181
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The cardiovascular consequences of electronic cigarette smoking: a narrative review

, , , , ORCID Icon, , , & show all
Pages 651-661 | Received 10 Mar 2023, Accepted 25 Sep 2023, Published online: 29 Sep 2023

References

  • Jerzyński T, Stimson GV, Shapiro H, et al. Estimation of the global number of e-cigarette users in 2020. Harm Reduct J. 2021;18(1):109. doi: 10.1186/s12954-021-00556-7
  • McGill HC Jr., McMahan CA, Zieske AW, et al. Associations of coronary heart disease risk factors with the intermediate lesion of atherosclerosis in youth. The pathobiological determinants of atherosclerosis in youth (PDAY) research group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20(8):1998–2004. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.20.8.1998
  • Organization WH. WHO global report on mortality attributable to tobacco. World Health Org. 2012. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44815
  • Tousoulis D. Smoking cessation and Health Economics. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2016;57(1):67–69. doi: 10.1016/S1109-9666(16)30024-0
  • Rom O, Pecorelli A, Valacchi G, et al. Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1340(1):65–74.
  • Hajek P, Etter JF, Benowitz N, et al. Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit. Addiction. 2014;109(11):1801–1810. doi: 10.1111/add.12659
  • Peralta AR, Guntur VP. Safety and efficacy of electronic cigarettes: a review. Missouri Med. 2014;111(3):238–244. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051185
  • Ioakeimidis N, Vlachopoulos C, Tousoulis D. Efficacy and safety of electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a critical approach. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2016;57(1):1–6. doi: 10.1016/S1109-9666(16)30011-2
  • Scheffler S, Dieken H, Krischenowski O, et al. Evaluation of E-cigarette liquid vapor and mainstream cigarette smoke after direct exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(4):3915–3925. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120403915
  • Reidel B, Radicioni G, Clapp PW, et al. E-Cigarette use causes a unique innate immune response in the lung, involving Increased neutrophilic activation and altered mucin secretion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(4):492–501. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201708-1590OC
  • Ruszkiewicz JA, Zhang Z, Gonçalves FM, et al. Neurotoxicity of e-cigarettes. Food Chem Toxicol: An Int J Published Br Ind Biol Res Assoc. 2020;138:111245. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111245
  • Shahandeh N, Chowdhary H, Middlekauff HR. Vaping and cardiac disease. Heart. 2021;107(19):1530–1535. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318150
  • Lerner CA, Sundar IK, Yao H, et al. Vapors produced by electronic cigarettes and e-juices with flavorings induce toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and in mouse lung. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0116732. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116732
  • Gonzalez JE, Cooke WH. Acute effects of electronic cigarettes on arterial pressure and peripheral sympathetic activity in young nonsmokers. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2021;320(1):H248–h55. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00448.2020
  • Chatterjee S, Tao JQ, Johncola A, et al. Acute exposure to e-cigarettes causes inflammation and pulmonary endothelial oxidative stress in nonsmoking, healthy young subjects. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2019;317(2):L155–l66. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00110.2019
  • Tsai M, Byun MK, Shin J, et al. Effects of e-cigarettes and vaping devices on cardiac and pulmonary physiology. J Physiol. 2020;598(22):5039–5062. doi: 10.1113/JP279754
  • Alzahrani T, Pena I, Temesgen N, et al. Association between electronic cigarette use and myocardial infarction. Am J Prev Med. 2018;55(4):455–461. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.05.004
  • Rahman MA, Hann N, Wilson A, et al. E-Cigarettes and smoking cessation: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0122544. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122544
  • Watkins SL, Thrul J, Max W, et al. Real-World effectiveness of smoking cessation strategies for young and older adults: findings from a nationally representative cohort. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020;22(9):1560–1568. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntz223
  • Wang RJ, Bhadriraju S, Glantz SA. E-Cigarette use and adult cigarette smoking cessation: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 2021;111(2):230–246. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305999
  • Teriba A, Mbama U, Sharma S, et al. Evidence against e-cigarettes for smoking cessation. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2021;61(5):e55–e8. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.05.001
  • Organisation. WH. E-cigarettes are harmful to health. Departmental news; 2020.
  • Dai H, Hao J. Exposure to advertisements and susceptibility to electronic cigarette use among Youth. J Adolesc Health. 2016;59(6):620–626. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.013
  • Opinion T. 2014 parlemeter. European parliament eurobarometer (EB/EP 82.4). Brussels: European Commission; 2015.
  • Schoenborn CA, Gindi RM. Electronic cigarette use among adults: United States, 2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2015;217:1–8.
  • Farsalinos KE, Siakas G, Poulas K, et al. Electronic cigarette use in Greece: an analysis of a representative population sample in Attica prefecture. Harm Reduct J. 2018;15(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12954-018-0229-7
  • Manzoli L, Flacco ME, Ferrante M, et al. Cohort study of electronic cigarette use: effectiveness and safety at 24 months. Tob Control. 2017;26(3):284–292. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052822
  • McNeill AD, Brose LS, Calder R, et al. Evidence review of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products 2018. Public Health England. 2018;6:103–130. (A report commissioned by Public Health England).
  • Leventhal AM, Strong DR, Kirkpatrick MG, et al. Association of electronic cigarette use with Initiation of combustible tobacco Product smoking in early adolescence. JAMA. 2015;314(7):700–707. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.8950
  • Kinnunen JM, Rimpelä AH, Lindfors PL, et al. Electronic cigarette use among 14- to 17-year-olds in Europe. Eur J Public Health. 2021;31(2):402–408. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa145
  • Fotiou A, Kanavou E, Stavrou M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of electronic cigarette use among adolescents in Greece: a preliminary cross-sectional analysis of nationwide survey data. Addict Behav. 2015;51:5188–5192. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.021
  • Lindpere V, Winickoff JP, Khan AS, et al. Reasons for E-cigarette use, vaping patterns, and cessation behaviors among U.S. Adolescents. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022;25:975–982. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac278
  • Bentur L, Hellou E, Goldbart A, et al. Laboratory and clinical acute effects of active and passive indoor group water-pipe (narghile) smoking. Chest. 2014;145(4):803–809. doi: 10.1378/chest.13-0960
  • Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M, et al. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. 2014;23(2):133–139. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859
  • Grana R, Benowitz N, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes: a scientific review. Circulation. 2014;129(19):1972–1986. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.007667
  • DeVito EE, Krishnan-Sarin S. E-cigarettes: impact of E-Liquid components and device characteristics on nicotine exposure. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(4):438–459. doi: 10.2174/1570159X15666171016164430
  • Sharma A, Gupta I, Venkatesh U, et al. E-cigarettes and myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2023;371:65–70.
  • Vindhyal MR, Okut H, Ablah E, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes associated with adult electronic cigarette use. Cureus. 2020;12(8):e9618. doi: 10.7759/cureus.9618
  • Shi J, Xiong L, Guo J, et al. The association between combustible/electronic cigarette use and stroke based on national health and nutrition examination survey. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):697. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15371-x
  • Parekh T, Pemmasani S, Desai R. Risk of stroke with E-Cigarette and combustible cigarette use in young adults. Am J Prev Med. 2020;58(3):446–452. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.10.008
  • Patel U, Patel N, Khurana M, et al. Effect comparison of E-Cigarette and traditional smoking and association with stroke-A cross-sectional study of NHANES. Neurol Int. 2022;14(2):441–452. doi: 10.3390/neurolint14020037
  • Osei AD, Mirbolouk M, Orimoloye OA, et al. Association between E-Cigarette use and cardiovascular disease among never and Current combustible-cigarette smokers. Am j med. 2019;132(8):949–54 e2. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.02.016
  • Kelesidis T, Sharma M, Sharma E, et al. Chronic electronic cigarette use and atherosclerosis risk in young people: a cross-sectional study—brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2023;43:1713–1718. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.319172
  • Berlowitz JB, Xie W, Harlow AF, et al. E-Cigarette use and risk of cardiovascular disease: a Longitudinal analysis of the PATH study (2013-2019). Circulation. 2022;145(20):1557–1559. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057369
  • Hirschtick JL, Cook S, Patel A, et al. Longitudinal associations between exclusive and Dual use of electronic nicotine delivery systems and cigarettes and Self-reported incident Diagnosed cardiovascular disease among adults. Nicotine Tob Res. 2023;25(3):386–394. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac182
  • Siqueira LM, Ryan SA, Gonzalez PK. Nicotine and tobacco as substances of abuse in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;139(1). doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-3436
  • Tsioufis P, Theofilis P, Tsioufis K, et al. The impact of cytokines in coronary atherosclerotic plaque: Current therapeutic approaches. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(24):15937. doi: 10.3390/ijms232415937
  • Espinoza-Derout J, Hasan KM, Shao XM, et al. Chronic intermittent electronic cigarette exposure induces cardiac dysfunction and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E knockout mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2019;317(2):H445–H59. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00738.2018
  • Dai W, Shi J, Siddarth P, et al. Effects of electronic cigarette exposure on myocardial infarction and no-reflow, and cardiac function in a rat model. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2023;28:107424842311559. doi: 10.1177/10742484231155992
  • Olfert IM, DeVallance E, Hoskinson H, et al. Chronic exposure to electronic cigarettes results in impaired cardiovascular function in mice. J Appl Physiol. 2018;124(3):573–582. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00713.2017
  • Hasan KM, Friedman TC, Parveen M, et al. Electronic cigarettes cause alteration in cardiac structure and function in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0239671. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239671
  • El-Mahdy MA, Mahgoup EM, Ewees MG, et al. Long-term electronic cigarette exposure induces cardiovascular dysfunction similar to tobacco cigarettes: role of nicotine and exposure duration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2021;320(5):H2112–H29. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00997.2020
  • Qiu H, Zhang H, Han DD, et al. Increased vulnerability to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias caused by different types of inhaled tobacco or marijuana products. Heart Rhythm. 2023;20(1):76–86. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.09.021
  • Monroy AE, Raji M. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation following electronic cigarette use in an elderly woman. Consultant. 2012;20(3):28–32.
  • Demir V, Hidayet S, Turan Y, et al. Acute effects of electronic cigarette smoking on ventricular repolarization in adults. Afr Health Sci. 2020;20(4):1793–1799. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v20i4.33
  • Ip M, Diamantakos E, Haptonstall K, et al. Tobacco and electronic cigarettes adversely impact ECG indexes of ventricular repolarization: implication for sudden death risk. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2020;318(5):H1176–H84. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00738.2019
  • Carll AP, Arab C, Salatini R, et al. E-cigarettes and their lone constituents induce cardiac arrhythmia and conduction defects in mice. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):6088. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33203-1
  • Putzhammer R, Doppler C, Jakschitz T, et al. Vapours of US and EU Market Leader electronic cigarette Brands and liquids are cytotoxic for human vascular endothelial cells. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0157337. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157337
  • Palpant NJ, Hofsteen P, Pabon L, et al. Cardiac development in zebrafish and human embryonic stem cells is inhibited by exposure to tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0126259. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126259
  • Shi H, Fan X, Horton A, et al. The effect of electronic-cigarette vaping on cardiac function and angiogenesis in mice. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):4085. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40847-5
  • Carnevale R, Sciarretta S, Violi F, et al. Acute impact of tobacco vs electronic cigarette smoking on oxidative stress and vascular function. Chest. 2016;150(3):606–612. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.04.012
  • Dri E, Lampas E, Lazaros G, et al. Inflammatory mediators of endothelial dysfunction. Life. 2023;13(6):1420. doi: 10.3390/life13061420
  • Tousoulis D, Fountoulakis P, Oikonomou E, et al. Acute exposure to diesel affects inflammation and vascular function. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28(11):1192–1200. doi: 10.1177/2047487319898020
  • Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, Androulakis E, et al. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting vascular endothelium in essential hypertension. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2010;19(11):1395–1412. doi: 10.1517/13543784.2010.522989
  • Antoniades C, Tousoulis D, Stefanadis C. Smoking in Asians: it doesn’t stop at vascular endothelium. Int J Cardiol. 2008;128(2):151–153. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.114
  • Caporale A, Langham MC, Guo W, et al. Acute effects of electronic cigarette aerosol inhalation on vascular function detected at quantitative MRI. Radiology. 2019;293(1):97–106. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2019190562
  • Meng XC, Guo XX, Peng ZY, et al. Acute effects of electronic cigarettes on vascular endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023;30(5):425–435. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac248
  • Larue F, Tasbih T, Ribeiro PAB, et al. Immediate physiological effects of acute electronic cigarette use in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respiratory Medicine. 2021;190:106684. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106684
  • Skotsimara G, Antonopoulos AS, Oikonomou E, et al. Cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(11):1219–1228. doi: 10.1177/2047487319832975
  • Moheimani RS, Bhetraratana M, Peters KM, et al. Sympathomimetic effects of acute E-Cigarette use: role of nicotine and non-nicotine constituents. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(9). doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006579
  • Lee MS, Rees VW, Koutrakis P, et al. Cardiac autonomic effects of secondhand exposure to nicotine from electronic cigarettes: an exploratory study. Environ Epidemiol. 2019;3(1):e033. doi: 10.1097/EE9.0000000000000033
  • Dimitriadis K, Narkiewicz K, Leontsinis I, et al. Acute effects of electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in humans. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(6):3237. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19063237
  • Rader F, Rashid MA, Nguyen TT, et al. E-Cigarette use and subclinical cardiac effects. medRxiv. 2020;127(12):1566–1567.
  • Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Stefanadis C. Evaluating endothelial function in humans: a guide to invasive and non-invasive techniques. Heart. 2005;91(4):553–558. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2003.032847
  • X-C M, X-X G, Z-Y P, et al. Acute effects of electronic cigarettes on vascular endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;30:425–435. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac248
  • Mohammadi L, Han DD, Xu F, et al. Chronic E-Cigarette use impairs endothelial function on the physiological and cellular levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2022;42(11):1333–1350. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.121.317749
  • Siddiqi TJ, Rashid AM, Siddiqi AK, et al. Association of electronic cigarette exposure on cardiovascular Health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023;48(9):101748. doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101748
  • Rao P, Han DD, Tan K, et al. Comparable impairment of vascular endothelial function by a wide range of electronic nicotine delivery devices. Nicotine Tob Res. 2022;24(7):1055–1062. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac019
  • Rao P, Liu J, Springer ML. JUUL and combusted cigarettes comparably impair endothelial function. Tob Regul Sci. 2020;6(1):30–37. doi: 10.18001/TRS.6.1.4
  • George J, Hussain M, Vadiveloo T, et al. Cardiovascular effects of switching from tobacco cigarettes to electronic cigarettes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(25):3112–3120. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.067
  • Golbidi S, Edvinsson L, Laher I. Smoking and endothelial dysfunction. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2020;18(1):1–11. doi: 10.2174/1573403X14666180913120015
  • El-Mahdy MA, Ewees MG, Eid MS, et al. Electronic cigarette exposure causes vascular endothelial dysfunction due to NADPH oxidase activation and eNOS uncoupling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2022;322(4):H549–H67. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00460.2021
  • Pincus J, Sandoval V, Dick B, et al. E-Cigarette-associated endothelial damage: A potential mechanism for erectile dysfunction. Sex Med Rev. 2022;10(1):168–173. doi: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2021.01.003
  • Tattersall MC, Esnault S, Stewart R, et al. Effects of an in vivo vaping challenge on in vitro Interleukin-6 Biosynthesis pathways in arterial endothelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(14):e030139. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.123.030139
  • Kuntic I, Kuntic M, Oelze M, et al. The role of acrolein for E-cigarette vapour condensate mediated activation of NADPH oxidase in cultured endothelial cells and macrophages. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol. 2023;475(7):807–821. doi: 10.1007/s00424-023-02825-9
  • Tachmes L, Fernandez RJ, Sackner MA. Hemodynamic effects of smoking cigarettes of high and low nicotine content. Chest. 1978;74(3):243–246. doi: 10.1378/chest.74.3.243
  • Groppelli A, Giorgi DM, Omboni S, et al. Persistent blood pressure increase induced by heavy smoking. J Hypertens. 1992;10(5):495–499. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199205000-00014
  • Aronow WS, Dendinger J, Rokaw SN. Heart rate and carbon monoxide level after smoking high-, low-, and non-nicotine cigarettes. A study in male patients with angina pectoris. Ann Intern Med. 1971;74(5):697–702. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-74-5-697
  • Groppelli A, Omboni S, Parati G, et al. Blood pressure and heart rate response to repeated smoking before and after beta-blockade and selective alpha 1 inhibition. J Hypertens Suppl. 1990;8(5):S35–40.
  • Kerr DMI, Brooksbank KJM, Taylor RG, et al. Acute effects of electronic and tobacco cigarettes on vascular and respiratory function in healthy volunteers: a cross-over study. J Hypertens. 2019;37(1):154–166. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001890
  • Ikonomidis I, Vlastos D, Kourea K, et al. Electronic cigarette smoking increases arterial stiffness and oxidative stress to a lesser extent than a single conventional cigarette. Circulation. 2018;137(3):303–306. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029153
  • Antoniewicz L, Brynedal A, Hedman L, et al. Acute effects of electronic cigarette inhalation on the vasculature and the conducting airways. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2019;19(5):441–450. doi: 10.1007/s12012-019-09516-x
  • Yan XS, D’Ruiz C. Effects of using electronic cigarettes on nicotine delivery and cardiovascular function in comparison with regular cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;71(1):24–34. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.11.004
  • Dimitriadis K, Narkiewicz K, Leontsinis I, et al. Sympathetic nerve activity changes following acute exposures to electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking in humans. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(Supplement_1). doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.2596
  • Falk GE, Okut H, Vindhyal MR, et al. Hypertension and cardiovascular diseases among electronic and combustible cigarette users. Kans J Med. 2022;15:15226–15230. doi: 10.17161/kjm.vol15.16752
  • Crippa G, Bergonzi M, Bravi E, et al. Effect of electronic cigarette smoking on blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Evaluation by non-invasive continuous ambulatory blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens. 2018;36e(4):e4. doi: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000538974.96760.a3
  • Benowitz NL, St Helen G, Nardone N, et al. Twenty-four-hour cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes compared with cigarette smoking in Dual users. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(23):e017317. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.017317
  • Doonan RJ, Hausvater A, Scallan C, et al. The effect of smoking on arterial stiffness. Hypertens Res. 2010;33(5):398–410. doi: 10.1038/hr.2010.25
  • Polosa R, Morjaria JB, Caponnetto P, et al. Blood pressure control in smokers with arterial hypertension who switched to electronic cigarettes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(11):1123. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13111123
  • Polosa R, Cibella F, Caponnetto P, et al. Health impact of E-cigarettes: a prospective 3.5-year study of regular daily users who have never smoked. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):13825. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14043-2
  • Papaioannou TG, Oikonomou E, Lazaros G, et al. Arterial stiffness and subclinical aortic damage of reclassified subjects as stage 1 hypertension according to the new 2017 ACC/AHA blood pressure guidelines. Vasa. 2019;48(3):236–243. doi: 10.1024/0301-1526/a000765
  • Tryfonopoulos D, Anastasiou E, Protogerou A, et al. Arterial stiffness in type 1 diabetes mellitus is aggravated by autoimmune thyroid disease. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28(7):616–622. doi: 10.1007/BF03347260
  • Kubozono T, Miyata M, Ueyama K, et al. Acute and chronic effects of smoking on arterial stiffness. Circ J. 2011;75(3):698–702. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-10-0552
  • Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Bratsas A, et al. Arterial stiffening and systemic endothelial activation induced by smoking: the role of COX-1 and COX-2. Int J Cardiol. 2015;189:293–298.
  • Jatoi NA, Jerrard-Dunne P, Feely J, et al. Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on arterial stiffness and aortic wave reflection in hypertension. Hypertension. 2007;49(5):981–985. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.087338
  • Szołtysek-Bołdys I, Sobczak A, Zielińska-Danch W, et al. Influence of inhaled nicotine source on arterial stiffness. Przegl Lek. 2014;71(11):572–575.
  • Cossio R, Cerra ZA, Tanaka H. Vascular effects of a single bout of electronic cigarette use. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2020;47(1):3–6. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.13180
  • Vlachopoulos C, Ioakeimidis N, Abdelrasoul M, et al. Electronic cigarette smoking increases aortic stiffness and blood pressure in young smokers. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(23):2802–2803. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.569
  • Franzen KF, Willig J, Cayo Talavera S, et al. E-cigarettes and cigarettes worsen peripheral and central hemodynamics as well as arterial stiffness: a randomized, double-blinded pilot study. Vascular Medicine. 2018;23(5):419–425. doi: 10.1177/1358863X18779694
  • Chaumont M, de Becker B, Zaher W, et al. Differential effects of E-Cigarette on microvascular endothelial function, arterial stiffness and oxidative stress: a randomized crossover trial. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):10378. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28723-0
  • Gernun S, Franzen KF, Mallock N, et al. Cardiovascular functions and arterial stiffness after JUUL use. Tob Induc Dis 2034. 2022;20:1–11. doi: 10.18332/tid/144317
  • Narkiewicz K, PJHvd B, Hausberg M, et al. Cigarette smoking increases sympathetic outflow in humans. Circulation. 1998;98(6):528–534. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.98.6.528
  • Kleiger RE, Miller JP, Bigger JT Jr., et al. Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59(4):256–262. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(87)90795-8
  • Garcia PD, Gornbein JA, Middlekauff HR. Cardiovascular autonomic effects of electronic cigarette use: a systematic review. Clin Auton Res. 2020;30(6):507–519. doi: 10.1007/s10286-020-00683-4
  • Hajek P, Phillips-Waller A, Przulj D, et al. A randomized trial of E-Cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(7):629–637. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1808779
  • Siasos G, Tsigkou V, Kokkou E, et al. Smoking and atherosclerosis: mechanisms of disease and new therapeutic approaches. Curr Med Chem. 2014;21(34):3936–3948. doi: 10.2174/092986732134141015161539
  • Sun YW, Chen KM, Atkins H, et al. Effects of E-Cigarette aerosols with varying levels of nicotine on Biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in mice. Chem Res Toxicol. 2021;34(4):1161–1168. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00033
  • Singh KP, Lawyer G, Muthumalage T, et al. Systemic biomarkers in electronic cigarette users: implications for noninvasive assessment of vaping-associated pulmonary injuries. ERJ Open Res. 2019;5(4):00182–2019. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00182-2019
  • Antoniewicz L, Bosson JA, Kuhl J, et al. Electronic cigarettes increase endothelial progenitor cells in the blood of healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis. 2016;255:179–185. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.09.064
  • Christensen CH, Chang JT, Rostron BL, et al. Biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress among adult Former Smoker, Current E-Cigarette users-results from wave 1 PATH study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2021;30(10):1947–1955. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-21-0140
  • Ween MP, Whittall JJ, Hamon R, et al. Phagocytosis and inflammation: exploring the effects of the components of E-cigarette vapor on macrophages. Physiol Rep. 2017;5(16):e13370. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13370
  • Sharma A, Lee J, Fonseca AG, et al. E-cigarettes compromise the gut barrier and trigger inflammation. iScience. 2021;24(2):102035. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102035
  • Muthumalage T, Lamb T, Friedman MR, et al. E-cigarette flavored pods induce inflammation, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and DNA damage in lung epithelial cells and monocytes. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):19035. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51643-6
  • Higham A, Rattray NJ, Dewhurst JA, et al. Electronic cigarette exposure triggers neutrophil inflammatory responses. Respir Res. 2016;17(1):56. doi: 10.1186/s12931-016-0368-x
  • Masso-Silva JA, Moshensky A, Shin J, et al. Chronic E-Cigarette aerosol inhalation alters the immune state of the lungs and Increases ACE2 expression, raising concern for altered response and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Front Physiol. 2021;12649604: doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649604
  • Kennedy CD, van Schalkwyk MCI, McKee M, et al. The cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes: a systematic review of experimental studies. Prev Med. 2019;127:105770. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105770
  • Nocella C, Biondi-Zoccai G, Sciarretta S, et al. Impact of tobacco versus electronic cigarette smoking on platelet function. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122(9):1477–1481. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.07.029
  • Ramirez JEM, Karim ZA, Alarabi AB, et al. The JUUL E-Cigarette elevates the risk of thrombosis and potentiates platelet activation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2020;25(6):578–586. doi: 10.1177/1074248420941681
  • Qasim H, Karim ZA, Silva-Espinoza JC, et al. Short-term E-Cigarette exposure increases the risk of thrombogenesis and enhances platelet function in mice. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(15). doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.009264
  • Lyytinen G, Bryndal A, Anesäter E, et al. Electronic cigarettes containing nicotine increase thrombotic activity and impair microcirculation. Eur Respir J. 2021;58(suppl 65):OA2576.
  • Metzen D, M’Pembele R, Zako S, et al. Platelet reactivity is higher in e-cigarette vaping as compared to traditional smoking. Int J Cardiol. 2021;343:146–148. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.09.005

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.