Aspirin and low-dose rivaroxaban – the dual pathway concept in patients with stable atherosclerotic disease: a comprehensive review

References

• Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American heart association. Circulation. 2016;133(4):e38–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt DL, Eagle KA, Ohman EM, et al. Comparative determinants of 4-year cardiovascular event rates in stable outpatients at risk of or with atherothrombosis. JAMA. 2010;304(12):1350–1357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Wilson PWF, et al. One-year cardiovascular event rates in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA. 2007;297(11):1197–1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppens M, Weitz JI, Eikelboom JWA. Synergy of dual pathway inhibition in chronic cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2019;124(3):416–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Senger CA, et al. Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(12):804–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;373(9678):1849–1860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdulsattar Y, Bhambri R, Nogid A. Rivaroxaban (xarelto) for the prevention of thromboembolic disease: an inside look at the oral direct factor xa inhibitor. Pharm Ther. 2009;34(5):238–244.
   Google Scholar
• Weitz JI, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, et al. Rivaroxaban or aspirin for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(13):1211–1222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botting RM. Vane’s discovery of the mechanism of action of aspirin changed our understanding of its clinical pharmacology. Pharmacol Rep. 2010;62(3):518–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mega JL, Braunwald E, Wiviott SD, et al. Rivaroxaban in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2011;366(1):9–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xarelto: summary of product characteristics. Germany: Bayer AG. 2018 [cited 2019 Oct 22]. Available from: https://www.xarelto.com/spc/xarelto-10-mg
   Google Scholar
• Loeffen R, van Oerle R, Leers MPG, et al. Factor XIa and thrombin generation are elevated in patients with acute coronary syndrome and predict recurrent cardiovascular events. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0158355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlini PA, Bauer KA, Oltrona L, et al. Persistent activation of coagulation mechanism in unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1994;90(1):61–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korjian S, Braunwald E, Daaboul Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban for the secondary prevention following acute coronary syndromes among biomarker-positive patients: insights from the ATLAS ACS 2-TIMI 51 trial. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2019;8(2):186–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen M, Iyer D. The “dual-pathway” strategy after acute coronary syndrome: rivaroxaban and antiplatelet agents in the ATLAS ACS 2-TIMI 51 trial. Cardiovasc Ther. 2014;32(5):224–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciurus T, Sobczak S, Cichocka-Radwan A, et al. New oral anticoagulants - a practical guide. Kardiochirurgia i torakochirurgia Pol = Polish J cardio-thoracic Surg. 2015;12(2):111–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Bosch J, et al. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in stable cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(14):1319–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milling TJ Jr, Ziebell CM. A review of oral anticoagulants, old and new, in major bleeding and the need for urgent surgery. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020;30(2):86–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aboyans V, Ricco J-B, Bartelink M-LE-L, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases, in collaboration with the european society for vascular surgery (ESVS): document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries endorsed by: the European stroke organization (ESO)the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases of the european society of cardiology (ESC) and of the European society for vascular surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 2017;39(9):763–816.
   Google Scholar
• Anand SS, Caron F, Eikelboom JW, et al. Major adverse limb events and mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease: the COMPASS trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(20):2306–2315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankey GJ, Norman PE, Eikelboom JW. Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease. JAMA. 2006;295(5):547–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonaca MP, Bauersachs RM, Anand SS, et al. Rivaroxaban in peripheral artery disease after revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(21):1994–2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox KAA, Eikelboom JW, Shestakovska O, et al. Rivaroxaban plus aspirin in patients with vascular disease and renal dysfunction: from the COMPASS trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(18):2243–2250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly SJ, Eikelboom JW, Bosch J, et al. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable coronary artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10117):205–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt DL, Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, et al. Role of combination antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2020;141(23):1841–1854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamy A, Eikelboom J, Sheth T, et al. Rivaroxaban, aspirin, or both to prevent early coronary bypass graft occlusion: the COMPASS-CABG study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(2):121–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branch KR, Probstfield JL, Eikelboom JW, et al. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with heart failure and chronic coronary or peripheral artery disease. Circulation. 2019;140(7):529–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes: the task force for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes of the European society of cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2019;41(3):407–477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiele F, Puymirat E, Ferrieres J, et al. The FAST-MI 2005-2010-2015 registries in the light of the COMPASS trial: the COMPASS criteria applied to a post-MI population. Int J Cardiol. 2019;278:7–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothwell PM. External validity of randomised controlled trials: “To whom do the results of this trial apply?”. Lancet. 2005;365(9453):82–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steg PG, Lopez-Sendon J, Lopez de Sa E, et al. External validity of clinical trials in acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(1):68–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bosch J, Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, et al. Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of participants in the cardiovascular outcomes for people using anticoagulation strategies (COMPASS) trial. Can J Cardiol. 2017;33(8):1027–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darmon A, Bhatt DL, Elbez Y, et al. External applicability of the COMPASS trial: an analysis of the reduction of atherothrombosis for continued health (REACH) registry. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(9):750–757a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozieł M, Lip GYH. Estimating individual lifetime benefit and bleeding risk of adding oral anticoagulation to aspirin for patients with stable cardiovascular disease: directions from COMPASS? Eur Heart J. 2019;40(46):3779–3781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moayyedi P, Eikelboom JW, Bosch J, et al. Pantoprazole to prevent gastroduodenal events in patients receiving rivaroxaban and/or aspirin in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2019;157(2):403–412.e5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert BW, Reeder JA, Alkhalifah MA, et al. Throwing it in reverse: an update on reversal of oral factor Xa inhibitors. Am J Emergency Med. 2019 April;37:1978–1980.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegal DM, Curnutte JT, Connolly SJ, et al. Andexanet Alfa for the Reversal of Factor Xa Inhibitor Activity. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(25):2413–2424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, et al. 2019 AHA/ACC/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the heart rhythm society in collaboration with the society of thoracic surgeons. Circulation. 2019;140(2):e125–e151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samama MM, Contant G, Spiro TE, et al. Laboratory assessment of rivaroxaban: a review. Thromb J. 2013;11(1):11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma M, Hart RG, Connolly SJ, et al. Stroke Outcomes in the COMPASS Trial. Circulation. 2019;139(9):1134–1145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera KS, Ng KKH, Nayar S, et al. Association between low-dose rivaroxaban with or without aspirin and ischemic stroke subtypes: a secondary analysis of the COMPASS trial. JAMA Neurol. 2019;77(1):43–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zannad F, Anker SD, Byra WM, et al. Rivaroxaban in patients with heart failure, sinus rhythm, and coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(14):1332–1342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand SS, Eikelboom JW, Dyal L, et al. Rivaroxaban plus aspirin versus aspirin in relation to vascular risk in the COMPASS trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(25):3271–3280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar