186
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Stress echocardiography in valvular heart disease

, , &
Pages 795-804 | Received 08 Jul 2018, Accepted 03 Oct 2018, Published online: 10 Oct 2018

References

  • Iung B, Baron G, Butchart EG, et al. A prospective study of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe: the Euro heart study on valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:1231–1243.
  • Osnabrugge RL, Mylotte D, Head SJ, et al. Aortic stenosis in the elderly: disease prevalence and number of candidates for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a meta-analysis and modeling study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:1002–1012.
  • Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, et al. ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:2739–2791.
  • Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with valvuar heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:e57–185.
  • Bhattacharyya S, Hayward C, Pepper J, et al. Risk stratification in asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis: a critical appraisal. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:2377–2387.
  • Pellikka PA, Sarano ME, Nishimura RA, et al. Outcome of 622 adults with asymptomatic, hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis during prolonged follow-up. Circulation. 2005;111:3290–3295.
  • Taniguchi T, Morimoto T, Shiomi H, et al. Sudden death in patients with severe aortic stenosis observations from the CURRENT AS registry. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;pii: e008397. DOI:10.1161/JAHA.117.008397
  • Amato MC, Moffa PJ, Werner KE, et al. Treatment decision in asymptomatic aortic valve stenosis: role of exercise testing. Heart. 2001;86:381–386.
  • Das P, Rimington H, Chambers J. Exercise testing to risk stratify in aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1309–1313.
  • Saeed S, Rajani R, Seifert R, et al. Exercise testing in patients with asymptomatic moderate or severe aortic stenosis. Heart. 2018. Epub ahead of print. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2018-312939
  • Masri A, Goodman AL, Barr T, et al. Predictors of long-term outcomes in asymptomatic patients with with severe aortic stenosis and preserved left ventricular systolic function undergoing exercise echocardiography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;pii: e004689. DOI:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.004689
  • Lancellotti P, Lebois F, Simon M, et al. Prognostic importance of quantitative exercise Doppler echocardiography in asymptomatic valvular aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2005;112:I377–82.
  • Marechaux S, Pv E, LeJemtel TH, et al. Left ventricular response to exercise in aortic stenosis. Echocardiography. 2007;9:955–959.
  • Lancellotti P, Magne J, Donal E, et al. Determinants and prognostic significance of exercise pulmonary hypertension in asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2012;126:851–859.
  • Goublaire C, Melissopoulou M, Lobo D, et al. Prognostic value of exercise stress echocardiography in asymptomatic patients with aortic valve stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11:787–795.
  • Maréchaux S, Ennezat PV, Le Jemtel TH, et al. Left ventricular response to exercise in aortic stenosis: an exercise echocardiographic study. Echocardiography. 2007;24:955–959.
  • Van Pelt NC, Stewart RA, Legget ME, et al. Longitudinal left ventricular contractile dysfunction after exercise in aortic stenosis. Heart. 2007;93:732–738.
  • Donal E, Thebault C, O’Connor K, et al. Impact of aortic stenosis on myocardial deformation during exercise. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011;12:235–241.
  • Huded CP, Masri A, Kusunose K, et al. Outcomes in asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction undergoing rest and treadmill stress echocardiography. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;pii: e007880. DOI:10.1161/JAHA.117.007880
  • Bhattacharyya S, Khattar R, Chahal N, et al. Dynamic assessment of stenotic valvular heart disease by stress echocardiography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:583–589.
  • Lancellotti P, Pellikka P, Budts W, et al. The clinical use of stress echocardiography in non-ischaemic heart disease: recommendations from the European association of cardiovascular imaging and the American society of echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30:101–138.
  • Michelena HI, Margaryan E, Miller FA, et al. Inconsistent echocardiographic grading of aortic stenosis: is the left ventricular outflow tract important? Heart. 2013;99:921–931.
  • Minners J, Allgeier M, Gohlke- Baerwolf C. Inconsistencies of echocardiographic criteria for the grading of aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:1043–1048.
  • Caballero L, Saura D, Oliva-Sandoval MJ, et al. Three-dimensional morphology of the left ventricular outflow tract: impact on grading aortic stenosis severity. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30:28–35.
  • deFillippi CR, Willett DL, Brickner ME, et al. Usefulness of dobutamine stress echocardiography in distinguishing severe from non-severe valvular aortic stenosis in patients with depressed left ventricular function and low transvalvular gradient. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:191–194.
  • Monin JL, Quere JP, Monchi M, et al. Low-gradient aortic stenosis: operative risk stratification and predictors for long term outcome: a multicenter study using dobutamine stress hemodynamics. Circulation. 2003;108:319–324.
  • Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG. Low flow, low gradient aortic stenosis with normal and depressed left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1845–1853.
  • Clavel MA, Burwash IG, Mundigler G. Validation of conventional and simplified methods to calculate projected valve area at normal flow rate in patients with low flow, low gradient aortic stenosis: the multicenter TOPAS (True or Pseudo Severe Aortic Stenosis) study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:380–386.
  • Annabi MS, Touboul E, Dahou A, et al. dobutamine stress echocardiography for management of low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:475–485.
  • Levy F, Laurent M, Monin JL, et al. Aortic valve replacement for low-flow/low gradient aortic stenosis; operative risk stratification and long term outcome: a European multicentre study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1466–1472.
  • Blais C, Burwash IG, Mundigler G, et al. Projected valve area at normal flow rate improves the assessment of stenosis severity in patients with low flow low gradient aortic stenosis: the multicenter TOPAS (Truly or Pseudo Severe Aortic Stenosis) study. Circulation. 2006;113:711–721.
  • Hachicha Z, Dumesnil JG, Bogaty P, et al. Paradoxical low flow, low gradient severe aortic stenosis despite preserved ejection fraction is associated with higher afterload and reduced survival. Circulation. 2007;115:2856–2864.
  • Eleid MF, Sorajja P, Michelena HI, et al. Flow-gradient patterns in severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction: clinical characteristics and predictors of survival. Circulation. 2013;128:1781–1789.
  • Clavel MA, Ennezat PV, Maréchaux S, et al. Stress echocardiography to assess stenosis severity and predict outcome in patients with paradoxical low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis and preserved LVEF. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2013;6:175–183.
  • Messika-Zeitoun D, Aubry MC, Detaint D, et al. Evaluation and clinical implications of aortic valve calcification measured by electron-beam computed tomography. Circulation. 2004;110:356–362.
  • Cueff C, Serfaty JM, Cimadevilla C, et al. Measurement of aortic valve calcification using multislice computed tomography: correlation with hemodynamic severity of aortic stenosis and clinical implication for patients with low ejection fraction. Heart. 2011;97:721–726.
  • Clavel MA, Dumesnil JG, Capoulade R, et al. Outcome of patients with aortic stenosis, small valve area and low-flow, low-gradient despite preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1259–1267.
  • Dayan V, Vignolo G, Magne J, et al. Outcome and impact of aortic valve replacement in patients with preserved LV ejection fraction and low gradient aortic stenosis: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2594–2603.
  • Wahi S, Haluska B, Pasquet A, et al. Exercise echocardiography predicts development of left ventricular dysfunction in medically and surgically treated patients with asymptomatic severe aortic regurgitation. Heart. 2000;84:606–614.
  • Siemienczuk D, Greenberg B, Morris C, et al. Chronic aortic insufficiency: factors associated with progression to aortic valve replacement. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:587–592.
  • Borer JS, Hochreiter C, Herrold EM, et al. Prediction of indications for valve replacement among asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patients with chronic aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular performance. Circulation. 1998;97:525–534.
  • Vinereanu D, Ionescu AA, Fraser AG. Assessment of left ventricular long axis contraction can detect early myocardial dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation. Heart. 2001;85:30–36.
  • Kusunose K, Agarwal S, Marwick TH, et al. Decision making in asymptomatic aortic regurgitation in the era of guidelines: incremental values of resting and exercise cardiac dysfunction. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7:352–362.
  • Freed LA, Levy D, Levine RA, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome of mitral-valve prolapse. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1–7.
  • Levy D, Savage D. Prevalence and clinical features of mitral valve prolapse. Am Heart J. 1987;113:1281–1290.
  • Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Devereux RB, et al. Mitral valve prolapse in the general population epidemiologic features: the framingham study. Am Heart J. 1983;106:571–576.
  • Nishimura RA, McGoon MD, Shub C, et al. Echocardiographically documented mitral-valve prolapse: long-term follow-up of 237 patients. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1305–1309.
  • Duren DR, Becker AE, Dunning AJ. Long-term follow-up of idiopathic mitral valve prolapse in 300 patients: a prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;11:42–47.
  • Rosenhek R, Rader F, Klaar U, et al. Outcome of watchful waiting in asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2006;113:2238–2244.
  • Kang DH, Park SJ, Sun BJ, et al. Early surgery versus conventional treatment for asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation: a propensity analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2398–2407.
  • Suri RM, Vanoverschelde JL, Grigioni F, et al. Association between early surgical intervention vs watchful waiting and outcomes for mitral regurgitation due to flail mitral valve leaflets. JAMA. 2013;310:609–616.
  • Tischler MD, Battle RW, Saha M, et al. Observations suggesting a high incidence of exercise-induced severe mitral regurgitation in patients with mild rheumatic mitral valve disease at rest. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:128–133.
  • Naji P, Griffin BP, Asfahan F, et al. Predictors of long-term outcomes in patients with significant myxomatous mitral regurgitation undergoing exercise echocardiography. Circulation. 2014;129:1310–1319.
  • Messika-Zeitoun D, Johnson BD, Nkomo V, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing determination of functional capacity in mitral regurgitation: physiologic and outcome implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:2521–2527.
  • Magne J, Mahjoub H, Dulgheru R, et al. Left ventricular contractile reserve in asymptomatic primary mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:1608–1616.
  • Lancellotti P, Cosyns B, Zacharakis D, et al. Importance of left ventricular longitudinal function and functional reserve in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation: assessment by two-dimensional speckle tracking. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21:1331–1336.
  • Kim HM, Cho GY, Hwang IC, et al. Myocardial strain in prediction of outcomes after surgery for severe mitral regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018 May 11; pii. S1936–878X(18):30297–3. DOI:10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.03.016
  • Magne J, Lancellotti P, Piérard LA. Exercise-induced changes in degenerative mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:300–309.
  • Magne J, Lancellotti P, Piérard LA. exercise pulmonary hypertension in asymptomatic degenerative mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2010;122:33–41.
  • Kusunose K, Popović ZB, Motoki H, et al. Prognostic significance of exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction in asymptomatic degenerative mitral regurgitation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:167–176.
  • Vitel E, Galli E, Leclercq C, et al. Right ventricular exercise contractile reserve and outcomes after early surgery for primary mitral regurgitation. Heart. 2018;104:855–860.
  • Bhattacharyya S, Khattar R, Chahal N, et al. Dynamic mitral regurgitation: review of evidence base, assessment and implications for clinical management. Cardiol Rev. 2015;23:142–147.
  • Waddingham PH, Bhattacharyya S, Zalen JV, et al. Contractile reserve as a predictor of prognosis in patients with non-ischaemic systolic heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Echo Res Pract. 2018;5:1–9.
  • Lancellotti P, Troisfontaines P, Toussaint AC, et al. Prognostic importance of exercise-induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 2003;108:1713–1717.
  • Leavitt JI, Coats MH, Falk RH. Effects of exercise on transmitral gradient and pulmonary artery pressure in patients with mitral stenosis or a prosthetic mitral valve: a Doppler echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17:1520–1526.
  • Laufer-Perl M, Gura Y, Shimiaie J, et al. Mechanisms of effort intolerance in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis: combined echocardiography and cardiopulmonary stress protocol. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10:622–633.
  • Schwammenthal E, Vered Z, Agranat O, et al. Impact of atrioventricular compliance on pulmonary artery pressure in mitral stenosis: an exercise echocardiographic study. Circulation. 2000;102:2378–2384.
  • Grimaldi A, Olivotto I, Figini F, et al. Dynamic assessment of ‘valvular reserve capacity’ in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;13:476–482.
  • Reis G, Motta MS, Barbosa MM, et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography for noninvasive assessment and risk stratification of patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:393–401.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.