Managing Covid-19 in patients with heart failure: current status and future prospects

References

• Wu Y, Ho W, Huang Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 is an appropriate name for the new coronavirus. Lancet. 2020;395(10228):949–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Paulson KR, Pease SA, et al. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21. Lancet. 2022;399(10334):1513–1536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yonas E, Alwi I, Pranata R, et al. Effect of heart failure on the outcome of COVID-19 - A meta-analysis and systematic review. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;46:204–211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, et al. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2022;28(3):583–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi GA, Sacco O, Mancino E, et al. Differences and similarities between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2: spike receptor-binding domain recognition and host cell infection with support of cellular serine proteases. Infection. 2020;48(5):665–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, et al. Function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell. 2020;181(2):281–292.e6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astuti I, Srafil Y. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): an overview of viral structure and host response. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):407–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, et al. Evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19) [Internet]. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. [cited 2022 Jul 2]. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/
   Google Scholar
• Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 2020;367(6483):1260–1263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyerstedt S, Casaro EB, Éb R. COVID-19: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and tissue susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;40(5):905–919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020; 369. m1966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokolski M, Trenson S, Sokolska JM, et al. Heart failure in COVID-19: the multicentre, multinational PCHF-COVICAV registry. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8(6):4955–4967.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alvarez-Garcia J, Lee S, Gupta A, et al. Prognostic impact of prior heart failure in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(20):2334–2348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasoni D, Inciardi RM, Lombardi CM, et al. Impact of heart failure on the clinical course and outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID −19. Results of the Cardio-COVID-Italy multicentre study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(12):2238–2247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, et al. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):802–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basso C, Leone O, Rizzo S, et al. Pathological features of COVID-19-associated myocardial injury: a multicentre cardiovascular pathology study. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(39):3827–3835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, et al. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(5):846–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhmerov A, Marbán E. COVID-19 and the heart. Circ Res. 2020;126(10):1443–1455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long B, Carius BM, Chavez S, et al. Clinical update on COVID-19 for the emergency clinician: presentation and evaluation. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;54:46–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M, et al. Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(5):911–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindner D, Fitzek A, Bräuninger H, et al. Association of cardiac infection with SARS-CoV-2 in confirmed COVID-19 autopsy cases. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(11):1281–1285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sala S, Peretto G, Gramegna M, et al. Acute myocarditis presenting as a reverse Tako-Tsubo syndrome in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1861–1862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert CL, Carmona-Rubio AE, Weiss AJ, et al. The enemy within: sudden-onset reversible cardiogenic shock with biopsy-proven cardiac myocyte infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Circulation. 2020;142(19):1865–1870.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gauchotte G, Venard V, Segondy M, et al. SARS-Cov-2 fulminant myocarditis: an autopsy and histopathological case study. Int J Legal Med. 2021;135(2):577–581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesici S, Aykan HH, Orhan D, et al. Fulminant COVID-19-related myocarditis in an infant. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(31):3021.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bulfamante GP, Perrucci GL, Falleni M, et al. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transcriptional activity in cardiomyocytes of covid-19 patients without clinical signs of cardiac involvement. Biomedicines. 2020;8(12):E626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adeghate EA, Eid N, Singh J. Mechanisms of COVID-19-induced heart failure: a short review. Heart Fail Rev. 2021;26(2):363–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrini D, Kawakami R, Guagliumi G, et al. Microthrombi as a major cause of cardiac injury in COVID-19: a pathologic study. Circulation. 2021;143:1031–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao XH, Li TY, He ZC, et al. A pathological report of three COVID-19 cases by minimal invasive autopsies. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 2020;49(5):411–417.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox SE, Li G, Akmatbekov A, et al. Unexpected features of cardiac pathology in COVID-19 infection. Circulation. 2020;142(11):1123–1125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Li X, Chen M, et al. The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116(6):1097–1100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Coats AJS, Zheng Z, et al. Management of heart failure patients with COVID −19: a joint position paper of the chinese heart failure association & national heart failure committee and the heart failure association of the european society of cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(6):941–956.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arévalos V, Ortega-Paz L, Rodríguez-Arias JJ, et al. Myocardial Injury in COVID-19 patients: association with inflammation, coagulopathy and in-hospital prognosis. J Clin Med. 2021;10(10):2096
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):811–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033–1034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Brar R, Wang P, et al. Role of nitric oxide and cGMP in human septic serum-induced depression of cardiac myocyte contractility. Am J Physiol. 1999;276(1):R265–276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joulin O, Petillot P, Labalette M, et al. Cytokine profile of human septic shock serum inducing cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction. Physiol Res. 2007;56:291–297.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar A, Thota V, Dee L, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1beta are responsible for in vitro myocardial cell depression induced by human septic shock serum. J Exp Med. 1996;183(3):949–958.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen H, Wang C, Li J, et al. Chinese herbal formula, huayu tongbi fang, attenuates inflammatory proliferation of rat synoviocytes induced by IL-1β by regulating proliferation and differentiation of t lymphocytes. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:1706837.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Italia L, Tomasoni D, Bisegna S, et al. COVID-19 and heart failure: from epidemiology during the pandemic to myocardial injury, myocarditis, and heart failure sequelae. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:713560.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takasu O, Gaut JP, Watanabe E, et al. Mechanisms of cardiac and renal dysfunction in patients dying of sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(5):509–517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Garcia J, Jaladanki S, Rivas-Lasarte M, et al. New heart failure diagnoses among patients hospitalized for COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(17):2260–2262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bader F, Manla Y, Atallah B, et al. Heart failure and COVID-19. Heart Fail Rev. 2021;26(1):1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, et al. Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(18):2352–2371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey JR, Caro-Codón J, Rosillo SO, et al. Heart failure in COVID-19 patients: prevalence, incidence and prognostic implications. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(12):2205–2215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene SJ, Lautsch D, Yang L, et al. Prognostic interplay between covid-19 and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. J Card Fail [Internet] 2022 [cited 2022 Jul 1];Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9116978/
   Google Scholar
• Szekely Y, Lichter Y, Taieb P, et al. Spectrum of cardiac manifestations in COVID-19. Circulation. 2020;142(4):342–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadzibegovic S, Lena A, Churchill TW, et al. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction according to the HFA-PEFF score in COVID −19 patients: clinical correlates and echocardiographic findings. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(11):1891–1902.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pieske B, Tschöpe C, de Boer RA, et al. How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFA-PEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendation from the heart failure association (HFA) of the European society of cardiology (ESC). Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(3):391–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magoon R. Left-ventricular diastolic dysfunction in coronavirus disease: opening pandora’s box! Korean J Anesthesiol. 2021;74(6):557–558.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freaney PM, Shah SJ, Khan SS. COVID-19 and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. JAMA. 2020;324(15):1499–1500.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wagdy K, Nagy S. EMPEROR-preserved: SGLT2 inhibitors breakthrough in the management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract. 2021;2021(3):e202117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chin JH, Lee EH, Kim WJ, et al. Positive end-expiratory pressure aggravates left ventricular diastolic relaxation further in patients with pre-existing relaxation abnormality. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(3):368–373
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raman B, Bluemke DA, Lüscher TF, et al. Long COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(11):1157–1172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee W, Gluckman TJ, Bhave NM, et al. 2022 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on cardiovascular sequelae of Covid-19 in adults: myocarditis and other myocardial involvement, post-acute sequelae of sars-COV-2 infection, and return to play: a report of the american college of cardiology solution set oversight committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;S0735-1097(22):1717–1756.
   Google Scholar
• Lambers Heerspink HJ, de Zeeuw D, Wie L, et al. Dapagliflozin a glucose-regulating drug with diuretic properties in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(9):853–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hospitalized Adults: Therapeutic Management [Internet]. COVID-19 treatment guidelines [cited 2022 Mar 18];Available from: https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/hospitalized-adults–therapeutic-management/
   Google Scholar
• Nonhospitalized Adults: Therapeutic Management [Internet]. COVID-19 treatment guidelines [cited 2022 Mar 18];Available from: https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/management/clinical-management/nonhospitalized-adults–therapeutic-management/
   Google Scholar
• Therapeutics and COVID-19: living guideline [Internet]. [cited 2022 Mar 18];Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/WHO-2019-nCoV-therapeutics-2022.2
   Google Scholar
• Tchesnokov EP, Feng JY, Porter DP, et al. Mechanism of inhibition of ebola virus rna-dependent rna polymerase by remdesivir. Viruses. 2019;11(4):E326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):929–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, et al. Remdesivir for the treatment of covid-19 - final report. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(19):1813–1826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinner CD, Gottlieb RL, Criner GJ, et al. Effect of remdesivir vs standard care on clinical status at 11 days in patients with moderate COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324(11):1048–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humeniuk R, Mathias A, Cao H, et al. Safety, Tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of remdesivir, an antiviral for treatment of COVID-19, in healthy subjects. Clin Transl Sci. 2020;13(5):896–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafaniello C, Ferrajolo C, Sullo MG, et al. Cardiac events potentially associated to remdesivir: an analysis from the european spontaneous adverse event reporting system. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(7):611.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michaud V, Dow P, Rihani SBA, et al. Risk assessment of drug‐induced long QT syndrome for some COVID‐19 repurposed drugs. Clin Transl Sci. 2021;14:20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grein J, Ohmagari N, Shin D, et al. Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(24):2327–2336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulangu S, Dodd LE, Davey RT, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of ebola virus disease therapeutics. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(24):2293–2303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkas F, Styla CP, Bechlioulis A, et al. Sinus bradycardia associated with remdesivir treatment in COVID-19: a case report and literature Review. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2021;8(2):18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chow EJ, Maust B, Kazmier KM, et al. Sinus bradycardia in a pediatric patient treated with remdesivir for acute coronavirus disease 2019: a case report and a review of the literature. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2021;10(9):926–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gubitosa JC, Kakar P, Gerula C, et al. Marked Sinus bradycardia associated with remdesivir in COVID-19: a Case and Literature Review. JACC case rep. 2020;2(14):2260–2264.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanchez-Codez MI, Rodriguez-Gonzalez M, Gutierrez-Rosa I. Severe sinus bradycardia associated with remdesivir in a child with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(5):1627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvaraj V, Bavishi C, Patel S, et al. Complete heart block associated with remdesivir in COVID-19: a case report. Eur Heart JCase Rep. 2021;5(7):ytab200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gowda RM, Khan IA, Wilbur SL, et al. Torsade de pointes: the clinical considerations. Int J Cardiol. 2004;96(1):1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rahman F, Al Rifai M, Blaha MJ, et al. Relation of diastolic blood pressure and coronary artery calcium to coronary events and outcomes (from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis). Am J Cardiol. 2017;120(10):1797–1803.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitley R. Molnupiravir — a step toward orally bioavailable therapies for covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(6):592–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayk Bernal A, da Silva Mm G, Musungaie DB, et al. Molnupiravir for oral treatment of covid-19 in nonhospitalized patients. N Engl J Med. 2021;386:NEJMoa2116044.
   Google Scholar
• Arribas JR, Bhagani S, Lobo SM, et al. Randomized trial of molnupiravir or placebo in patients hospitalized with covid-19. NEJM Evid. 2021;1(2).
   Google Scholar
• Fda G. Fact sheet for healthcare providers: emergency use authorization for lagevriotm (molnupiravir) capsules 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Reina J, Iglesias C. Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (Paxlovid) a potent SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro protease inhibitor combination. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2022;35(3):236–240. reina21feb2022
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drewe J, Gutmann H, Fricker G, et al. HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir: a more potent inhibitor of P-glycoprotein than the cyclosporine analog SDZ PSC 833. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999;57(10):1147–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond J, Leister-Tebbe H, Gardner A, et al. Oral nirmatrelvir for high-risk, nonhospitalized adults with covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(15):1397–1408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) [Internet]. COVID-19 treatment guidelines [cited 2022 Mar 18];Available from: https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapies/antiviral-therapy/ritonavir-boosted-nirmatrelvir–paxlovid-/
   Google Scholar
• Zhou SF, Xue CC, Yu XQ, et al. Clinically important drug interactions potentially involving mechanism-based inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 and the role of therapeutic drug monitoring. Ther Drug Monit. 2007;29(6):687–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tse S, Mazzola N. Ivabradine (Corlanor) for heart failure: the first selective and specific if inhibitor. P T. 2015;40(12):810–814.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• gov F. Fact sheet for healthcare providers: emergency use authorization for paxlovidtm 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Katzenmaier S, Markert C, Riedel KD, et al. Determining the time course of CYP3A inhibition by potent reversible and irreversible CYP3A inhibitors using A limited sampling strategy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;90(5):666–673.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stader F, Khoo S, Stoeckle M, et al. Stopping lopinavir/ritonavir in COVID-19 patients: duration of the drug interacting effect. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75(10):3084–3086.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirano T. Interleukin 6 and its receptor: ten years later. Int Rev Immunol. 1998;16(3–4):249–284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirano T, Taga T, Yamasaki K, et al. Molecular cloning of the cDNAs for interleukin-6/B cell stimulatory factor 2 and its receptor. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1989;557(1):167–178. discussion 178-180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naka T, Nishimoto N, Kishimoto T. The paradigm of IL-6: from basic science to medicine. Arthritis Res. 2002;4(3):S233–242.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCarty D, Robinson A. Efficacy and safety of sarilumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2018;10(3):61–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown MJ, Allazawi W, Kanoni S. Interleukin-6 receptor antagonists in critically Ill patients with covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(16):1491–1502.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Domingo P, Mur I, Mateo GM. The WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group. Association between administration of il-6 antagonists and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2021;326(6):499–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naksuk N, Lazar S, Peeraphatdit TB. Cardiac safety of off-label COVID-19 drug therapy: a review and proposed monitoring protocol. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2020;9(3):215–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ptaszynska-Kopczynska K, Szpakowicz A, Marcinkiewicz-Siemion M, et al. Interleukin-6 signaling in patients with chronic heart failure treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy. Arch Med Sci. 2017;13:1069–1077.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fontes JA, Rose NR, Čiháková D. The varying faces of IL-6: from cardiac protection to cardiac failure. Cytokine. 2015;74(1):62–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yndestad A, Damås JK, Oie E, et al. Systemic inflammation in heart failure–the whys and wherefores. Heart Fail Rev. 2006;11(1):83–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann DL. Inflammatory mediators and the failing heart: past, present, and the foreseeable future. Circ Res. 2002;91(11):988–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirota H, Chen J, Betz UA, et al. Loss of a gp130 cardiac muscle cell survival pathway is a critical event in the onset of heart failure during biomechanical stress. Cell. 1999;97(2):189–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirota H, Yoshida K, Kishimoto T, et al. Continuous activation of gp130, a signal-transducing receptor component for interleukin 6-related cytokines, causes myocardial hypertrophy in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. United States of America. 1995;92:4862.
   Google Scholar
• Yamauchi-Takihara K, Kishimoto T. Cytokines and their receptors in cardiovascular diseases — role of gp130 signalling pathway in cardiac myocyte growth and maintenance. Int J Exp Pathol. 2000;81(1):1–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prabhu SD. Cytokine-induced modulation of cardiac function. Circ Res. 2004;95(12):1140–1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wollert KC, Taga T, Saito M, et al. Cardiotrophin-1 activates a distinct form of cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy. Assembly of sarcomeric units in series VIA gp130/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor-dependent pathways. J Biol Chem. 1996;271(16):9535–9545.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smart N, Mojet MH, Latchman DS, et al. IL-6 induces PI 3-kinase and nitric oxide-dependent protection and preserves mitochondrial function in cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res. 2006;69(1):164–177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobara M, Noda K, Kitamura M, et al. Antibody against interleukin-6 receptor attenuates left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction in mice. Cardiovasc Res. 2010;87(3):424–430.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Su JH, Luo MY, Liang N, et al. Interleukin-6: a novel target for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:745061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagné B, Viprey M, Martin J, et al. Cardiovascular safety of tocilizumab: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2019;14(8):e0220178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashizume M, Yoshida H, Koike N, et al. Overproduced interleukin 6 decreases blood lipid levels via upregulation of very-low-density lipoprotein receptor. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(4):741–746.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleischmann R, Genovese MC, Lin Y, et al. Long-term safety of sarilumab in rheumatoid arthritis: an integrated analysis with up to 7 years’ follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(2):292–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz DM, Kanno Y, Villarino A, et al. JAK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for immune and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017;16(12):843–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seif F, Aazami H, Khoshmirsafa M, et al. JAK inhibition as a new treatment strategy for patients with COVID-19. Iaa. 2020;181:467–475.
   Google Scholar
• Guimarães PO, Quirk D, Furtado RH, et al. Tofacitinib in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19 Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(5):406–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iastrebner M, Castro J, Espina EG, et al. Ruxolitinib in severe COVID-19: results of a multicenter, prospective, single arm, open-label clinical study to investigate the efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib in patients with COVID-19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba. 2021;78(3):294–302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cao Y, Wei J, Zou L, et al. Ruxolitinib in treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(1):137–146.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marconi VC, Ramanan AV, de Bono S, et al. Efficacy and safety of baricitinib for the treatment of hospitalised adults with COVID-19 (COV-BARRIER): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(12):1407–1418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalil AC, Patterson TF, Mehta AK, et al. Baricitinib plus Remdesivir for Hospitalized Adults with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(9):795–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotyla PJ, Islam MA, Engelmann M. Clinical aspects of janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors in the cardiovascular system in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(19):E7390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang K, Li B, Xie Y, et al. Statin rosuvastatin inhibits apoptosis of human coronary artery endothelial cells through upregulation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep. 2020;22(3):2052–2062.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liao YH, Xia N, Zhou SF, et al. IL-17A contributes to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating cardiomyocyte apoptosis and neutrophil infiltration. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(4):420–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles Schoeman C, Wicker P, Mantecón MÁ G-G, et al. Cardiovascular safety findings in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor. Semin Arthritis Rheum. Internet] 2016 [cited 2022 Mar 24];Available from;46 261–271.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehta NN. Potential cardiovascular implications of Janus kinase inhibitors in immune mediated diseases. Cardiovasc Res. 2018;114(11):e81–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charles‐Schoeman C, Fleischmann R, Davignon J, et al. Potential mechanisms leading to the abnormal lipid profile in patients with Rheumatoid arthritis versus healthy volunteers and reversal by Tofacitinib. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(3):616–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czock D, Keller F, Rasche FM, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of systemically administered glucocorticoids. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(1):61–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sholzberg M, Tang GH, Rahhal H, et al. Heparin for moderately Ill patients with covid-19. medRxiv. 2021; 2021.07.08.21259351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamore SD, Kohnken RA, Peters MF, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity induced by kinase inhibitors: mechanisms and preclinical approaches. Chem Res Toxicol. 2020;33(1):125–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao C, Wang Y. Untangle A broken heart via janus kinase 1. Circ Res. 2017;121(6):589–590.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liverpool COVID-19 Interactions [Internet]. [cited 2022 Mar 26];Available from: https://covid19-druginteractions.org/checker
   Google Scholar
• Catapano AL, Papadopoulos N. The safety of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: implications for cardiovascular disease and targeting the PCSK9 pathway. Atherosclerosis. 2013;228(1):18–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanmugaraj B, Siriwattananon K, Wangkanont K, et al. Perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020;38(1):10–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renn A, Fu Y, Hu X, et al. Fruitful neutralizing antibody pipeline brings hope to defeat SARS-Cov-2. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2020;41(11):815–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Gonzalez-Rojas Y, Juarez E, et al. Early treatment for Covid-19 with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody sotrovimab. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(21):1941–1950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Gonzalez-Rojas Y, Juarez E, et al. Effect of sotrovimab on hospitalization or death among high-risk patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2022;327(13):1236–1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Early Treatment for COVID-19 With Neutralizing Antibody Sotrovimab [Internet]. American college of cardiology [cited 2022 Jun 28];Available from: https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/journal-scans/2021/10/29/18/31/http%3a%2f%2fwww.acc.org%2flatest-in-cardiology%2fjournal-scans%2f2021%2f10%2f29%2f18%2f31%2fearly-treatment-for-covid-19
   Google Scholar
• Taylor PC, Adams AC, Hufford MM, et al. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(6):382–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razonable RR, Pawlowski C, O’Horo JC, et al. Casirivimab-Imdevimab treatment is associated with reduced rates of hospitalization among high-risk patients with mild to moderate coronavirus disease-19. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;40:101102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abani O, Abbas A, Abbas F, et al. Casirivimab and imdevimab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2022;399:665–676.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar M, Thangavel C, Becker RC, et al. Monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy and its role in the development of cardiac toxicity. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(1):86.
   Google Scholar
• Jain V, Bahia J, Mohebtash M, et al. Cardiovascular complications associated with novel cancer immunotherapies. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2017;19(5):36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minasian L, Dimond E, Davis M, et al. The evolving design of nih-funded cardio-oncology studies to address cancer treatment-related cardiovascular toxicity. JACC CardioOncol. 2019;1(1):105–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zaidi N, Jaffee EM. Immunotherapy transforms cancer treatment. J Clin Invest. 2019;129(1):46–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saiki H, Petersen IA, Scott CG, et al. Risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in older women after contemporary radiotherapy for breast Cancer. Circulation. 2017;135(15):1388–1396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upadhrasta S, Elias H, Patel K, et al. Managing cardiotoxicity associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Chronic Dis Transl Med. 2019;5(1):6–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020;191:145–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llitjos JF, Leclerc M, Chochois C, et al. High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe COVID-19 patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(7):1743–1746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodigiani C, Iapichino G, Carenzo L, et al. Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan, Italy. Thromb Res. 2020;191:9–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauvel C, Weizman O, Trimaille A, et al. Pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients: a French multicentre cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(32):3058–3068.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nopp S, Moik F, Jilma B, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2020;4(7):1178–1191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, et al. Confirmation of the high cumulative incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19: an updated analysis. Thromb Res. 2020;191:148–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helms J, Tacquard C, Severac F, et al. High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(6):1089–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Task Force for the management of COVID-19 of the European Society of Cardiology. ESC guidance for the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: part 2—care pathways, treatment, and follow-up. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(11):1059–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gozzo L, Viale P, Longo L, et al. The potential role of heparin in patients with covid-19: beyond the anticoagulant effect. A Review Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:1307.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mujib M, Rahman AAZ, Desai RV, et al. Warfarin use and outcomes in patients with advanced chronic systolic heart failure without atrial fibrillation, prior thromboembolic events, or prosthetic valves. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(4):552–557.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zeitler EP, Eapen ZJ. Anticoagulation in heart failure: a review. J Atr Fibrillation. 2015;8(1):1250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spyropoulos AC, Goldin M, Giannis D, et al. Efficacy and safety of therapeutic-dose heparin vs standard prophylactic or intermediate-dose heparins for thromboprophylaxis in high-risk hospitalized patients with covid-19: the hep-covid randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(12):1612–1620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INSPIRATION Investigators. Effect of intermediate-dose vs standard-dose prophylactic anticoagulation on thrombotic events, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment, or mortality among patients with covid-19 admitted to the intensive care unit: the inspiration randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325:1620–1630.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sepehrvand N, Ezekowitz JA. Oxygen therapy in patients with acute heart failure: friend or foe? JACC Heart Fail. 2016;4(10):783–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapalamadugu KC, Panguluri SK, Bennett ES, et al. High level of oxygen treatment causes cardiotoxicity with arrhythmias and redox modulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2015;282(1):100–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajagopal K, Keller SP, Akkanti B, et al. Advanced pulmonary and cardiac support of COVID-19 patients: emerging recommendations from ASAIO-a living working document. Circ Heart Fail. 2020;13(5):e007175.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poston JT, Patel BK, Davis AM. Management of critically Ill adults with COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1839–1841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattison N. End-of-life decisions and care in the midst of a global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2020;58:102862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected: interim guidance, 13 March 2020 [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2022 Jun 28]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331446
   Google Scholar
• Fried JA, Ramasubbu K, Bhatt R, et al. The variety of cardiovascular presentations of COVID-19. Circulation. 2020;141(23):1930–1936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajbakhsh A, Gheibi Hayat SM, Taghizadeh H, et al. COVID-19 and cardiac injury: clinical manifestations, biomarkers, mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment, and follow up. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2021;19(3):345–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radley G, Pieper IL, Ali S, et al. The inflammatory response to ventricular assist devices. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2651.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chau VQ, Oliveros E, Mahmood K, et al. The Imperfect cytokine storm: severe COVID-19 with ARDS in a patient on durable LVAD support. JACC Case Rep. 2020;2(9):1315–1320.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SINGH R, Domenico C, SD RAO, et al. Novel coronavirus disease 2019 in a patient on durable left ventricular assist device support. J Card Fail. 2020;26(5):438–439.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kilic A, Acker MA, Atluri P. Dealing with surgical left ventricular assist device complications. J Thorac Dis. 2015;7(12):2158–2164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the european society of cardiology (ESC) with the special contribution of the heart failure association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599–3726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R, Chen H, Gao Z, et al. The effect of loop diuretics on 28-day mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Med. 2021;8:740675.
   Google Scholar
• Guragai N, Vasudev R, Hosein K, et al. Does baseline diuretics use affect prognosis in patients with COVID-19? Cureus. 2021;13(6):e15573.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santos JLF, Zanardi P, Alo V, et al. Pulmonary edema in COVID-19 treated with furosemide and negative fluid balance (NEGBAL): a different and promising approach. J Clin Med. 2021;10(23):5599.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henrina J, Putra ICS, Gunawan HFH, et al. Recommendations of RAAS blockers use amidst the coronavirus pandemic. J. Cardiol. 2020;41:98–107.
   Google Scholar
• Rubattu S, Gallo G, Volpe M. Sacubitril/valsartan: potential impact of ARNi “Beyond the Wall” of ACE2 on treatment and prognosis of heart failure patients with coronavirus disease-19. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:616564.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grover A, Oberoi M. A systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2020;7(2): 148–157.
   Google Scholar
• Singh R, Rathore SS, Khan H, et al. Mortality and Severity in COVID-19 patients on ACEIs and ARBs—A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;8:703661.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loader J, Taylor FC, Lampa E, et al. Renin‐angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors and COVID‐19: a systematic review and meta‐analysis revealing critical bias across a body of observational research. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11(11):e025289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baral R, Tsampasian V, Debski M, et al. Association between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open. 2021;4(3):e213594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inciardi RM, Adamo M, Lupi L, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and cardiac disease in Northern Italy. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1821–1829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celik T, Iyisoy A, Kardesoglu E, et al. The anti-inflammatory effects of nebivolol in human coronary smooth muscle cells: clinical implications. Int J Cardiol. 2009;133(3):415–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan Z, Shioji K, Kihara Y, et al. Cardioprotective effects of carvedilol on acute autoimmune myocarditis: anti-inflammatory effects associated with antioxidant property. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;286(1):H83–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mookerjee RP, Pavesi M, Thomsen KL, et al. Treatment with non-selective beta blockers is associated with reduced severity of systemic inflammation and improved survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol. 2016;64(3):574–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Silva Ramos FJ, de Freitas FGR, Machado FR. Sepsis in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019: how often and how severe? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2021;27(5):474–479.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liaudet L, Szabo C. Blocking mineralocorticoid receptor with spironolactone may have a wide range of therapeutic actions in severe COVID-19 disease. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):318.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belden Z, Deiuliis JA, Dobre M, et al. The role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in inflammation: focus on kidney and vasculature. Am J Nephrol. 2017;46(4):298–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotfis K, Lechowicz K, Drożdżal S, et al. COVID-19-the potential beneficial therapeutic effects of spironolactone during SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(1):71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Sullivan JS, Lyne A, Vaughan CJ. COVID-19-induced postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome treated with ivabradine. BMJ Case Reports CP. 2021;14(6):e243585.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cho J, Lee YJ, Kim JH, et al. Antiviral activity of digoxin and ouabain against SARS-CoV-2 infection and its implication for COVID-19. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cakir BK, Bayraktar-Ekincioglu A, Demirkan K. Benefit versus toxicity risk of digoxin in patients with COVID-19. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2021;0:1.
   Google Scholar
• Koufakis T, Pavlidis AN, Metallidis S, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in COVID-19: meeting at the crossroads between heart, diabetes and infectious diseases. Int J Clin Pharm. 2021;43(3):764–767.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(15):1413–1424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spertus JA, Birmingham MC, Nassif M, et al. The SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin in heart failure: the CHIEF-HF remote, patient-centered randomized trial. Nat Med. 2022;28(4):809–813
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heerspink HJL, Stefánsson BV, Correa-Rotter R, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(15):1436–1446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniele G, Xiong J, Solis-Herrera C, et al. Dapagliflozin enhances fat oxidation and ketone production in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2016; [cited 2022 Jun 28] 39 Available from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27561923/
   Google Scholar
• Solini A, Giannini L, Seghieri M, et al. Dapagliflozin acutely improves endothelial dysfunction, reduces aortic stiffness and renal resistive index in type 2 diabetic patients: a pilot study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16(1).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonnet F, Scheen AJ. Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on systemic and tissue low-grade inflammation: the potential contribution to diabetes complications and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Metab. 2018;44(6):457–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SR, Lee SG, Kim SH, et al. SGLT2 inhibition modulates NLRP3 inflammasome activity via ketones and insulin in diabetes with cardiovascular disease. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):2127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maayah ZH, Ferdaoussi M, Takahara S, et al. Empagliflozin suppresses inflammation and protects against acute septic renal injury. Inflammopharmacol. 2021;29(1):269–279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghanim H, Abuaysheh S, Hejna J, et al. Dapagliflozin suppresses hepcidin and increases erythropoiesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(4):dgaa057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohara K, Masuda T, Morinari M, et al. The extracellular volume status predicts body fluid response to SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin in diabetic kidney disease. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;12(1):37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cardoso R, Graffunder FP, Ternes CMP, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors decrease cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalizations in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;36:100933.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosiborod MN, Esterline R, Furtado RHM, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with cardiometabolic risk factors hospitalised with COVID-19 (DARE-19): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(9):586–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale RJ, Valtis YK, McDonnell ME, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis with COVID-19 infection in patients with type 2 diabetes taking SGLT2 Inhibitors. AACE Clin Case Rep. 2021;7(1):10–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang S, Zhao S, Luo H, et al. The role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a narrative review. BMC Pulm Med. 2021;21(1):116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Makdisi G, wen WI. Extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) review of a lifesaving technology. J Thorac Dis. 2015;7(7):E166–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyler MM, Flynn B, Iannacone EM, et al. Clinical management of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020;34:2776–2792.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Badulak J, Antonini MV, Stead CM, et al. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for COVID-19: updated 2021 Guidelines from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. ASAIO J. 2021;67(5):485–495.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krieger J, Badulak J. The use of ecmo in patients with cardiopulmonary failure due to COVID-19. Internet. American College of Cardiology;cited 2022 Jul 2 Internet https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2020/08/03/12/44/http%3a%2f%2fwww.acc.org%2flatest-in-cardiology%2farticles%2f2020%2f08%2f03%2f12%2f44%2fthe-use-of-ecmo-in-patients-with-cardiopulmonary-failure-due-to-covid-19.
   Google Scholar
• MacLaren G, Fisher D, Brodie D. Preparing for the most critically ill patients with covid-19: the potential role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1245–1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan K, Antognini D, Combes A, et al. Planning and provision of ECMO services for severe ARDS during the COVID-19 pandemic and other outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):518–526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zochios V, Brodie D, Charlesworth M, et al. Delivering extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for patients with COVID-19: what, who, when and how? Anaesthesia. 2020;75(8):997–1001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kimball PM, Flattery M, McDougan F, et al. Cellular immunity impaired among patients on left ventricular assist device for 6 months. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85(5):1656–1661.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zakrzewski J, Coyle L, Aicher T, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on Patients Supported with a Left Ventricular Assist Device. ASAIO J. 2021;67(11):1189–1195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Birati EY, Najjar SS, Tedford RJ, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients on left ventricular assist device support. Circ Heart Fail. 2021;14(4):e007957.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, et al. Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17(1):46–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilal T, Mudd J, DeLoughery TG. Hemostatic complications associated with ventricular assist devices. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2019;3(4):589–598.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Y Birati E, Jessup M. Left ventricular assist devices in the management of heart failure. Card Fail Rev. 2015;1(1):25–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhatla A, Mayer MM, Adusumalli S, et al. COVID-19 and cardiac arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17(9):1439–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adabag S, Zimmerman P, Black A, et al. Implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator shocks during COVID‐19 outbreak. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(11):e019708.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ducceschi V, de Divitiis M, Bianchi V, et al. Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on arrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in southern Italy. J Arrhythm. 2022;38(3):439–445.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar