation to participate in sport tourism: A self-determination theory perspective. International Journal of Sport Management, Recreation, and Tourism, 18, 56–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allied Market Research. (2019). Adventure tourism market outlook – 2026. Allied Market Research, https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/adventure-tourism-market
   Google Scholar
• Belsky, J. M. (1999). Misrepresenting communities: The politics of community-based rural ecotourism in Gales Point Manatee, Belize 1. Rural Sociology, 64(49), 641–666.
   Google Scholar
• Bien, A. (2006). A simple user’s guide to certification for sustainable tourism and ecotourism. Center for Ecotourism and Sustainable Development, https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/sites/default/files/2016-08/users_guide.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Blamey, R. K. (2001). Principles of ecotourism. In D. B. Weaver, D. H. Weaver, & K. W. Blackman (Eds.), The encyclopedia of ecotourism (pp. 5–22). Oxfordshire: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Blancas, F. J., Gonzalez, M., Lozano-Oyola, M., & Perez, F. (2010). The assessment of sustainable tourism: Application to Spanish coastal destinations. Ecological Indicators, 10(2), 484–492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandon, K. (1996). Ecotourism and conservation: A review of key issues. World Bank Environment Department Papers No. 33. World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, R. (1994). A framework for ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(3), 661–665.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulatović, J., & Rajović, G. (2016). Applying sustainable tourism indicators to community-based ecotourism tourist village Eco-Katun Štavna. European Journal of Economic Studies, 16(2), 309–330.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, B. N., & Aicher, T. J. (2015). Demonstrations and displacement: Social impact and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 7(3), 299–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carneiro, M. J., Breda, Z., & Cordeiro, C. (2016). Sports tourism development and destination sustainability: The case of the coastal area of the Aveiro Region, Portugal. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 20(3–4), 305–334.
   Google Scholar
• Casper, J. M., & Bunds, K. S. (2017). Tailgating and air quality. In B. P. McCullough & T. B. Kellison (Eds.), Handbook on sport, sustainability, and the environment (pp. 291–300). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, H. C., & Sirakaya, E. (2006). Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1274–1289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, A., Jones, C., & Munday, M. (2009). Assessing the environmental impacts of mega sporting events: Two options? Tourism Management, 30(6), 828–837.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cope, D. G. (2014). Methods and meanings: Credibility and trustworthiness of qualitative research. Oncology Nursing Forum, 41(1), 89–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, C. A., & Chalip, L. (2005). Adventure sport tourism in rural revitalization: An ethnographic evaluation. European Sport Management Quarterly, 5(3), 257–279.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 124–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, M., Hungenberg, E., & Aicher, T. (2019). The relationship between runner environmental paradigm and their motives to participate in an urban or rural marathon. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 10(1), 48–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Death, C. (2011). ‘Greening’ the 2010 FIFA World Cup: Environmental sustainability and the mega-event in South Africa. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 13(2), 99–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., Spurr, R., & Hoque, S. (2010). Estimating the carbon footprint of Australian tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 355–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fennell, D. A. (1999). Ecotourism: An introduction. Oxfordshire: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Tourism Management, 29(3), 403–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getz, D. (2013). Planning and staging ecotourism events. In R. Ballantyne & J. Packer (Eds.), International Handbook on ecotourism (pp. 421–435). London: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, H. J., Kaplanidou, K., & Kang, S. J. (2012). Small-scale event sport tourism: A case study in sustainable tourism. Sport Management Review, 15(2), 160–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griessler, E., & Littig, B. (2005). Social sustainability: A catchword between political pragmatism and social theory. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(1-2), 65–79.
   Google Scholar
• Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C., & Uysal, M. (2002). Resident attitudes: A structural modeling approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 79–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hungenberg, E., Davies, M., & Bailey, A. (2019). Understanding the adventure sportscape’s impact on consumers’ destination image and event conative loyalty. Event Management, 23(3), 329–346.
   Google Scholar
• Hurworth, R. (2003). Photo-interviewing for research. Social Research Update, 40(1), 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Jorgensen, D. L. (2015). Participant observation. In R. A. Scott & S. M. Kosslyn (Eds.), Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences: An interdisciplinary, searchable, and linkable resource (pp. 1–15). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Jurowski, C., & Gursoy, D. (2004). Distance effects on residents’ attitudes toward tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 296–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkby, C., Giudice, R., Day, B., Turner, K., Soares-Filho, B. S., Oliveira-Rodrigues, H., & Yu, D. W. (2011). Closing the ecotourism-conservation loop in the Peruvian Amazon. Environmental Conservation, 38(1), 6–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristjánsdóttir, K. R., Ólafsdóttir, R., & Ragnarsdóttir, K. V. (2018). Reviewing integrated sustainability indicators for tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(4), 583–599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, L. R., Whiting, J. W., & Green, G. T. (2011). Exploring the influence of outdoor recreation participation on pro-environmental behaviour in a demographically diverse population. Local Environment, 16(1), 67–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawton, L. J. (2009). Birding festivals, sustainability, and ecotourism: An ambiguous relationship. Journal of Travel Research, 48(2), 259–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. H. (2007). An ecotourism behavioural model of national forest recreation areas in Taiwan. International Forestry Review, 9(3), 771–785.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. H., & Jan, F.-H. (2018). Ecotourism behaviour of nature-based tourists: An integrative framework. Journal of Travel Research, 57(6), 792–810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y.-S., Lawton, L. J., & Weaver, D. B. (2013). Evidence for a South Korean model of ecotourism. Journal of Travel Research, 52(4), 520–533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, E. G., & Guba, Y. S. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Line, N. D., Hanks, L., & Miao, L. (2018). Image matters: Incentivizing green tourism behaviour. Journal of Travel Research, 57(3), 296–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, S. L. (2019). Estimating the impact of Major League Baseball games on local air pollution. Contemporary Economic Policy, 37(2), 236–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J., & Bracken, C. C. (2002). Content analysis in mass communication: Assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability. Human Communication Research, 28(4), 587–604.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozano-Oyola, M., Blancas, F. J., González, M., & Caballero, R. (2012). Sustainable tourism indicators as planning tools in cultural destinations. Ecological Indicators, 18, 659–675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mair, J., & Laing, J. H. (2013). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: The role of sustainability-focused events. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(8), 1113–1128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallen, C., Adams, L., Stevens, J., & Thompson, L. (2010). Environmental sustainability in sport facility management: A Delphi study. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10(3), 367–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallen, C., & Chard, C. (2011). A framework for debating the future of environmental sustainability in the sport academy. Sport Management Review, 14(4), 424–433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, P., & Cheyne, J. (2000). Residents’ attitudes to proposed tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 391–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCool, S. F., Moisey, R. N., & Nickerson, N. P. (2001). What should tourism sustain? The disconnect with industry perceptions of useful indicators. Journal of Travel Research, 40(2), 124–131.
   Google Scholar
• Mearns, K. (2010). The sustainability of community-based ecotourism in Southern Africa. Acta Academica, 44(2), 70–87.
   Google Scholar
• Monnet, N. (2014). Photoethnography of the urban space, or how to describe the urban world beyond the words: Presentation of a multimedia essay. Visual Ethnography, 3(1), 35–64.
   Google Scholar
• Musa, G., Hall, C. M., & Higham, J. E. S. (2004). Tourism sustainability and health impacts in high altitude adventure, cultural and ecotourism destinations: A case study of Nepal's Sagarmatha National Park. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12(4), 306–331.
   Google Scholar
• Newland, B. L., & Robertson, M. (2018). An exploration of tourists’ perceptions of a rural mountain bike event. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 10(1), 13–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, S. I., Chia, K. W., Ho, J. A., & Ramachandran, S. (2017). Seeking tourism sustainability – A case study of Tioman Island, Malaysia. Tourism Management, 58, 101–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, D., & Chalip, L. (2007). Sport events and strategic leveraging: Pushing towards the triple bottom line. Tourism Management: Analysis, Behaviour, and Strategy, 19, 318.
   Google Scholar
• Orams, M. B. (2001). Types of ecotourism. In D. B. Weaver, D. H. Weaver, & K. W. Blackman (Eds.), The encyclopedia of ecotourism (pp. 23–36). Oxfordshire: CABI Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Poczta, J., Dąbrowska, A., Kazimierczak, M., Gravelle, F., & Malchrowicz-Mośko, E. (2020). Overtourism and medium scale sporting events organisations – the perception of negative externalities by host residents. Sustainability, 12(7), 2827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, G. G. (2003). Ecotourism and the development of environmental literacy in Australia. E-Review of Tourism Research, 1(3), 72–75.
   Google Scholar
• Ramdas, M., & Mohamed, B. (2014). Impacts of tourism on environmental attributes, environmental literacy, and willingness to pay: A conceptual and theoretical review. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144, 378–391.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, M., Newland, B. L., & Darby, P. (2014). An exploration of a niche sport event’s role in visitor’s perceptions of a rural destination: The case of the UCI Mountain Bike World Cup. International Journal of Sport Management, 15(2), 193–218.
   Google Scholar
• Rookwood, J., & Palmer, C. (2009). A photo-ethnography, a picture-story-board of experiences at an NGO Football Project in Liberia (Part 1). Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 3(1), 161–186.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, D. (1989). Visual ethnography: Using photography in qualitative research. Qualitative Sociology, 12(2), 119–154.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, C., Kastenholz, E., & Abrantes, J. L. (2013). Place-attachment, destination image and impacts of tourism in mountain destinations. Anatolia, 24(1), 17–29.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, S., Dash, T. R., & Vashko, I. (2016). Tourism, ecotourism, and sport tourism: The framework for certification. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 34(2), 236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotiriadou, P., & Hill, B. (2015). Raising environmental responsibility and sustainability for sport events: A systematic review. International Journal of Event Management Research, 10(1), 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Sport & Fitness Industry Association. (2020). 2020 sports, fitness, and Leisure activities topline participation report. Sport & Fitness Industry Association.
   Google Scholar
• Stoddard, J. E., Pollard, C. E., & Evans, M. R. (2012). The triple bottom line: A framework for sustainable tourism development. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 13(3), 233–258.
   Google Scholar
• Swarbrooke, J. (1999). Sustainable tourism management. Oxfordshire: CAB international.
   Google Scholar
• Tarrant, M. A., & Green, G. T. (1999). Outdoor recreation and the predictive validity of environmental attitudes. Leisure Sciences, 21(1), 17–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, K. D., Williams, N. B., & Trotz, M. A. (2014). The sustainability of ecotourism activities: Development of an accessible, applicable, and efficient tool for assessment in the Caribbean Region. West Indian Journal of Engineering, 36(2), 51–62.
   Google Scholar
• Timur, S., & Getz, D. (2009). Sustainable tourism development: How do destination stakeholders perceive sustainable urban tourism? Sustainable Development, 17(4), 220–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres-Delgado, A., & Saarinen, J. (2014). Using indicators to assess sustainable tourism development: A review. Tourism Geographies, 16(1), 31–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trendafilova, S., & McCullough, B. P. (2018). Environmental sustainability scholarship and the efforts of the sport sector: A rapid review of literature. Cogent Social Sciences, 4(1), 1467256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triantafyllidis, S., & Kaplanidou, K. (2019). Marathon runners: A fertile market for ‘green’ donations? Journal of Global Sport Management, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2018.1561205
   Google Scholar
• Triantafyllidis, S., Ries, R., & Kaplanidou, K. (2018). Carbon dioxide emissions of spectators’ transportation in collegiate sporting events: Comparing on-campus and off-campus stadium locations. Sustainability, 10(1), 241–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Environment Programme. (2020). Tourism and socio-cultural conservation. United Nations. http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Business/SectoralActivities/Tourism/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism/ImpactsofTourism/Socio-CulturalImpacts/TourismandSocio-CulturalConservation/tabid/78782/Default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Vacation Races. (2020). Vacation Races: Run somewhere breathtaking. Retrieved June 11, 2020 from https://vacationraces.com/
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, D. B. (2001). The encyclopaedia of ecotourism. Oxfordshire: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Wicker, P. (2018). The carbon footprint of active sport tourists: An empirical analysis of skiers and boarders. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 22(2), 151–171.
   Google Scholar
• Wicker, P. (2019). The carbon footprint of active sport participants. Sport Management Review, 22(4), 513–526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., Downward, P., & Rasciute, S. (2020). Leisure trips to the natural environment: Examining the tradeoff between economic and environmental impact. Leisure Sciences, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1813665
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., Patterson, M. E., Rogge nbuck, J. W., & Watson, A. E. (1992). Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place. Leisure Sciences, 14(1), 29–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, P., & Soutar, G. (2005). Close to the ‘edge’: Critical issues for adventure tourism operators. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10(3), 247–261.
   Google Scholar
• World Tourism Organization. (2004). Indicators of sustainable development for tourism destinations: A guidebook. World Tourism Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Yoo, J., Newland, B. L., & Lee, W. (2020). Influencing active sport tourists’ loyalty to event and destination. Event Management, 24(2–3), https://doi.org/10.3727/152599519X15506259856336
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, L., Chlebosz, K., Tower, J., & Morris, T. (2020). An exploratory study of motives for participation in extreme sports and physical activity. Journal of Leisure Research, 51(1), 56–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar