Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke: contemporary evidence and treatment

References

• Schneider B, Zienkiewicz T, Jansen V, et al. Diagnosis of patient foramen ovale by tranesophageal echocardiography and correlation with autopsy findings. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77(14):1202–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang OY, Lee MJ, Ryoo S, et al. Patent foramen ovale and stroke- current status. J Stroke. 2015;17(3):229–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneshmand A, Koulouridis I, Thaler D. Cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale: the role of Valsalva maneuver and prolonged immobility. Neurology. 2017;88(16):P3.079.
   Google Scholar
• Senadim S, Bozkurt D, Cabalar M, et al. The role of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke. Arch Neuropsychiatry. 2016;53(1):63–66.
   Google Scholar
• Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR. Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Neurology. 2000;55:1172–1179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara H, Virmani R, Ladich E, et al. Patent foramen ovale: current pathology, pathophysiology, and clinical status. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(9):1768–1776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Kasper W, et al. Patent foramen ovale is an important predictor of adverse outcome in patients with major pulmonary embolism. Circulation. 1998;97:1946–1951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falanga G, Carerj S, Oreto G, et al. How to understand patent foramen ovale clinical significance: part I. J Cardiovasc Echogr. 2015;24(4):114–121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD, et al. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965. Normal Hearts Mayo Clinic Proc. 1984;59(1):17–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohnheim J, Lichtheim L. Ueber hydramie und hydramisches oedema. Eur J Pathol. 1877;69:106–143.
   Google Scholar
• Adams H, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicentre clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke. 1993;24(1):35–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Homma S. Patent foramen ovale and stroke. Circ J. 2016;80:1665–1673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobis JM, Azarbal B. Does patent foramen ovale promote cryptogenic stroke and migraine headache. Curr Issues Cardiol. 2005;32(3):362–365.
   Google Scholar
• Hart RG, Diener HC, Coutts SB, et al. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: the case for a new clinical construct. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:429–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nouh A, Hussain M, Mehta T, et al. Embolic strokes of unknown source and cryptogenic stroke: implications in clinical practice. Front Neurol. 2016;7:37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Sciacca RR, et al. Patent foramen ovale and the risk of ischemic stroke in a multiethnic population. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:797–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR. Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke. Neurology. 2000;55(8):1172–1179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handke M, Harloff A, Olschewski M, et al. Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke in older patients. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2262–2268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch R. Investigations into bacteria: V. The etiology of anthrax, based on the ontogenesis of Bacillus anthracis. Cohns Beitrage Zur Biologie De Pflanzen. 1876;2(2):277–310.
   Google Scholar
• Bradford AH. The environment and disease: association or causation. Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58(5):295–300.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howick J, Glasziou P, Aronson JK. The evolution of evidence hierarchies: what can Bradford hill’s guidelines for causation contribute?. J R Soc Med. 2009;102:186–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilmshurst PT, de Belder MA. Patent foramen ovale in adult life. Br Heart J. 1994;71:209–212.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinto FJ. When and how to diagnose patent foramen ovale. Heart. 2005;91:438–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonati LH, Kessel-Schaefer A, Linka AZ, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging in stroke attributable to patent foramen ovale. Significance of concomitant atrial septal aneurysm. Stroke. 2006;37:2030–2034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel SS, Tuzcu M, Shishehbor MH, et al. Morphology of the patent foramen ovale in asymptomaic versus symptomatic (stroke or transient ischemic attack) patients. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(1):124–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR, et al. Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale. Patent foramen ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study. Circulation. 2002;105:2625–2631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausmann D, Mugge A, Werner GD. Identification of patent foramen ovale permitting paradoxic embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26(4):1030–1038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Castro S, Cartoni D, Fiorelli M, et al. Morphological and functional characteristics of patent foramen ovale and their embolic implications. Stroke. 2000;31(10):2407–2413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natanzon A, Goldman ME. Patent foramen ovale: anatomy versus pathophysiology – which determines stroke risk. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16(1):71–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agmon Y, Khandheria BK, Meissner I, et al. Frequency of atrial septal aneurysms in patients with cerebral ischemic events. Circulation. 1999;99:1942–1944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franke A, Hanrath P. The role of atrial septal abnormalities in cryptogenic stroke – still questionable? Eur Heart J. 2001;22:198–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mügge A, Daniel WG, Angermann C, et al. Atrial septal aneurysm in adult patients. A multicenter study using transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation. 1995 Jun 1;91(11):2785–2792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson AC, Nagelhout D, Castello R, et al. Atrial septal aneurysm and stroke: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991 Nov 1;18(5):1223–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattioli AV, Bonetti L, Aquilina M, et al. Association between atrial septal aneurysm and patent foramen ovale in young patients with recent stroke and normal carotid arteries. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;15:4–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serena J, Marti-Fabregas J, Santamarina E, et al. Recurrent stroke and massive right-to-left shunt. Results from the Prospective Spanish Multicenter (CODICIA) Study. Stroke. 2008;39:3131–3136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joeseph L, Ward C, Alqasrawi M, et al. Echocardiographic diagnosis of chiari network and arterial embolic events. Circuation. 2015;132(3):37.
   Google Scholar
• Schwimmer-Okike N, Niebuhr J, Schramek GGR, et al. The presence of a large chiari network in a patient with atrial fibrillation and stroke. Case Rep Cardiol. 2016;1:1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards P, Wozniak M, Corretti M, et al. Cardiac chiari network as an etiology for embolic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1994;4:238–241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rahman A, Jayasinghe R, Rajendran S. Paradoxical embolism via a patent foramen ovale. An important mechanism of cryptogenic strokes. Circulation. 2008;1(2):9–10.
   Google Scholar
• Cramer SC, Rordorf G, Maki JH, et al. Increased pelvic vein thrombi in cryptogenic stroke. Results of the Paradoxical Emboli from Large Vein in Ischemic Stroke (PELVIS) Study. Stroke. 2004;35:46–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiernan TJ, Yan BP, Cubeddu RJ, et al. May-Thurner syndrome in patients with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale. Stroke. 2009;40:1502–1504. Originally published March 30, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botto N, Spadoni I, Giusti S, et al. Prothrombotic mutations as risk factors for cryptogenic ischemic cerebrovascular event in young subject with patent foramen ovale. Stroke. 2007;38:2070–2073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pezzini A, Del Zotto E, Magoni M, et al. Inherited thrombophillic disorders in young adults with ischemic stroke and patent foramen ovale. 2003;34:28–33.
   Google Scholar
• Haeusler KG, Hoppe JH, Kasabov R, et al. Thrombophillia screening in young patients with cryptogenic stroke. Hamostaseologie. 2012;32:147–152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serra W, De Iaco G, Reverberi C, et al. Pulmonary embolism and patent foramen ovale thrombosis: the key role of TEE. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2007;5(26):1–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Homma S, Di Tullio MR. Patent foramen ovale and stroke. J Cardiol. 2010;56:134–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mugge A, Daniel WG, Angermann C, et al. Atrial septal aneurysm in adult patients. A multicentre study using transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation. 1995;91(11):2785–2792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessler BS, Kent DM, Thaler DE, et al. The RoPE score and right-to-left shunt severity by transcranial Doppler in the CODICIA study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;40:1–2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessler B, Thaler DE, Ruthazer R, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography in cryptogenic stroke and PFO: the analysis of putative high risk features from the Risk of Paradoxical Embolism (RoPE) database. Circ Imaging. 2014;7(1):125–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PICSS investigators. Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale. Patent foramen ovale In Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICSS). Circulation. 2002;105:2625–2631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WARSS Investigators. Warfarin versus Aspirin in the Secondary prevention of Stroke: the WARSS study. Curr Artherosclerosis Rep. 2002;4(4):3123–3318.
   Google Scholar
• Landzberg M, Khairy P. Indications for the closure of patent foramen ovale. Heart. 2004;90:219–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homma S, Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, et al. Surgical closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke. Stroke. 1997;28:2376–2381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dearani JA, Ugurlu BS, Danielson GK, et al. Surgical patent foramen ovale closure for prevention of paradoxical embolism-related cerebrovascular events. Circulation. 1999;100:171–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLOSURE I Investigators. Closure or medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale. New England J Med. 2012;366(11):991–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier B, Kalesan B, Mattle HP, et al. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic embolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1083–1091. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1211716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saver JL, Carroll JD, Thaler DE, et al. Long-term outcomes of patent foramen ovale closure or medical therapy after stroke. N Engl J Med. 2017 Sep 14;377:1022–1032. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1610057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mas JL, Derumeaux G, Guillon B, et al. CLOSE investigators. Patent foramen ovale closure or anticoagulation vs. antiplatelets after stroke. N Engl J Med. 2017 Sep 14;377(11):1011–1021. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1705915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Søndergaard L, Kasner SE, Rhodes JF, et al. Gore REDUCE clinical study investigators patent foramen ovale closure or antiplatelet therapy for cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2017 Sep 14;377(11):1033–1042. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1707404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfrum M, Froehlich GM, Knapp G, et al. Stroke prevention by percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2014 Mar;100(5):389–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patti G, Pelliccia F, Gaudio C, et al. Meta-analysis of net long-term benefit of different therapeutic strategies in patients with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale. Am J Cardiol. 2015 Mar 15;115(6):837–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AAN Practice Advisory Group. Practice advisory update of practice parameter: recurrent stroke with patent foramen ovale. Neurology. 2016;87(8):815–821.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2014;45(7):2160–2236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farb A, Ibrahim NG, Zuckerman BD. Patent foramen ovale after cryptogenic stroke — assessing the evidence for closure. N Engl J Med. 2017 Sep 14;377:1006–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar