Reviewing the use of ventricular assist devices in the elderly: where do we stand today?

References

• Roger VL. The epidemiology of HF. Circ Res. 2013;113:646–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135:e146–e603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131:e29–e322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caraang C, Lanier GM, Gass A, et al. Left ventricular assist device in older adults. Heart Fail Clin. 2017;13:619–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng MC, Loebe M, El-Banayosy A, et al. Mechanical circulatory support for advanced heart failure: effect of patient selection on outcome. Circulation. 2001;103:231–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaffer JM, Allen JG, Weiss ES, et al. Evaluation of risk indices in continuous-flow left ventricular assist device patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88:1889–1896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenk S, McCarthy PM, Blackstone EH, et al. Duration of inotropic support after left ventricular assist device implantation: risk factors and impact on outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131:447–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepanenko A, Potapov EV, Jurmann B, et al. Outcomes of elective versus emergent permanent mechanical circulatory support in the elderly: a single-center experience. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2010;29:61–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topkara VK, Dang NC, Martens TP, et al. Bridging to transplantation with left ventricular assist devices: outcomes in patients aged 60 years and older. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130:881–2.*.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahr F, Ootaki Y, Starling RC, et al. Preoperative risk factors for mortality after biventricular assist device implantation. J Card Fail. 2008;14:844–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119:e21–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Banayosy A, Arusoglu L, Kizner L, et al. Predictors of survival in patients bridged to transplantation with the Thoratec VAD device: a single-center retrospective study on more than 100 patients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000;19:964–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman WL, Kormos RL, Naftel DC, et al. Predictors of death and transplant in patients with a mechanical circulatory support device: a multi-institutional study. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2009;28:44–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang R, Deng M, Rogers JG, et al. Effect of age on outcomes after left ventricular assist device placement. Transplant Proc. 2006;38:1496–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Kormos RL, et al. Second INTERMACS annual report: more than 1,000 primary left ventricular assist device implants. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2010;29:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klotz S, Vahlhaus C, Riehl C, et al. Pre-operative prediction of post-VAD implant mortality using easily accessible clinical parameters. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2010;29:45–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lietz K, Long JW, Kfoury AG, et al. Impact of center volume on outcomes of left ventricular assist device implantation as destination therapy: analysis of the Thoratec HeartMate Registry, 1998 to 2005. Circ Heart Fail. 2009;2:3–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao V, Oz MC, Flannery MA, et al. Revised screening scale to predict survival after insertion of a left ventricular assist device. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125:855–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandner SE, Zimpfer D, Zrunek P, et al. Age and outcome after continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation as bridge to transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2009;28:367–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund LH, Khush KK, Cherikh WS, et al. Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: thirty-fourth adult heart transplantation report – 2017; focus theme: allograft ischemic time. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2017;36:1037–1046.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park SJ, Milano CA, Tatooles AJ, et al. Outcomes in advanced heart failure patients with left ventricular assist devices for destination therapy. Circ Heart Fail. 2012;5:241–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamson RM, Stahovich M, Chillcott S, et al. Clinical strategies and outcomes in advanced heart failure patients older than 70 years of age receiving the HeartMate II left ventricular assist device: a community hospital experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:2487–2495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Kormos RL, et al. The fourth INTERMACS annual report: 4,000 implants and counting. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2012;31:117–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George TJ, Kilic A, Beaty CA, et al. Septuagenarians bridged to heart transplantation with a ventricular assist device have outcomes similar to younger patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95:1251–1260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen JG, Kilic A, Weiss ES, et al. Should patients 60 years and older undergo bridge to transplantation with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices? Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;94:2017–2024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabashnikov A, Mohite PN Zych B et al. Outcomes and predictors of early mortality after continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation as a bridge to transplantation. ASAIO J. 2014 Mar;60:162–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchantchaleishvili V, Sagebin F, Ross RE, et al. Evaluation and treatment of pump thrombosis and hemolysis. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;3:490–495.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monkowski DH, Axelrod P, Fekete T, et al. Infections associated with ventricular assist devices: epidemiology and effect on prognosis after transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2007;9:114–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon RJ, Weinberg AD, Pagani FD, et al. Ventricular assist device infection study group. Circulation. 2013;127:691–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crow S, John R, Boyle A, et al. Gastrointestinal bleeding rates in recipients of nonpulsatile and pulsatile left ventricular assist devices. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:208–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirozu ZT, Radovancevic R, Hochman LF, et al. Arteriovenous malformation and gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with the HeartMate II left ventricular assist device. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2011;30:849–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushnir VM, Sharma S, Ewald GA, et al. Evaluation of GI bleeding after implantation of left ventricular assist device. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75:973–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wever-Pinzon O, Selzman CH, Drakos SG, et al. Pulsatility and the risk of nonsurgical bleeding in patients supported with the continuous-flow left ventricular assist device HeartMate II. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6:517–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uriel N, Pak SW, Jorde UP, et al. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome after continuous-flow mechanical device support contributes to a high prevalence of bleeding during long-term support and at the time of transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1207–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincentelli A, Susen S, Le Tourneau T, et al. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome in aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:343–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klovaite J, Gustafsson F, Mortensen SA, et al. Severely impaired von Willebrand factor-dependent platelet aggregation in patients with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (HeartMate II). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:2162–2167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer AL, Malehsa D, Budde U, et al. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome in patients with a centrifugal or axial continuous flow left ventricular assist device. JACC Heart Fail. 2014;2:141–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalonde SD, Alba AC, Rigobon A, et al. Clinical differences between continuous flow ventricular assist devices: a comparison between HeartMate II and HeartWare HVAD. J Card Surg. 2013;28:604–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal A, Pant R, Kumar S, et al. Incidence and management of gastrointestinal bleeding with continuous flow assist devices. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93:1534–1540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh NS, Cool J, Karas MG, et al. Stroke risk and mortality in patients with ventricular assist devices. Stroke. 2016;47:2702–2706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Kormos RL, et al. Fifth INTERMACS annual report: risk factor analysis from more than 6,000 mechanical circulatory support patients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013;32:141–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willey JZ, Gavalas MV, Trinh PN, et al. Outcomes after stroke complicating left ventricular assist device. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35:1003–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey L, Holley C, Roy SS, et al. Stroke after left ventricular assist device implantation: outcomes in the continuous-flow era. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;100:535–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afilalo J, Karunananthan S, Eisenberg MJ, et al. Role of frailty in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103:1616–1621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehra MR, Canter CE, Hannan MM, et al. The 2016 International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation listing criteria for heart transplantation: a 10-year update. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35:1–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha SR, Hannu MK, Chang S, et al. The prevalence and prognostic significance of frailty in patients with advanced heart failure referred for heart transplantation. Transplantation. 2016;100:429–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha SR, Hannu MK, Gore K, et al. Cognitive impairment improves the predictive validity of physical frailty for mortality in patients with advanced heart failure referred for heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35:1092–1100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha SR, Hannu MK, Newton PJ, et al. Reversibility of frailty after bridge-to-transplant ventricular assist device implantation or heart transplantation. Transplant Direct. 2017;3:e167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum AN, John R, Liao KK. Survival in elderly patients supported with continuous flow left ventricular assist device as bridge to transplantation or destination therapy. J Card Fail. 2014;20:161–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose EA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, et al. Randomized evaluation of mechanical assistance for the treatment of congestive heart failure (REMATCH) study group: long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1435–1443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnamani R, DeNofrio D, Konstam MA. Emerging ventricular assist devices for long-term cardiac support. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7:71–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Singh R, Pagani FD, et al. Ventricular assist device therapy in older patients with heart failure: characteristics and outcomes. J Card Fail. 2016;22:981–987.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atluri P, Goldstone AB, Kobrin DM, et al. Ventricular assist device implant in the elderly is associated with increased, but respectable risk: a multi-institutional study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;96:141–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart GC, Givertz MM, Mehra MR. Pump thrombosis redux. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015;34:1511–1514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smedira NG, Blackstone EH, Ehrlinger J, et al. Current risks of HeartMate II pump thrombosis: nonparametric analysis of Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support data. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015;34:1527–1534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein DJ, John R, Salerno C, et al. Algorithm for the diagnosis and management of suspected pump thrombus. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013;32:667–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair N, Schmitt AA, Rau EM, et al. Thrombolytics in VAD management – a single-center experience. IJC Heart Vasculature. 2016;11:49–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin BJ, Luc JGY, Maruyama M, et al. Driveline site is not a predictor of infection after ventricular assist device implantation. ASAIO J. 2017 Oct;23. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000690
   Google Scholar
• Dunlay SM, Park SJ, Joyce MD. LD frailty and outcomes following implantation of left ventricular assist device as destination therapy. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33:359–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint KM, Matlock DD, Lindenfeld J. Frailty and the selection of patients for destination therapy left ventricular assist device. Circ Heart Fail. 2012;5:286–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady KL, Naftel DC, Myers S, et al. Change in health-related quality of life from before to after destination therapy mechanical circulatory support is similar for older and younger patients: analyses from INTERMACS. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015;34:213–221.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lietz K, Long JW, Kfoury AG, et al. Outcomes of left ventricular assist device implantation as destination therapy in the post-REMATCH era: implications for patient selection. Circulation. 2007;116:497–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamura T, Kinugawa K, Shiga T, et al. Novel risk scoring system with preoperative objective parameters gives a good prediction of 1-year mortality in patients with a left ventricular assist device. Circ J. 2012;76:1895–1903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaronson KD, Schwartz JS, Chen TM, et al. Development and prospective validation of a clinical index to predict survival in ambulatory patients referred for cardiac transplant evaluation. Circulation. 1997;95:2660–2667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng RK, Deng MC, Tseng C-H, et al. Risk stratification in patients with advanced heart failure requiring biventricular assist device support as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2012;31:831–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneshmand MA, Rajagopal K, Lima B, et al. Left ventricular assist device destination therapy versus extended criteria cardiac transplant. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89:1205–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorabella RA, Yerebakan H, Walters R, et al. Comparison of outcomes after heart replacement therapy in patients over 65 years old. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;99:582–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkon AM, Muehlebach GF, Jones PG, et al. An analysis of the effect of age on survival after heart transplant. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18:668–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favaloro R, Diez M, Bertolotti A, et al. Orthotopic heart transplantation in elderly patients: a 10-year experience at a single center. Transplant Proc. 2004;36:1692–1694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peraira JR, Segovia J, Fuentes R, et al. Differential characteristics of heart transplantation in patients older than 60 years. Transplant Proc. 2003;35:1959–1961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneshvar D, Czer LSC, Phan A, et al. Heart transplantation in patients aged 70 years and older: a two-decade experience. Transplant Proc. 2011;43:3851–3856.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russo MJ, Davies RR, Hong KN, et al. Matching high-risk recipients with marginal donor hearts is a clinically effective strategy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87:1066–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demers P, Moffatt S, Oyer PE, et al. Long-term results of heart transplantation in patients older than 60 years. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;126:224–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaughter MS, Pagani FD, Rogers JG, et al. Clinical management of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices in advanced heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2010;29(4 Suppl):S1–S39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews JC, Koelling TM, Pagani FD, et al. The right ventricular failure risk score a pre-operative tool for assessing the risk of right ventricular failure in left ventricular assist device candidates. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:2163–2172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews JC, Pagani FD, Haft JW, et al. Model for end-stage liver disease score predicts left ventricular assist device operative transfusion requirements, morbidity, and mortality. Circulation. 2010;121:214–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang JA, Kato TS, Shulman BP, et al. Liver dysfunction as a predictor of outcomes in patients with advanced heart failure requiring ventricular assist device support: use of the Model of End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) and MELD eXcluding INR (MELD-XI) scoring system. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2012;31:601–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancini D, Colombo PC. Left ventricular assist devices: a rapidly evolving alternative to transplant. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:2542–2555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell SD, Miller LW, Pagani FD. Advanced heart failure: a call to action. Congest Heart Fail. 2008;14:316–321.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:e147–e239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagani FD, Aaronson KD, Kormos R, et al. The NHLBI REVIVE-IT study: understanding its discontinuation in the context of current left ventricular assist device therapy. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35:1277–1283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Pagani FD, et al. Seventh INTERMACS annual report: 15,000 patients and counting. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015;34:1495–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar