618
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The role of psychological flow in adventure tourism: sociodemographic antecedents and consequences on word-of-mouth and life satisfaction

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 353-369 | Received 09 Mar 2021, Accepted 13 Oct 2021, Published online: 23 Oct 2021

References

  • Adhikari, A. (2015). Differentiating subjective and objective attributes of experience products to estimate willingness to pay price premium. Journal of Travel Research, 54(5), 634–644.
  • Asakawa, K. (2010). Flow experience, culture, and well-being: How do autotelic Japanese college students feel, behave, and think in their daily lives? Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(2), 205–223.
  • Beedie, P., & Hudson, S. (2003). Emergence of mountain-based adventure tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 625–643.
  • Bell, S., Tyrväinen, L., Sievänen, T., Pröbstl, U., & Simpson, M. (2007). Outdoor recreation and nature tourism: A European perspective. Living Reviews in Landscape Research, 1(2), 1–46.
  • Berger, J. (2014). Word of mouth and interpersonal communication: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 24(4), 586–607.
  • Bidder, C. (2018). Outdoor adventure tourism: Exploring the spiritual dimension of wellness. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(16), 199–217.
  • Bigné, E., & Decrop, A. (2019). Paradoxes of postmodern tourists and innovation in tourism marketing. In E. Fayos-Solà & C. Cooper (Eds), The future of tourism (pp. 131–154). Cham: Springer.
  • Brown, M. (2008). Comfort zone: Model or metaphor? Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 12(1), 3–12.
  • Buckley, R. (2012). Rush as a key motivation in skilled adventure tourism: Resolving the risk recreation paradox. Tourism Management, 33(4), 961–970.
  • Carnicelli-Filho, S., Schwartz, G. M., & Tahara, A. K. (2010). Fear and adventure tourism in Brazil. Tourism Management, 31(6), 953–956.
  • Cheng, T. M., Hung, S. H., & Chen, M. T. (2016). The influence of leisure involvement on flow experience during hiking activity: Using psychological commitment as a mediate variable. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(1), 1–19.
  • Chou, T. J., & Ting, C. C. (2003). The role of flow experience in cyber-game addiction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6(6), 663–675.
  • Costa, C. A., & Chalip, L. (2005). Adventure sport tourism in rural revitalisation – an ethnographic evaluation. European Sport Management Quarterly, 5(3), 257–279.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2013). Flow: The psychology of happiness. New York: Random House.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., Abuhamdeh, S., & Nakamura, J. (2014). Flow. In Flow and the foundations of positive psychology (pp. 227–238). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (1992). Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. New York: Cambridge university press.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Seligman, M. (2000). Positive psychology. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14.
  • Curtin, S. (2013). The intrinsic motivations and psychological benefits of eco and wildlife tourism experiences. In R. P. Ballantyne & J. Packer (Eds.), International handbook on ecotourism (pp. 203–216). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Deenihan, G., & Caulfield, B. (2015). Do tourists value different levels of cycling infrastructure? Tourism Management, 46, 92–101.
  • Dodson, K. J. (1996). Peak experiences and mountain biking: Incorporating the bike into the extended self. Advances in Consumer Research, 23, 317–322.
  • Ewert, A., & Hollenhorst, S. (1989). Testing the adventure model: Empirical support for a model of risk recreation participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 21(2), 124–139.
  • Filo, K., Chen, N., King, C., & Funk, D. C. (2013). Sport tourists’ involvement with a destination: A stage-based examination. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 37(1), 100–124.
  • Frash Jr, R. E., & Blose, J. E. (2019). Serious leisure as a predictor of travel intentions and flow in motorcycle tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 44(4), 516–531.
  • Frash Jr, R. E., Blose, J. E., Smith, W. W., & Scherhag, K. (2018). A multidisciplinary marketing profile of motorcycle tourists: Explorers escaping routine to find flow on scenic routes. Tourism Recreation Research, 43(4), 432–444.
  • Fridgen, J. D. (1984). Environmental psychology and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(1), 19–39.
  • Gazzola, P., Pavione, E., Grechi, D., & Ossola, P. (2018). Cycle tourism as a driver for the sustainable development of little-known or remote territories: The experience of the Apennine regions of northern Italy. Sustainability, 10(6), 1863.
  • Gitelson, R. J., & Kerstetter, D. L. (1990). The relationship between sociodemographic variables, benefits sought and subsequent vacation behavior: A case study. Journal of Travel Research, 28(3), 24–29.
  • Gnoth, J., Bigné, J. E., & Andreu, L. (2006). Waiting time effects on the leisure experience and visitor emotions. Progress in Tourism Marketing, 255.
  • Goeft, U., & Alder, J. (2001). Sustainable mountain biking: A case study from the southwest of western Australia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(3), 193–211.
  • Guido, G., Amatulli, C., & Sestino, A. (2020). Elderly consumers and financial choices: A systematic review. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 1–10.
  • Gyimóthy, S., & Mykletun, R. J. (2004). Play in adventure tourism: The case of Arctic trekking. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 855–878.
  • Higham, J. (2018). Sport tourism development. London: Channel View Publications.
  • Hinch, T. D., & Higham, J. E. (2001). Sport tourism: A framework for research. International Journal of Tourism Research, 3(1), 45–58.
  • Ho, C. I., Liao, T. Y., Huang, S. C., & Chen, H. M. (2015). Beyond environmental concerns: Using means-end chains to explore the personal psychological values and motivations of leisure/recreational cyclists. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(2), 234–254.
  • Hosany, S., & Witham, M. (2010). Dimensions of cruisers’ experiences, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. Journal of Travel Research, 49(3), 351–364.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453.
  • Huang, Y., Scott, N., Ding, P., & Cheng, D. (2012). Impression of Liusanjie: Effect of mood on experience and satisfaction. International Journal of Tourism Research, 14(1), 91–102.
  • Huddart, D., & Stott, T. (2019). Adventure tourism: Environmental impacts and management. Springer Nature.
  • Hudson, S. (2003). Sport and adventure tourism. New York: Haworth Hospitality Press.
  • Isnart. (2019). 1° Rapporto Isnart – Legambiente su Cicloturismo e Cicloturisti in Italia. Bike Summit 2019. Retrieved from https://www.legambiente.it/wp–content/uploads/dossier_cicloturismo–e–cicloturisti_2019.pdf
  • Jackson, S. A. (1992). Athletes in flow: A qualitative investigation of flow states in elite figure skaters. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 4(2), 161–180.
  • Jackson, S. A., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Flow in sports. Champaigns: Human Kinetics.
  • Jackson, S. A., Ford, S. K., Kimiecik, J. C., & Marsh, H. W. (1998). Psychological correlates of flow in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(4), 358–378.
  • Jackson, S. A., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The flow state scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(1), 17–35.
  • Jackson, S. A., Thomas, P. R., Marsh, H. W., & Smethurst, C. J. (2001). Relationships between flow, self-concept, psychological skills, and performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(2), 129–153.
  • Jin, X., Xiang, Y., Weber, K., & Liu, Y. (2019). Motivation and involvement in adventure tourism activities: A Chinese tourists’ perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(11), 1066–1078.
  • Juric, B., Cornwell, T. B., & Mather, D. (2002). Exploring the usefulness of an ecotourism interest scale. Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 259–269.
  • Kim, S. (2012). The relationships of on–site film–tourism experiences, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions: The case of asian audience’s responses to a Korean historical TV drama. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 29(5), 472–484.
  • Kimiecik, J. C., & Jackson, S. A. (2002). Optimal experience in sport: A flow perspective. In T. S. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (pp. 501–527). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Kirillova, K., Fu, X., Lehto, X., & Cai, L. (2014). What makes a destination beautiful? Dimensions of tourist aesthetic judgment. Tourism Management, 42, 282–293.
  • Ladhari, R. (2007). The effect of consumption emotions on satisfaction and word-of-mouth communications. Psychology and Marketing, 24(12), 1085–1108.
  • Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1985). A multitrait–multimethod examination of affect structure: Hedonic level and emotional intensity. Personality and Individual Differences, 6(5), 631–636.
  • Larsen, S. (2007). Aspects of a psychology of the tourist experience. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(1), 7–18.
  • Lee, S. M., & Chen, L. (2010). The impact of flow on online consumer behavior. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 50(4), 1–10.
  • Litvin, S. W., Goldsmith, R. E., & Pan, B. (2008). Electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management. Tourism Management, 29(3), 458–468.
  • Lumsdon, L. (2000). Transport and tourism: Cycle tourism – a model for sustainable development? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(5), 361–377.
  • Martin, P. (2004). Outdoor adventure in promoting relationships with nature. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 8(1), 20–28.
  • McGinnis, L. P., Gentry, J. W., & Gao, T. T. (2012). Antecedents to consumer perceptions of sacredness in extended service experiences the case of golf. Journal of Service Research, 15(4), 476–488.
  • Mehmetoglu, M., & Engen, M. (2011). Pine and gilmore’s concept of experience economy and its dimensions: An empirical examination in tourism. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 12(4), 237–255.
  • Mosing, M. A., Magnusson, P. K., Pedersen, N. L., Nakamura, J., Madison, G., & Ullén, F. (2012). Heritability of proneness for psychological flow experiences. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(5), 699–704.
  • Mossberg, L. (2007). A marketing approach to the tourist experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(1), 59–74.
  • Munt, I. (1994). The ‘other’ postmodern tourism: Culture, travel and the new middle classes. Theory, Culture & Society, 11(3), 101–123.
  • Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2009). Flow theory and research. Handbook of Positive Psychology, 195–206.
  • Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). The concept of flow. In Flow and the foundations of positive psychology (pp. 239–263). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Patterson, I. (2002). Baby boomers and adventure tourism: The importance of marketing the leisure experience. World Leisure Journal, 44(2), 4–10.
  • Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(2), 137–152.
  • Peluso, A. M., Barbarossa, V., Chieffi, V., & Guido, G. (2021). Memorable experiences in slow tourism: An empirical investigation of camping. In Humanistic management and sustainable tourism (pp. 234–251). Routledge.
  • Pizam, A., Reichel, A., & Uriely, N. (2001). Sensation seeking and tourist behavior. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 9(3-4), 17–33.
  • Pizam, A., & Sussmann, S. (1995). Does nationality affect tourist behavior? Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 901–917.
  • Plummer, R. (2005). Outdoor recreation: An interdisciplinary perspective. New York: Kendall/Hunt.
  • Politico Magazine. (2020). Coronavirus will change the world permanently: Here’s how. Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/03/19/coronavirus–effect–economy–life–society–analysis–covid–135579
  • Pomfret, G., & Bramwell, B. (2016). The characteristics and motivational decisions of outdoor adventure tourists: A review and analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(14), 1447–1478.
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891.
  • Privette, G., & Brundrick, C. M. (1991). Peak experience, peak performance, and flow: Correspondence of personal descriptions and theoretical constructs. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6(5), 169–174.
  • Quan, S., & Wang, N. (2004). Towards a structural model of the tourist experience: An illustration from food experiences in tourism. Tourism Management, 25, 297–305.
  • Rantala, O., Rokenes, A., & Valkonen, J. (2018). Is adventure tourism a coherent concept? A review of research approaches on adventure tourism. Annals of Leisure Research, 21(5), 539–552.
  • Reichheld, F. F. (2003). The one number you need to grow. Harvard Business Review, 81(12), 46–55.
  • Ritchie, B., & Adair, D. (2002). The growing recognition of sport tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 5(1), 1–6.
  • Ritchie, J. B., & Hudson, S. (2009). Understanding and meeting the challenges of consumer/tourist experience research. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(2), 111–126.
  • Robinson, T., & Gammon, S. (2004). A question of primary and secondary motives: Revisiting and applying the sport tourism framework. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 9(3), 221–233.
  • Ryan, C. (2003). Risk acceptance in adventure tourism: Paradox and context. In J. Wilks & S. Page (eds.), Managing tourist health and safety in the new millennium (pp. 55–65). Amsterdam: Pergamon.
  • Schuckert, M., Liu, X., & Law, R. (2015). Hospitality and tourism online reviews: Recent trends and future directions. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 32(5), 608–621.
  • Sestino, A., Pino, G., & Guido, G. (2021). The effect of fervid attachment to religious rites on tourism: Evidence from the Holy Week in Southern Italy. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-01-2021-0010
  • Simpson, P. M., & Siguaw, J. A. (2008). Destination word of mouth: The role of traveler type, residents, and identity salience. Journal of Travel Research, 47(2), 167–182.
  • Skår, M., Odden, A., & Inge Vistad, O. (2008). Motivation for mountain biking in Norway: Change and stability in late–modern outdoor recreation. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, 62(1), 36–45.
  • Slimani, M., Bragazzi, N. L., Tod, D., Dellal, A., Hue, O., Cheour, F., Taylor Lee, & Chamari, K. (2016). Do cognitive training strategies improve motor and positive psychological skills development in soccer players? Insights from a systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(24), 2338–2349.
  • Stein, G. L., Kimiecik, J. C., Daniels, J., & Jackson, S. A. (1995). Psychological antecedents of flow in recreational sport. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(2), 125–135.
  • Sung, H. Y., Morrison, A. M., & O'leary, J. T. (2000). Segmenting the adventure travel market by activities: From the North American industry providers’ perspective. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 9(4), 1–20.
  • Swarbrooke, J., Beard, C., Leckie, S., & Pomfret, G. (2003). Adventure tourism: The new frontier. Oxford: Routledge.
  • Taylor, S. (2010). ‘Extending the dream machine’: Understanding people's participation in mountain biking. Annals of Leisure Research, 13(1-2), 259–281.
  • Terzić, A., Demirović, D., Petrevska, B., & Limbert, W. (2020). Active sport tourism in Europe: Applying market segmentation model based on human values. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research. 1096348020926546.
  • Tsaur, S. H., Lin, W. R., & Liu, J. S. (2013). Sources of challenge for adventure tourists: Scale development and validation. Tourism Management, 38, 85–93.
  • Vada, S., Prentice, C., Scott, N., & Hsiao, A. (2020). Positive psychology and tourist well-being: A systematic literature review. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100631.
  • Vittersø, J., Vorkinn, M., Vistad, O. I., & Vaagland, J. (2000). Tourist experiences and attractions. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 432–450.
  • Walle, A. H. (1997). Quantitative versus qualitative tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 524–536.
  • Walls, A., Okumus, F., Wang, Y., & Kwun, D. J. W. (2011). Understanding the consumer experience: An exploratory study of luxury hotels. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 20(2), 166–197.
  • Weaver, D. (2011). Celestial ecotourism: New horizons in nature-based tourism. Journal of Ecotourism, 10(1), 38–45.
  • Weber, K. (2001). Outdoor adventure tourism: A review of research approaches. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2), 360–377.
  • Wei, C., Zhao, W., Zhang, C., & Huang, K. (2019). Psychological factors affecting memorable tourism experiences. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(7), 619–632.
  • Wolf-Watz, D., Sandell, K., & Fredman, P. (2011). Environmentalism and tourism preferences: A study of outdoor recreationists in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11(2), 190–204.
  • World Tourism Organization. (2014). Global report on adventure tourism. Retrieved from https://skift.com/wp–content/uploads/2014/11/unwto–global–report–on–adventure–tourism.pdf
  • Zeng, B., & Gerritsen, R. (2014). What do we know about social media in tourism? A review. Tourism Management Perspectives, 10, 27–36.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.