163
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Statins and venous thromboembolism: do they represent a viable therapeutic agent?

, , &
Pages 629-637 | Received 04 Jun 2017, Accepted 17 Jul 2017, Published online: 21 Jul 2017

References

  • Heit JA. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the community. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008 Mar;28(3):370–372. PubMed PMID: 18296591.
  • Cohen AT, Agnelli G, Anderson FA, et al. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality. Thromb Haemost. 2007 Oct;98(4):756–764. PubMed PMID: 17938798.
  • Wong P, Baglin T. Epidemiology, risk factors and sequelae of venous thromboembolism. Phlebology. 2012;27 Suppl 2: 2–11. PubMed PMID: 22457300.
  • Heit JA. Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2015 Aug;12(8):464–474. PubMed PMID: 26076949.
  • Douketis JD, Gu CS, Schulman S, et al. The risk for fatal pulmonary embolism after discontinuing anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Dec 4;147(11):766–774. PubMed PMID: 18056660.
  • Goldhaber SZ, Bounameaux H. Pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. Lancet. 2012 May 12;379(9828):1835–1846. PubMed PMID: 22494827.
  • Jacobs JJ, Mont MA, Bozic KJ, et al. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons clinical practice guideline on: preventing venous thromboembolic disease in patients undergoing elective hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Apr 18;94(8):746–747. PubMed PMID: 22517391.
  • Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA, et al. Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2Suppl):e278S–e325S. PubMed PMID: 22315265.
  • Kearon C, Kahn SR, Agnelli G, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008 Jun;133(6 Suppl):454S–545S. PubMed PMID: 18574272.
  • Konstantinides SV, Torbicki A, Agnelli G, et al. 2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J. 2014 Nov 14;35(43):3033–3069, 3069a–3069k. PubMed PMID: 25173341.
  • Linkins L-A, Choi PT, Douketis JD. Clinical impact of bleeding in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Dec 2;139(11):893–900. PubMed PMID: 14644891.
  • Heit JA, Kobbervig CE, James AH, et al. Trends in the incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy or postpartum: a 30-year population-based study. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Nov 15;143(10):697–706. PubMed PMID: 16287790.
  • Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008 Nov 20;359(21):2195–2207. PubMed PMID: 18997196.
  • Heart Protection Study Collaborative G. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002 Jul 6;360(9326):7–22. PubMed PMID: 12114036.
  • Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jul 1;63(25 Pt B):2889–2934. PubMed PMID: 24239923.
  • Liao JK. Effects of statins on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibition beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol. 2005 Sep 05;96(5A):24F–33F. PubMed PMID: 16126020.
  • Undas A, Brummel-Ziedins KE, Mann KG. Statins and blood coagulation [Review]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25(2):287–294. PubMed PMID: 15569822.
  • Herrington DM, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, et al. Statin therapy, cardiovascular events, and total mortality in the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Circulation. 2002;105(25):2962–2967. PubMed PMID: 12081988.
  • Glynn RJ, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. A randomized trial of rosuvastatin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2009 Apr 30;360(18):1851–1861. PubMed PMID: 19329822.
  • Perez A, Bartholomew JR. Interpreting the JUPITER trial: statins can prevent VTE, but more study is needed. Cleve Clin J Med. 2010 Mar;77(3):191–194. PubMed PMID: 20200169.
  • Pai M, Evans NS, Shah SJ, et al. Statins in the prevention of venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Thromb Res. 2011 Nov;128(5):422–430. PubMed PMID: 21641019.
  • Rahimi K, Bhala N, Kamphuisen P, et al. Effect of statins on venous thromboembolic events: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished evidence from randomised controlled trials. PLoS Med. 2012;9(9):e1001310. PubMed PMID: 23028261.
  • Squizzato A, Galli M, Romualdi E, et al. Statins, fibrates, and venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2010 May;31(10):1248–1256. PubMed PMID: 20031958.
  • Kunutsor SK, Seidu S, Khunti K. Statins and primary prevention of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Haematol. 2017 Jan 12;4:e83–e93. PubMed PMID: 28089655.
  • Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, et al. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Mar 23;158(6):585–593. PubMed PMID: 9521222.
  • Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Cogo A, et al. The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Jul 01;125(1):1–7. PubMed PMID: 8644983.
  • Heit JA, Mohr DN, Silverstein MD, et al. Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Mar 27;160(6):761–768. PubMed PMID: 10737275.
  • Investigators E, Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 23;363(26):2499–2510. PubMed PMID: 21128814.
  • Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 10;361(24):2342–2352. PubMed PMID: 19966341.
  • Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2Suppl):e419S–e494S. PubMed PMID: 22315268.
  • Zhu T, Martinez I, Emmerich J. Venous thromboembolism: risk factors for recurrence. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009 Mar;29(3):298–310. PubMed PMID: 19228602.
  • Castellucci LA, Cameron C, Le Gal G, et al. Efficacy and safety outcomes of oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs in the secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013 Aug 30;347:f5133. PubMed PMID: 23996149.
  • Delluc A, Tromeur C, Le Moigne E, et al. Lipid lowering drugs and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res. 2012 Dec;130(6):859–863. PubMed PMID: 22939687.
  • Biere-Rafi S, Hutten BA, Squizzato A, et al. Statin treatment and the risk of recurrent pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J. 2013 Jun;34(24):1800–1806. PubMed PMID: 23396492.
  • Kunutsor SK, Seidu S, Khunti K. Statins and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism: pooled analysis of published observational cohort studies. Eur Heart J. 2017 Mar 22;38:1608–1612. PubMed PMID: 28369602.
  • Kyrle PA, Eichinger S. Deep vein thrombosis. Lancet. 2005 Mar 26-Apr 1;365(9465):1163–1174. PubMed PMID: 15794972.
  • Fox EA, Kahn SR. The relationship between inflammation and venous thrombosis. A systematic review of clinical studies. Thromb Haemost. 2005 Aug;94(2):362–365. PubMed PMID: 16113826.
  • Lippi G, Favaloro EJ, Montagnana M, et al. C-reactive protein and venous thromboembolism: causal or casual association? Clin Chem Lab Med. 2010 Dec;48(12):1693–1701. PubMed PMID: 20704541.
  • Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med. 1997 Apr 03;336(14):973–979. PubMed PMID: 9077376.
  • Casas JP, Shah T, Hingorani AD, et al. C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease: a critical review. J Intern Med. 2008 Oct;264(4):295–314. PubMed PMID: 18823504.
  • Ferro D, Basili S, Alessandri C, et al. Inhibition of tissue-factor-mediated thrombin generation by simvastatin. Atherosclerosis. 2000 Mar;149(1):111–116. PubMed PMID: 10704621.
  • Baetta R, Camera M, Comparato C, et al. Fluvastatin reduces tissue factor expression and macrophage accumulation in carotid lesions of cholesterol-fed rabbits in the absence of lipid lowering. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 Apr 1;22(4):692–698. PubMed PMID: 11950712.
  • Cortellaro M, Cofrancesco E, Arbustini E, et al. Atorvastatin and thrombogenicity of the carotid atherosclerotic plaque: the ATROCAP study. Thromb Haemost. 2002 Jul;88(1):41–47. PubMed PMID: 12152675.
  • Arslan F, Pasterkamp G, De Kleijn DP. Unraveling pleiotropic effects of statins: bit by bit, a slow case with perspective. Circ Res. 2008 Aug 15;103(4):334–336. PubMed PMID: 18703784.
  • Sen-Banerjee S, Mir S, Lin Z, et al. Kruppel-like factor 2 as a novel mediator of statin effects in endothelial cells. Circulation. 2005 Aug 2;112(5):720–726. PubMed PMID: 16043642.
  • Nishino M, Hoshida S, Kato H, et al. Preprocedural statin administration can reduce thrombotic reaction after stent implantation. Circ J. 2008 Feb;72(2):232–237. PubMed PMID: 18219159.
  • Sbarouni E, Melissari E, Kyriakides ZS, et al. Effects of simvastatin or hormone replacement therapy, or both, on fibrinogen, factor VII, and plasminogen activator inhibitor levels in postmenopausal women with proven coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2000 Jul 01;86(1):80–83. PubMed PMID: 10867097.
  • Sahebkar A, Serban C, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Association between statin use and plasma D-dimer levels. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Thromb Haemost. 2015 Aug 31;114(3):546–557. PubMed PMID: 26017749.
  • Koh KK. Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on hemostasis. Int J Cardiol. 2000 Oct;76(1):23–32. PubMed PMID: 11121593.
  • Undas A, Celińska-Löwenhoff M, Kaczor M, et al. New nonlipid effects of statins and their clinical relevance in cardiovascular disease. Thromb Haemost. 2004 Jun;91(6):1065–1077. PubMed PMID: 15175791.
  • Zolcinski M, Ciesla-Dul M, Undas A. Effects of atorvastatin on plasma fibrin clot properties in apparently healthy individuals and patients with previous venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost. 2012 Jun;107(6):1180–1182. PubMed PMID: 22371154.
  • Undas A. Fibrin clot properties and their modulation in thrombotic disorders. Thromb Haemost. 2014 Jul 03;112(1):32–42. PubMed PMID: 24671700.
  • Krysiak R, Okopień B, Herman Z. Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coagulation and fibrinolysis processes. Drugs. 2003;63(17):1821–1854. PubMed PMID: 12921488.
  • Bo M, Bonino F, Neirotti M, et al. Hemorheologic and coagulative pattern in hypercholesterolemic subjects treated with lipid-lowering drugs. Angiology. 1991 Feb;42(2):106–113. PubMed PMID: 2006757.
  • Poredos P, Jezovnik MK. The role of inflammation in venous thromboembolism and the link between arterial and venous thrombosis. Int Angiol. 2007 Dec;26(4):306–311. PubMed PMID: 18091697.
  • Reitsma PH, Rosendaal FR. Activation of innate immunity in patients with venous thrombosis: the Leiden Thrombophilia Study. J Thromb Haemost. 2004 Apr;2(4):619–622. PubMed PMID: 15102017.
  • Van Aken BE, Reitsma PH, Rosendaal FR. Interleukin 8 and venous thrombosis: evidence for a role of inflammation in thrombosis. Br J Haematol. 2002 Jan;116(1):173–177. PubMed PMID: 11841414.
  • Kunutsor SK, Seidu S, Blom AW, et al. Serum C-reactive protein increases the risk of venous thromboembolism: a prospective study and meta-analysis of published prospective evidence. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017. Jul 17. doi: 10.1007/s10654-017-0277-4. PubMed PMID: 28718029.
  • Olson NC, Cushman M, Lutsey PL, et al. Inflammation markers and incident venous thromboembolism: the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) cohort. J Thromb Haemost. 2014 Dec;12(12):1993–2001. PubMed PMID: 25292154.
  • Ray JG. Why might statins prevent venous thromboembolism: what needs to be done to know more? Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2002 Nov;11(11):1659–1668. PubMed PMID: 12437511.
  • Prandoni P, Bilora F, Marchiori A, et al. An association between atherosclerosis and venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 10;348(15):1435–1441. PubMed PMID: 12686699.
  • Sørensen HT, Horvath-Puho E, Pedersen L, et al. Venous thromboembolism and subsequent hospitalisation due to acute arterial cardiovascular events: a 20-year cohort study. Lancet. 2007 Nov 24;370(9601):1773–1779. PubMed PMID: 18037081.
  • Braekkan SK, Mathiesen EB, Njølstad I, et al. Family history of myocardial infarction is an independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism: the Tromsø study. J Thromb Haemost. 2008 Nov;6(11):1851–1857. PubMed PMID: 18665924.
  • Glynn RJ, Rosner B. Comparison of risk factors for the competing risks of coronary heart disease, stroke, and venous thromboembolism. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Nov 15;162(10):975–982. PubMed PMID: 16207808.
  • Lacoste L, Lam JY, Hung J, et al. Hyperlipidemia and coronary disease. Correction of the increased thrombogenic potential with cholesterol reduction. Circulation. 1995 Dec 01;92(11):3172–3177. PubMed PMID: 7586300.
  • Kaul S, Waack BJ, Padgett RC, et al. Altered vascular responses to platelets from hypercholesterolemic humans. Circ Res. 1993 Apr;72(4):737–743. PubMed PMID: 8443865.
  • Owens AP 3rd, Passam FH, Antoniak S, et al. Monocyte tissue factor-dependent activation of coagulation in hypercholesterolemic mice and monkeys is inhibited by simvastatin. J Clin Invest. 2012 Feb;122(2):558–568. PubMed PMID: 22214850.
  • Criner KT, Trionfo A, editors. Impact of statins on postoperative venous thromboembolic events following total knee and hip replacements. Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2014 Mar 11; New Orleans, LA.
  • Finegold JA, Manisty CH, Goldacre B, et al. What proportion of symptomatic side effects in patients taking statins are genuinely caused by the drug? Systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials to aid individual patient choice. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2014 Apr;21(4):464–474. PubMed PMID: 24623264.
  • Naci H, Brugts J, Ades T. Comparative tolerability and harms of individual statins: a study-level network meta-analysis of 246 955 participants from 135 randomized, controlled trials. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013 Jul;6(4):390–399. PubMed PMID: 23838105.
  • Bellosta S, Corsini A. Statin drug interactions and related adverse reactions. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2012 Nov;11(6):933–946. PubMed PMID: 22866966.
  • Collins R, Reith C, Emberson J, et al. Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. Lancet. 2016 Nov 19;388(10059):2532–2561. PubMed PMID: 27616593.
  • Gaertner S, Cordeanu E-M, Nouri S, et al. Statins and prevention of venous thromboembolism: myth or reality? Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2016 Mar;109(3):216–222. PubMed PMID: 26778087.
  • McKenney JM, Jones PH, Adamczyk MA, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin in achieving lipid goals: results from the STELLAR trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 2003;19(8):689–698. PubMed PMID: 14687438.
  • Nicholls SJ, Ballantyne CM, Barter PJ, et al. Effect of two intensive statin regimens on progression of coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2011 Dec 01;365(22):2078–2087. PubMed PMID: 22085316.
  • Berne C, Siewert-Delle A; investigators US. Comparison of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin for lipid lowering in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from the URANUS study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005 Jun 03;4:7. PubMed PMID: 15935095.
  • Levitan N, Dowlati A, Remick SC, et al. Rates of initial and recurrent thromboembolic disease among patients with malignancy versus those without malignancy. Risk analysis using Medicare claims data. Medicine (Baltimore). 1999 Sep;78(5):285–291. PubMed PMID: 10499070.
  • Lyman GH, Bohlke K, Khorana AA, et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer: American society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline update 2014. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Feb 20;33(6):654–656. PubMed PMID: 25605844.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.