Utilization of cardiac imaging in sarcoidosis

References

• Chareonthaitawee P, Beanlands RS, Chen W, et al. Joint SNMMI-ASNC expert consensus document on the role of (18)F-FDG PET/CT in cardiac sarcoid detection and therapy monitoring. J Nucl Med. 2017 Aug;58(8):1341–1353.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rybicki B, Iannuzzi M, Frederick M, et al. Familial aggregation of sarcoidosis. A case-control etiologic study of sarcoidosis (ACCESS). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 [2001 December 01];164(11):2085–2091.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith G, Brownell I, Sanchez M, et al. Advances in the genetics of sarcoidosis. Clin Genet. 2008 May;73(5):401–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saidha S, Sotirchos E, Eckstein C. Etiology of sarcoidosis: does infection play a role? Yale J Biol Med. 2012 Mar;85(1):133–141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kandolin R, Lehtonen J, Airaksinen J, et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis: epidemiology, characteristics, and outcome over 25 years in a nationwide study. Circulation. 2015 Feb 17 131(7):624–632.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hulten E, Aslam S, Osborne M, et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis—state of the art review. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2016 6:50–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekhri V, Sanal S, Delorenzo LJ, et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis: a comprehensive review. Arch Med Sci. 2011 Aug;4(4):546–554.
   Google Scholar
• Matsui Y, Iwai K, Tachibana T, et al. Clinicopathological study of fatal myocardial sarcoidosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1976;278(1 Seventh Inter):455–469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silverman KJ, Hutchins GM, Bulkley BH. Cardiac sarcoid: a clinicopathologic study of 84 unselected patients with systemic sarcoidosis.Circulation. 1978 [1978/December];58(6):1204–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper LT, Baughman KL, Feldman AM, et al. The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America and the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007 Dec;28(24):3076–3093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavora F, Cresswell N, Li L, et al. Comparison of necropsy findings in patients with sarcoidosis dying suddenly from cardiac sarcoidosis versus dying suddenly from other causes. Am J Cardiol. 2009 Aug 15; 104(4):571–577.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liang JJ, Hebl VB, DeSimone CV, et al. Electrogram-Guidance: a method to increase the precision and diagnostic yield of endomyocardial biopsy for suspected cardiac sarcoidosis and myocarditis. JACC Heart Fail. 2014 Oct;2(5):466–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezzeddine F, Kapa S, Rosenbaum A, et al. Electrogram-guided endomyocardial biopsy yield in patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis and relation to outcomes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2021 Sep;32(9):2486–2495.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tana C, Donatiello I, Caputo A, et al. Clinical features, histopathology and differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Cells. 2021 Dec 26 11(1):59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Terasaki F, Yoshinaga K. New guidelines for diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis in Japan. Ann Nucl Cardiol. 2017;3(1):42–45.
   Google Scholar
• Birnie DH, Sauer WH, Bogun F, et al. HRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias associated with cardiac sarcoidosis. Heart Rhythm. 2014 Jul;11(7):1305–1323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soejima K, Yada H. The work-up and management of patients with apparent or subclinical cardiac sarcoidosis: with emphasis on the associated heart rhythm abnormalities. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009 May;20(5):578–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum A, Kolluri N, Elwazir M, et al. Identification of a novel presumed cardiac sarcoidosis category for patients at high risk of disease. Int J Cardiol. 2021 [2021 July 15];335:66–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burstow DJ, Tajik AJ, Bailey KR, et al. Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in systemic sarcoidosis. Am J Cardiol. 1989 Feb 15; 63(7):478–482.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aggarwal NR, Snipelisky D, Young PM, et al. Advances in imaging for diagnosis and management of cardiac sarcoidosis. European Heart Journal. Cardiovascular Imaging. 2015;16(9):949–958.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schouver ED, Moceri P, Doyen D, et al. Early detection of cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis with 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. Int J Cardiol. 2017 Jan 15;227:711–716.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joyce E, Ninaber MK, Katsanos S, et al. Subclinical left ventricular dysfunction by echocardiographic speckle-tracking strain analysis relates to outcome in sarcoidosis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015 Jan;17(1):51–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Stefano C, Bruno G, Arciniegas Calle M, et al. Diagnostic and predictive value of speckle tracking echocardiography in cardiac sarcoidosis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2020 [2020 January 20];20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-019-01323-0.
   Google Scholar
• Smedema JP. Tissue Doppler imaging in cardiac sarcoidosis. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2008 Jul;9(4):579–580.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Bella G, Coglitore S, Zimbalatti C, et al. Strain Doppler echocardiography can identify longitudinal myocardial dysfunction derived from edema in acute myocarditis. Int J Cardiol. 2008 May 23 126(2):279–280.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keijsers RG, van den Heuvel Da, Grutters JC. Imaging the inflammatory activity of sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2013 Mar;41(3):743–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Futamatsu H, Suzuki J, Adachi S, et al. Utility of gallium-67 scintigraphy for evaluation of cardiac sarcoidosis with ventricular tachycardia. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2006 Jun-Aug;22(3–4):443–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eguchi M, Tsuchihashi K, Hotta D, et al. Technetium-99m sestamibi/tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion scanning in cardiac and noncardiac sarcoidosis. Cardiology. 2000;94(3):193–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christopoulos G, Jouni H, Acharya GA, et al. Suppressing physiologic 18-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in patients undergoing positron emission tomography for cardiac sarcoidosis: the effect of a structured patient preparation protocol. J Nucl Cardiol. 2019 2019 May 20 28 (2): 661–671.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larson SR, Pieper JA, Hulten EA, et al. Characterization of a highly effective preparation for suppression of myocardial glucose utilization. J Nucl Cardiol. 2019 Jun 24 27(3):849–861.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osborne MT, Hulten EA, Murthy VL, et al. Patient preparation for cardiac fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging of inflammation. Journal of nuclear cardiology: official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 2017;24(1):86–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang R, Wang JT-Y, Wang L, et al. Impact of patient preparation on the diagnostic performance of 18F-FDG PET in cardiac sarcoidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nucl Med. 2016 Jul;41(7):e327–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gould KL, Pan T, Loghin C, et al. Frequent diagnostic errors in cardiac PET/CT due to misregistration of CT attenuation and emission PET images: a definitive analysis of causes, consequences, and corrections. J Nucl Med. 2007 Jul;48(7):1112–1121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young KA, Lyle M, Rosenbaum AN, et al. (18)F-FDG/(13)N-ammonia cardiac PET findings in ATTR cardiac amyloidosis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2022 Jan 27;https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-021-02886-2
   Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi H, Hasegawa S, Yoshioka J, et al. Characteristics of myocardial18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission computed tomography in dilated cardiomyopathy and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Ann Nucl Med. 2000 Feb;14(1):33–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uehara T, Ishida Y, Hayashida K, et al. Myocardial glucose metabolism in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: assessment by F-18-FDG PET study. Ann Nucl Med. 1998 Apr;12(2):95–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Protonotarios A, Wicks E, Ashworth M, et al. Prevalence of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography abnormalities in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2019 Jun 1;284:99–104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Youssef G, Leung E, Mylonas I, et al. The use of 18 F-FDG PET in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis: a systematic review and metaanalysis including the Ontario experience. J Nucl Med. 2012 Feb;53(2):241–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blankstein R, Osborne M, Naya M, et al. Cardiac positron emission tomography enhances prognostic assessments of patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Feb 4 63(4):329–336.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim SJ, Pak K, Kim K. Diagnostic performance of F-18 FDG PET for detection of cardiac sarcoidosis; A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2020 Dec;27(6):2103–2115.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Divakaran S, Stewart GC, Lakdawala NK, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of advanced imaging in cardiac sarcoidosis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 Jun;12(6):e008975.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ueberham L, Jahnke C, Paetsch I, et al. Current diagnostic criteria show a substantial disagreement in classification of patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021 Apr;7(4):538–539.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sperry BW, Tamarappoo BK, Oldan JD, et al. Prognostic impact of extent, severity, and heterogeneity of abnormalities on (18)F-FDG PET scans for suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018 Feb;11(2 Pt 2):336–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuominen H, Haarala A, Tikkakoski A, et al. FDG-PET in possible cardiac sarcoidosis: right ventricular uptake and high total cardiac metabolic activity predict cardiovascular events. J Nucl Cardiol. 2019 Feb 27 28: 199–205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blankstein R, Osborne M, Naya M, et al. Cardiac positron emission tomography enhances prognostic assessments of patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(4):329–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadian A, Brogan A, Berman J, et al. Quantitative interpretation of FDG PET/CT with myocardial perfusion imaging increases diagnostic information in the evaluation of cardiac sarcoidosis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2014 Oct;21(5):925–939.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gotthardt M, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Boerman OC, et al. Imaging of inflammation by PET, conventional scintigraphy, and other imaging techniques. J Nucl Med. 2010 Dec;51(12):1937–1949.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osborne MT, Hulten EA, Singh A, et al. Reduction in (1)(8)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on serial cardiac positron emission tomography is associated with improved left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2014 Feb;21(1):166–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vita T, Okada DR, Veillet-Chowdhury M, et al. Complementary value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the assessment of cardiac sarcoidosis [research-article]. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018 Jan;11(1):e007030.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smedema J-P, Snoep G, van Kroonenburgh MPG, et al. Evaluation of the accuracy of gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 May 17; 45(10):1683–1690.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elwazir M, Bird J, AbouEzzeddine O, et al. Performance of cardiac PET/CT with and without phase analysis for detection of scar in cardiac sarcoidosis: comparison to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of nuclear cardiology: official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 2021January 20;https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-020-02473-x
   Google Scholar
• Tarkin JM, Joshi FR, Evans NR, et al. Detection of atherosclerotic inflammation by (68)Ga-DOTATATE PET compared to [(18)F]FDG PET imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Apr 11 69(14):1774–1791.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lapa C, Reiter T, Li X, et al. Imaging of myocardial inflammation with somatostatin receptor based PET/CT — a comparison to cardiac MRI. Int J Cardiol. 2015 Sep 1;194:44–49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gormsen LC, Haraldsen A, Kramer S, et al. A dual tracer 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT pilot study for detection of cardiac sarcoidosis.EJNMMI Res. 2016 [2016June17];6(1):52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bravo PE, Bajaj N, Padera RF, et al. Feasibility of somatostatin receptor-targeted imaging for detection of myocardial inflammation: a pilot study. J Nucl Cardiol. 2021 Jun;28(3):1089–1099.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Norikane T, Yamamoto Y, Maeda Y, et al. Comparative evaluation of (18)F-FLT and (18)F-FDG for detecting cardiac and extra-cardiac thoracic involvement in patients with newly diagnosed sarcoidosis. EJNMMI Res. 2017 Aug 29; 7(1):69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martineau P, Pelletier-Galarneau M, Juneau D, et al. Imaging cardiac sarcoidosis with FLT-PET with comparison to FDG-PET: a prospective pilot study. J Nucl Med. 2019;60(supplement 1):670.
   Google Scholar
• Dekkers IA, Lamb HJ. Clinical application and technical considerations of T 1 & T 2 (*) mapping in cardiac, liver, and renal imaging. Br J Radiol. 2018 Dec;91(1092):20170825.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schulz-Menger J, Wassmuth R, Abdel-Aty H, et al. Patterns of myocardial inflammation and scarring in sarcoidosis as assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Heart. 2006;92(3):399–400. England.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crouser ED, Ono C, Tran T, et al. Improved detection of cardiac sarcoidosis using magnetic resonance with myocardial T2 mapping. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014 Jan 1; 189(1):109–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flett AS, Hasleton J, Cook C, et al. Evaluation of techniques for the quantification of myocardial scar of differing etiology using cardiac magnetic resonance. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011 Feb;4(2):150–156.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kazmirczak F, Chen K-HA, Adabag S, et al. Assessment of the 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline recommendations for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation in cardiac sarcoidosis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2019;12(9):e007488–e007488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puntmann VO, Isted A, Hinojar R, et al. T1 and T2 mapping in recognition of early cardiac involvement in systemic sarcoidosis. Radiology. 2017 Oct;285(1):63–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ali ND, Behairy N, Kharabish A, et al. Cardiac MRI T1 mapping and extracellular volume application in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [OriginalPaper]. Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 52: 1. 1–9. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Messroghli DR, Moon JC, Ferreira VM, et al. Clinical recommendations for cardiovascular magnetic resonance mapping of T1, T2, T2* and extracellular volume: a consensus statement by the society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (SCMR) endorsed by the European association for cardiovascular imaging (EACVI). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2017 Oct 9 19(1):75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puntmann VO, Peker E, Chandrashekhar Y, et al. T1 mapping in characterizing myocardial disease: a comprehensive review [review-article]. Circ Res. 2016 Jul 8; 119(2):277–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greulich S, Kitterer D, Latus J, et al. Comprehensive Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment in Patients With Sarcoidosis and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2016;9(11).
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlin J, Waltz J, Kocher M, et al. accuracy of myocardial native T2 for the diagnosis of active cardiac sarcoidosis. CHEST. 2020 [2020 October 01];158(4):A2467–A2468.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheung E, Ahmad S, Aitken M, et al. Combined simultaneous FDG-PET/MRI with T1 and T2 mapping as an imaging biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. European journal of hybrid imaging. 2021 Dec 16;5(1):24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang J, Li Y, Xu Q, et al. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: a Meta-Analysis. Can Respir J. 2018;2018:7457369.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hulten E, Agarwal V, Cahill M, et al. Presence of late gadolinium enhancement by cardiac magnetic resonance among patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis is associated with adverse cardiovascular prognosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016 Sep;9(9):e005001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim PK, Hong YJ, Im DJ, et al. Myocardial T1 and t2 mapping: techniques and clinical applications. Korean J Radiol. 2017 Jan-Feb;18(1):113–131.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perazella MA. Gadolinium-contrast toxicity in patients with kidney disease: nephrotoxicity and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Curr Drug Saf. 2008 Jan;3(1):67–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delso G, Furst S, Jakoby B, et al. Performance measurements of the Siemens mMR integrated whole-body PET/MR scanner. J Nucl Med. 2011 Dec;52(12):1914–1922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicks EC, Menezes LJ, Barnes A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value of simultaneous hybrid 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging in cardiac sarcoidosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018 Jul 1 19(7):757–767.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ouyang J, Li Q, El Fakhri G. Magnetic resonance-based motion correction for positron emission tomography imaging. Semin Nucl Med. 2013 Jan;43(1):60–67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eiber M, Martinez-Moller A, Souvatzoglou M, et al. Value of a Dixon-based MR/PET attenuation correction sequence for the localization and evaluation of PET-positive lesions. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011 Sep;38(9):1691–1701.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lau JMC, Laforest R, Sotoudeh H, et al. Evaluation of attenuation correction in cardiac PET using PET/MR. J Nucl Cardiol. 2017 Jun;24(3):839–846.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nappi C, El Fakhri G. State of the art in cardiac hybrid technology: PET/MR. Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep. 2013 Aug 1;6(4):338–345.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Majmudar MD, Keliher EJ, Heidt T, et al. Monocyte-directed RNAi targeting CCR2 improves infarct healing in atherosclerosis-prone mice. Circulation. 2013 May 21 127(20):2038–2046.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehta D, Lubitz SA, Frankel Z, et al. Cardiac involvement in patients with sarcoidosis: diagnostic and prognostic value of outpatient testing. Chest. 2008 Jun;133(6):1426–1435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ning N, Guo HH, Iagaru A, et al. Serial cardiac FDG-PET for the diagnosis and therapeutic guidance of patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. J Card Fail. 2019 Apr;25(4):307–311.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elwazir M, Krause ML, Bois JP, et al. Rituximab for the treatment of refractory cardiac sarcoidosis: a single-center experience. J Card Fail. 2022 Feb;28(2):247–258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sadek MM, Yung D, Birnie DH, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for cardiac sarcoidosis: a systematic review. Can J Cardiol. 2013 Sep;29(9):1034–1041.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagai S, Yokomatsu T, Tanizawa K, et al. Treatment with methotrexate and low-dose corticosteroids in sarcoidosis patients with cardiac lesions. Int Med. 2014;53(5):427–433.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Estephan MM,M, Hamblin M, Magadan J. Successful treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis with biologic and immunosuppressive combination therapy [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(suppl 10).
   Google Scholar
• Vorselaars ADM, Wuyts WA, Vorselaars VMM, et al. Methotrexate vs azathioprine in second-line therapy of sarcoidosis. Chest. 2013 [2013/September];144(3):805–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NA G, AL W, P A, et al. Clinical and imaging response to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors in treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis: a multicenter experience. J Card Fail. 2021 Jan;27(1):83–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yafasova A, Fosbøl EL, Schou M, et al. Long-Term adverse cardiac outcomes in patients with sarcoidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Aug 18 76(7):767–777.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar