Biomarkers to monitor the prognosis, disease severity, and treatment efficacy in coronary artery disease

References

• Cassar A, Holmes DR Jr., Rihal CS, et al. Chronic coronary artery disease: diagnosis and management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009 Dec;84(12):1130–1146. doi: 10.4065/mcp.2009.0391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralapanawa U, Sivakanesan R. Epidemiology and the magnitude of coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome: a narrative review. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2021 Jun;11(2):169–177. doi: 10.2991/jegh.k.201217.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeb I, Abbas N, Nasir K, et al. Coronary computed tomography as a cost-effective test strategy for coronary artery disease assessment - a systematic review. Atherosclerosis. 2014 Jun;234(2):426–435. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasan RS. Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: molecular basis and practical considerations. Circulation. 2006 May 16;113(19):2335–2362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thupakula S, Nimmala SSR, Ravula H, et al. Emerging biomarkers for the detection of cardiovascular diseases. Egypt Heart J. 2022 Oct 20;74(1):77. doi: 10.1186/s43044-022-00317-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blankenberg S, Barbaux S, Tiret L. Adhesion molecules and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2003 Oct;170(2):191–203. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9150(03)00097-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulvihill NT, Foley JB, Murphy R, et al. Evidence of prolonged inflammation in unstable angina and non-Q wave myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Oct;36(4):1210–1216. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00824-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doo YC, Han SJ, Park WJ, et al. Associations between C-reactive protein and circulating cell adhesion molecules in patients with unstable angina undergoing coronary intervention and their clinical implication. Clin Cardiol. 2005 Jan;28(1):47–51. doi: 10.1002/clc.4960280112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blankenberg S, Rupprecht HJ, Bickel C, et al. Circulating cell adhesion molecules and death in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2001 Sep 18;104(12):1336–1342. doi: 10.1161/hc3701.095949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulvihill NT, Foley JB, Murphy RT, et al. Risk stratification in unstable angina and non-Q wave myocardial infarction using soluble cell adhesion molecules. Heart. 2001 Jun;85(6):623–627. doi: 10.1136/heart.85.6.623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillis GS, Terregino C, Taggart P, et al. Elevated soluble P-selectin levels are associated with an increased risk of early adverse events in patients with presumed myocardial ischemia. Am Heart J. 2002 Feb;143(2):235–241. doi: 10.1067/mhj.2002.120303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okemefuna AI, Nan R, Miller A, et al. Complement factor H binds at two independent sites to C-reactive protein in acute phase concentrations. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jan 8;285(2):1053–1065. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.044529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otake H, Shite J, Shinke T, et al. Relation between plasma adiponectin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and coronary plaque components in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Jan 1;101(1):1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.07.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badimon L, Pena E, Arderiu G, et al. C-Reactive protein in Atherothrombosis and angiogenesis. Front Immunol. 2018;9:430. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danesh J, Wheeler JG, Hirschfield GM, et al. C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2004 Apr 1;350(14):1387–1397. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zebrack JS, Muhlestein JB, Horne BD, et al. C-reactive protein and angiographic coronary artery disease: independent and additive predictors of risk in subjects with angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Feb 20;39(4):632–637. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01804-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arroyo-Espliguero R, Viana-Llamas MC, Silva-Obregon A, et al. The role of C-reactive protein in patient risk stratification and treatment. Eur Cardiol. 2021 Feb;16:e28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, et al. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 14;347(20):1557–1565. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa021993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho JS, Cannaday JJ, Barlow CE, et al. Utility of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein versus coronary artery calcium for the detection of obstructive stenoses in stable patients. Am J Cardiol. 2013 Feb 1;111(3):328–332. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lievens D, Zernecke A, Seijkens T, et al. Platelet CD40L mediates thrombotic and inflammatory processes in atherosclerosis. Blood. 2010 Nov 18;116(20):4317–4327. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-01-261206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroyer AS, Rautou PE, Silvestre JS, et al. CD40 ligand+ microparticles from human atherosclerotic plaques stimulate endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis a potential mechanism for intraplaque neovascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Oct 14;52(16):1302–1311. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan M, Fu H, Ren L, et al. Soluble CD40 ligand promotes macrophage foam cell formation in the etiology of atherosclerosis. Cardiology. 2015;131(1):1–12. doi: 10.1159/000374105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruemmer D, Riggers U, Holzmeister J, et al. Expression of CD40 in vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages is associated with early development of human atherosclerotic lesions. Am J Cardiol. 2001 Jan 1;87(1):21–27. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9149(00)01266-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonbeck U, Libby P. CD40 signaling and plaque instability. Circ Res. 2001 Dec 7;89(12):1092–1103. doi: 10.1161/hh2401.101272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garlichs CD, Eskafi S, Raaz D, et al. Patients with acute coronary syndromes express enhanced CD40 ligand/CD154 on platelets. Heart. 2001 Dec;86(6):649–655. doi: 10.1136/heart.86.6.649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pamukcu B, Lip GY, Snezhitskiy V, et al. The CD40-CD40L system in cardiovascular disease. Ann Med. 2011 Aug;43(5):331–340. doi: 10.3109/07853890.2010.546362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varo N, de Lemos JA, Libby P, et al. Soluble CD40L: risk prediction after acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2003 Sep 2;108(9):1049–1052. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000088521.04017.13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferis BJ, Whincup PH, Welsh P, et al. Prospective study of circulating soluble CD40 ligand concentrations and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in a nested prospective case-control study of older men and women. J Thromb Haemost. 2011 Aug;9(8):1452–1459. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04415.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filep JG, El Kebir D. Serum amyloid a as a marker and mediator of acute coronary syndromes. Future Cardiol. 2008 Sep;4(5):495–504. doi: 10.2217/14796678.4.5.495
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosuge M, Ebina T, Ishikawa T, et al. Serum amyloid a is a better predictor of clinical outcomes than C-reactive protein in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Circ J. 2007 Feb;71(2):186–190. doi: 10.1253/circj.71.186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katayama T, Nakashima H, Takagi C, et al. Prognostic value of serum amyloid a protein in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circ J. 2005 Oct;69(10):1186–1191. doi: 10.1253/circj.69.1186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson BD, Kip KE, Marroquin OC, et al. Serum amyloid a as a predictor of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular outcome in women: the National heart, lung, and blood Institute-Sponsored women’s ischemia syndrome evaluation (WISE). Circulation. 2004 Feb 17;109(6):726–732. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000115516.54550.B1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow DA, Rifai N, Antman EM, et al. Serum amyloid a predicts early mortality in acute coronary syndromes: a TIMI 11A substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Feb;35(2):358–362. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00574-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leopold JA, Loscalzo J. Oxidative mechanisms and atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Drug Discov Today Ther Strateg. 2008 Mar;5(1):5–13. doi: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2008.02.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murase T, Kume N, Kataoka H, et al. Identification of soluble forms of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 Mar;20(3):715–720. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.20.3.715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubrano V, Del Turco S, Nicolini G, et al. Circulating levels of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 are associated with inflammatory markers. Lipids. 2008 Oct;43(10):945–950. doi: 10.1007/s11745-008-3227-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue N, Sawamura T. Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 as extracellular chaperone receptor: its versatile functions and human diseases. Methods. 2007 Nov;43(3):218–222. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashida K, Kume N, Murase T, et al. Serum soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 levels are elevated in acute coronary syndrome: a novel marker for early diagnosis. Circulation. 2005 Aug 9;112(6):812–818. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.468397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheikh MSA. Circulatory soluble LOX-1 is a novel predictor for coronary artery disease patients. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2022 Oct 11;33:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Lubrano V, Balzan S. Consolidated and emerging inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease. World J Exp Med. 2015 Feb 20;5(1):21–32. doi: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i1.21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saxena A, Russo I, Frangogiannis NG. Inflammation as a therapeutic target in myocardial infarction: learning from past failures to meet future challenges. Transl Res. 2016 Jan;167(1):152–166. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea J, Armstrong J, Gadsdon P, et al. Interleukin-1β in coronary arteries of patients with ischemic heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996;16(8):1000–1006. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.16.8.1000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi M, Keller TT, van Gorp E, et al. Infection and inflammation and the coagulation system. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;60(1):26–39. doi: 10.1016/S0008-6363(02)00857-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbate A, Toldo S, Marchetti C, et al. Interleukin-1 and the Inflammasome as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2020 Apr 24;126(9):1260–1280. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.315937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang X, Wang F, Wang Y, et al. Inflammasome-Driven interleukin-1alpha and interleukin-1beta production in atherosclerotic plaques relates to hyperlipidemia and plaque complexity. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2019 Jun;4(3):304–317. doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.02.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simon AD, Yazdani S, Wang W, et al. Circulating levels of IL-1beta, a prothrombotic cytokine, are elevated in unstable angina versus stable angina. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2000 Apr;9(3):217–222. doi: 10.1023/A:1018758409934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirii H, Niwa T, Yamada Y, et al. Lack of interleukin-1beta decreases the severity of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Apr 1;23(4):656–660. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000064374.15232.C3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmerich H, Fulda S, Linseisen J, et al. TNF-alpha, soluble TNF receptor and interleukin-6 plasma levels in the general population. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2006 Sep;17(3):196–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubrano V, Cocci F, Battaglia D, et al. Usefulness of high-sensitivity IL-6 measurement for clinical characterization of patients with coronary artery disease. J Clin Lab Anal. 2005;19(3):110–114. doi: 10.1002/jcla.20061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cesari M, Penninx BW, Newman AB, et al. Inflammatory markers and cardiovascular disease (the health, aging and body composition [health ABC] study). Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(5):522–528. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00718-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindmark E, Diderholm E, Wallentin L, et al. Relationship between interleukin 6 and mortality in patients with unstable coronary artery disease: effects of an early invasive or noninvasive strategy. JAMA. 2001 Nov 7;286(17):2107–2113. doi: 10.1001/jama.286.17.2107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, et al. Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation. 2000 Apr 18;101(15):1767–1772. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.101.15.1767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su D, Li Z, Li X, et al. Association between serum interleukin-6 concentration and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:726178. doi: 10.1155/2013/726178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho JE, Mahajan A, Chen MH, et al. Clinical and genetic correlates of growth differentiation factor 15 in the community. Clin Chem. 2012 Nov;58(11):1582–1591. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.190322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagstrom E, Held C, Stewart RA, et al. Growth differentiation factor 15 predicts all-cause morbidity and mortality in stable coronary heart disease. Clin Chem. 2017 Jan;63(1):325–333. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.260570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May BM, Pimentel M, Zimerman LI, et al. GDF-15 as a biomarker in cardiovascular disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021 Mar;116(3):494–500. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Duan L, Cai YL, et al. Growth differentiation factor-15 is associated with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020 Aug 3;19(1):120. doi: 10.1186/s12933-020-01092-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato ET, Morrow DA, Guo J, et al. Growth differentiation factor 15 and cardiovascular risk: individual patient meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2023 Jan 21;44(4):293–300. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda U, Matsui K, Murakami Y, et al. Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and coronary artery disease. Clin Cardiol. 2002;25(4):143–147. doi: 10.1002/clc.4960250403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garlichs CD, John S, Schmeisser A, et al. Upregulation of CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD154) in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Circulation. 2001 Nov 13;104(20):2395–2400. doi: 10.1161/hc4501.099312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parissis JT, Venetsanou KF, Kalantzi MV, et al. Serum profiles of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and C-C chemokines in hypertensive patients with or without significant hyperlipidemia. Am J Cardiol. 2000 Mar 15;85(6):777–9, A9. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00862-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papayianni A, Alexopoulos E, Giamalis P, et al. Circulating levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MCP-1 are increased in haemodialysis patients: association with inflammation, dyslipidaemia, and vascular events. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002 Mar;17(3):435–441. doi: 10.1093/ndt/17.3.435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Störk S, Baumann K, von Schacky C, et al. The effect of 17β-estradiol on MCP-1 serum levels in postmenopausal women. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;53(3):642–649. doi: 10.1016/S0008-6363(01)00461-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charo IF, Taubman MB. Chemokines in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. Circ Res. 2004;95(9):858–866. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000146672.10582.17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lemos JA, Morrow DA, Sabatine MS, et al. Association between plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and long-term clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2003 Feb 11;107(5):690–695. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000049742.68848.99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nian M, Lee P, Khaper N, et al. Inflammatory cytokines and postmyocardial infarction remodeling. Circ Res. 2004 Jun 25;94(12):1543–1553. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000130526.20854.fa
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao VH, Rai V, Stoupa S, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1-dependent matrix metalloproteinases in the carotid plaques of symptomatic patients with carotid stenosis. Atherosclerosis. 2016 May;248:160–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolski F, Blyszczuk P. Complexity of TNF-α signaling in heart disease. J Clin Med. 2020 Oct 12;9(10):3267. doi: 10.3390/jcm9103267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer M, et al. Elevation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and increased risk of recurrent coronary events after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2000 May 9;101(18):2149–2153. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.101.18.2149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueland T, Yndestad A, Oie E, et al. Dysregulated osteoprotegerin/RANK ligand/RANK axis in clinical and experimental heart failure. Circulation. 2005 May 17;111(19):2461–2468. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000165119.62099.14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosheimer BA, Kaneider NC, Feistritzer C, et al. Expression and function of RANK in human monocyte chemotaxis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Jul;50(7):2309–2316. doi: 10.1002/art.20352
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kindle L, Rothe L, Kriss M, et al. Human microvascular endothelial cell activation by IL-1 and TNF-alpha stimulates the adhesion and transendothelial migration of circulating human CD14+ monocytes that develop with RANKL into functional osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res. 2006 Feb;21(2):193–206. doi: 10.1359/JBMR.051027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, et al. Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell. 1997 Apr 18;89(2):309–319. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80209-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandberg WJ, Yndestad A, Oie E, et al. Enhanced T-cell expression of RANK ligand in acute coronary syndrome: possible role in plaque destabilization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Apr;26(4):857–863. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000204334.48195.6a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demer LL, Tintut Y. Vascular calcification: pathobiology of a multifaceted disease. Circulation. 2008 Jun 3;117(22):2938–2948. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peri G, Introna M, Corradi D, et al. PTX3, a prototypical long pentraxin, is an early indicator of acute myocardial infarction in humans. Circulation. 2000 Aug 8;102(6):636–641. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.102.6.636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latini R, Maggioni AP, Peri G, et al. Prognostic significance of the long pentraxin PTX3 in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2004 Oct 19;110(16):2349–2354. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000145167.30987.2E
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ristagno G, Fumagalli F, Bottazzi B, et al. Pentraxin 3 in cardiovascular disease. Front Immunol. 2019;10:823. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Sato A, Akiyama D, et al. Clinical value of plasma pentraxin 3 levels for predicting cardiac troponin elevation after percutaneous coronary intervention. Life Sci. 2014 Jan 24;95(1):40–44. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.11.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ustundag M, Orak M, Guloglu C, et al. Comparative diagnostic accuracy of serum levels of neutrophil activating peptide-2 and pentraxin-3 versus troponin-I in acute coronary syndrome. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2011 Nov;11(7):588–594. doi: 10.5152/akd.2011.160
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zlibut A, Bocsan IC, Agoston-Coldea L. Pentraxin-3 and endothelial dysfunction. Adv Clin Chem. 2019;91:163–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casula M, Montecucco F, Bonaventura A, et al. Update on the role of pentraxin 3 in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;99:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolph MS, Zimmer S, Bottazzi B, et al. Production of the long pentraxin PTX3 in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 May 1;22(5):e10–4. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000015595.95497.2F
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoflach M, Kiechl S, Mantovani A, et al. Pentraxin-3 as a marker of advanced atherosclerosis results from the Bruneck, ARMY and ARFY studies. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31474. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soeki T, Niki T, Kusunose K, et al. Elevated concentrations of pentraxin 3 are associated with coronary plaque vulnerability. J Cardiol. 2011 Sep;58(2):151–157. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2011.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauseef WM. Biosynthesis of human myeloperoxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2018;642:1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls SJ, Hazen SL. Myeloperoxidase and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25(6):1102–1111. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000163262.83456.6d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndrepepa G. Myeloperoxidase - a bridge linking inflammation and oxidative stress with cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2019 Jun;493:36–51. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaub N, Reichlin T, Meune C, et al. Markers of plaque instability in the early diagnosis and risk stratification of acute myocardial infarction. Clin Chem. 2012 Jan;58(1):246–256. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.172940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yunoki K, Naruko T, Inaba M, et al. Gender-specific correlation between plasma myeloperoxidase levels and serum high-density lipoprotein-associated paraoxonase-1 levels in patients with stable and unstable coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 2013 Dec;231(2):308–314. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang WH, Wu Y, Nicholls SJ, et al. Plasma myeloperoxidase predicts incident cardiovascular risks in stable patients undergoing medical management for coronary artery disease. Clin Chem. 2011 Jan;57(1):33–39. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.152827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R, Brennan ML, Fu X, et al. Association between myeloperoxidase levels and risk of coronary artery disease. JAMA. 2001 Nov 7;286(17):2136–2142. doi: 10.1001/jama.286.17.2136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasanpour Z, Javanmard SH, Gharaaty M, et al. Association between serum myeloperoxidase levels and coronary artery disease in patients without diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. Adv Biomed Res. 2016;5:103. doi: 10.4103/2277-9175.183663
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ionita MG, Vink A, Dijke IE, et al. High levels of myeloid-related protein 14 in human atherosclerotic plaques correlate with the characteristics of rupture-prone lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009 Aug;29(8):1220–1227. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.190314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai V, Agrawal DK. The role of damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns in inflammation-mediated vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2017 Oct;95(10):1245–1253. doi: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiopu A, Cotoi OS. S100A8 and S100A9: DAMPs at the crossroads between innate immunity, traditional risk factors, and cardiovascular disease. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:828354. doi: 10.1155/2013/828354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotoi OS, Duner P, Ko N, et al. Plasma S100A8/A9 correlates with blood neutrophil counts, traditional risk factors, and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged healthy individuals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014 Jan;34(1):202–210. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacColl E, Khalil RA. Matrix metalloproteinases as regulators of vein structure and function: implications in chronic venous disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2015 Dec;355(3):410–428. doi: 10.1124/jpet.115.227330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh D, Rai V, Agrawal DK. Non-coding RNAs in regulating plaque progression and remodeling of extracellular matrix in atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Nov 8;23(22):13731. doi: 10.3390/ijms232213731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao VH, Rai V, Stoupa S, et al. Blockade of ets-1 attenuates epidermal growth factor-dependent collagen loss in human carotid plaque smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015 Sep 15;309(6):H1075–86. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00378.2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalampogias A, Siasos G, Oikonomou E, et al. Basic mechanisms in atherosclerosis: the role of calcium. Med Chem. 2016;12(2):103–113. doi: 10.2174/1573406411666150928111446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezhov M, Safarova M, Afanasieva O, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 as a predictor of coronary atherosclerotic plaque instability in stable coronary heart disease patients with elevated lipoprotein(a) levels. Biomolecules. 2019 Mar 29;9(4). doi: 10.3390/biom9040129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenti M, Falcinelli E, Pompili M, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 of human carotid atherosclerotic plaques promotes platelet activation. Correlation with ischaemic events. Thromb Haemost. 2014 Jun;111(6):1089–1101. doi: 10.1160/TH13-07-0588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Tan GJ, Han LN, et al. Novel biomarkers for cardiovascular risk prediction. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2017 Feb;14(2):135–150. doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.02.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orbe J, Montero I, Rodriguez JA, et al. Independent association of matrix metalloproteinase-10, cardiovascular risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2007 Jan;5(1):91–97. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02276.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariens RA. Elevated fibrinogen causes thrombosis. Blood. 2011 May 5;117(18):4687–4688. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-340422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Undas A, Szuldrzynski K, Stepien E, et al. Reduced clot permeability and susceptibility to lysis in patients with acute coronary syndrome: effects of inflammation and oxidative stress. Atherosclerosis. 2008 Feb;196(2):551–557. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.05.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leander K, Blomback M, Wallen H, et al. Impaired fibrinolytic capacity and increased fibrin formation associate with myocardial infarction. Thromb Haemost. 2012 Jun;107(6):1092–1099. doi: 10.1160/TH11-11-0760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neergaard-Petersen S, Larsen SB, Grove EL, et al. Imbalance between fibrin clot formation and fibrinolysis predicts cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Thromb Haemost. 2020 Jan;120(1):75–82. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1700873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppola G, Rizzo M, Abrignani MG, et al. Fibrinogen as a predictor of mortality after acute myocardial infarction: a forty-two-month follow-up study. Ital Heart J. 2005 Apr;6(4):315–322.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maresca G, Di Blasio A, Marchioli R, et al. Measuring plasma fibrinogen to predict stroke and myocardial infarction: an update. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999 Jun;19(6):1368–1377. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.19.6.1368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerging Risk Factors C, Danesh J, Erqou S, et al. The emerging risk factors collaboration: analysis of individual data on lipid, inflammatory and other markers in over 1.1 million participants in 104 prospective studies of cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Epidemiol 2007;22(12):839–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumaya W, Wallentin L, James SK, et al. Fibrin clot properties independently predict adverse clinical outcome following acute coronary syndrome: a PLATO substudy. Eur Heart J. 2018 Apr 1;39(13):1078–1085. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumaya W, Wallentin L, James SK, et al. Impaired fibrinolysis predicts adverse outcome in acute coronary syndrome patients with diabetes: a PLATO sub-study. Thromb Haemost. 2020 Mar;120(3):412–422. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1701011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erben RG. Physiological actions of Fibroblast growth factor-23. Front Endocrinol. 2018;9:267. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng S, Wang C, Yan H, et al. Fibroblast growth factor-23 as a biomarker of adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Biomarkers. 2022 Jun;27(4):299–305. doi: 10.1080/1354750X.2022.2046857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, Ma X, Pan X, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 23 is associated with the presence of coronary artery disease and the number of stenotic vessels. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2015 Nov;42(11):1152–1157. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.12467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao Y, Peng C, Huang W, et al. Circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 is associated with angiographic severity and extent of coronary artery disease. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e72545. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udell JA, Morrow DA, Jarolim P, et al. Fibroblast growth factor-23, cardiovascular prognosis, and benefit of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in stable ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jun 10;63(22):2421–2428. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker BD, Schurgers LJ, Brandenburg VM, et al. The associations of fibroblast growth factor 23 and uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein with mortality in coronary artery disease: the heart and soul study. Ann Intern Med. 2010 May 18;152(10):640–648. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-152-10-201005180-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassenaar TM, Juncos VA, Zimmermann K. Interactions between the gut microbiome, lung conditions, and coronary heart disease and how probiotics affect these. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Sep 8;22(18):9700. doi: 10.3390/ijms22189700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seldin MM, Meng Y, Qi H, et al. Trimethylamine N-Oxide promotes vascular inflammation through signaling of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 Feb 22;5(2). doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geng J, Yang C, Wang B, et al. Trimethylamine N-oxide promotes atherosclerosis via CD36-dependent MAPK/JNK pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018 Jan;97:941–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonaca MP, Scirica BM, Sabatine MS, et al. Prospective evaluation of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-a and outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Jul 24;60(4):332–338. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahto S, Sharma SB, Dwivedi S, et al. Biomarkers for early detection of risk in female patients with coronary artery disease: pilot study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2013 May;61(5):317–319.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iversen KK, Dalsgaard M, Teisner AS, et al. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, a marker for outcome in patients suspected for acute coronary syndrome. Clin Biochem. 2010 Jul;43(10–11):851–857. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.03.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund J, Qin QP, Ilva T, et al. Circulating pregnancy-associated plasma protein a predicts outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome but no troponin I elevation. Circulation. 2003 Oct 21;108(16):1924–1926. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000096054.18485.07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeschen C, Dimmeler S, Hamm CW, et al. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes: comparison with markers of systemic inflammation, platelet activation, and myocardial necrosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Jan 18;45(2):229–237. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.09.060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iversen KK, Teisner B, Winkel P, et al. Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A as a marker for myocardial infarction and death in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a prognostic study within the CLARICOR trial. Atherosclerosis. 2011 Jan;214(1):203–208. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.10.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consuegra-Sanchez L, Petrovic I, Cosin-Sales J, et al. Prognostic value of circulating pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and proform of eosinophil major basic protein (pro-MBP) levels in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Clin Chim Acta. 2008 May;391(1–2):18–23. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Kardiol Pol. 2016;74(10):1037–1147. doi: 10.5603/KP.2016.0141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisel A, Mueller C, Adams K Jr., et al. State of the art: using natriuretic peptide levels in clinical practice. Eur J Heart Fail. 2008 Sep;10(9):824–839. doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolber T, Maeder M, Rickli H, et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide used for the prediction of coronary artery stenosis. Eur J Clin Invest. 2007 Jan;37(1):18–25. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01731.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omland T, Sabatine MS, Jablonski KA, et al. Prognostic value of B-Type natriuretic peptides in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the PEACE trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Jul 17;50(3):205–214. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Mumin A, Al-Hindy H-A, Mousa MJ. Combined assessments of multi-panel biomarkers for diagnostic performance in coronary artery disease: case-control analysis. Syst Rev Pharm. 2020;11(6):11.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy CP, McEvoy JW, Januzzi JL Jr. Biomarkers in stable coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2018 Feb;196:82–96. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2017.10.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber M, Dill T, Arnold R, et al. N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide predicts extent of coronary artery disease and ischemia in patients with stable angina pectoris. Am Heart J. 2004 Oct;148(4):612–620. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.04.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah RV, Januzzi JL Jr. ST2: a novel remodeling biomarker in acute and chronic heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2010 Mar;7(1):9–14. doi: 10.1007/s11897-010-0005-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coglianese EE, Larson MG, Vasan RS, et al. Distribution and clinical correlates of the interleukin receptor family member soluble ST2 in the Framingham Heart Study. Clin Chem. 2012 Dec;58(12):1673–1681. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.192153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demyanets S, Speidl WS, Tentzeris I, et al. Soluble ST2 and interleukin-33 levels in coronary artery disease: relation to disease activity and adverse outcome. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e95055. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieplinger B, Egger M, Haltmayer M, et al. Increased soluble ST2 predicts long-term mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease: results from the Ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health study. Clin Chem. 2014 Mar;60(3):530–540. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.209858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKie PM, Heublein DM, Scott CG, et al. Defining high-sensitivity cardiac troponin concentrations in the community. Clin Chem. 2013 Jul;59(7):1099–1107. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.198614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanglay Y, Twerenbold R, Lee G, et al. Incremental value of a single high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I measurement to rule out myocardial ischemia. Am J Med. 2015 Jun;128(6):638–646. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oemrawsingh RM, Cheng JM, Garcia-Garcia HM, et al. High-sensitivity troponin T in relation to coronary plaque characteristics in patients with stable coronary artery disease; results of the ATHEROREMO-IVUS study. Atherosclerosis. 2016 Apr;247:135–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamazaki K, Iijima R, Nakamura M, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T level is associated with angiographic complexity of coronary artery disease: a cross-sectional study. Heart Vessels. 2016 Jun;31(6):890–896. doi: 10.1007/s00380-015-0689-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndrepepa G, Braun S, Schulz S, et al. High-sensitivity troponin T level and angiographic severity of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2011 Sep 1;108(5):639–643. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty AL, Ku IA, Christenson RH, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T levels and secondary events in outpatients with coronary heart disease from the heart and soul study. JAMA Intern Med. 2013 May 13;173(9):763–769. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omland T, de Lemos JA, Sabatine MS, et al. A sensitive cardiac troponin T assay in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 24;361(26):2538–2547. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0805299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everett BM, Brooks MM, Vlachos HE, et al. Troponin and cardiac events in stable ischemic heart disease and diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 13;373(7):610–620. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1415921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori K, Emoto M, Inaba M. Fetuin-A: a multifunctional protein. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov. 2011 May;5(2):124–146. doi: 10.2174/187221411799015372
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swallow CJ, Partridge EA, Macmillan JC, et al. alpha2HS-glycoprotein, an antagonist of transforming growth factor beta in vivo, inhibits intestinal tumor progression. Cancer Res. 2004 Sep 15;64(18):6402–6409. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jersmann HP, Dransfield I, Hart SP. Fetuin/alpha2-HS glycoprotein enhances phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and macropinocytosis by human macrophages. Clin Sci (Lond). 2003 Sep;105(3):273–278. doi: 10.1042/CS20030126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiss A, DuChesne A, Denecke B, et al. Structural basis of calcification inhibition by alpha 2-HS glycoprotein/fetuin-A. Formation of colloidal calciprotein particles. J Biol Chem. 2003 Apr 11;278(15):13333–13341. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M210868200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Q, Jimenez MC, Townsend MK, et al. Plasma levels of fetuin-A and risk of coronary heart disease in US women: the nurses’ health study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014 Jun 24;3(3):e000939. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.000939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie WM, Ran LS, Jiang J, et al. Association between fetuin-A and prognosis of CAD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Invest. 2019 May;49(5):e13091. doi: 10.1111/eci.13091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fichtlscherer S, De Rosa S, Fox H, et al. Circulating microRnas in patients with coronary artery disease. Circ Res. 2010 Sep 3;107(5):677–684. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.215566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parahuleva MS, Lipps C, Parviz B, et al. MicroRNA expression profile of human advanced coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Sci Rep. 2018 May 18;8(1):7823. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25690-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feinberg MW, Moore KJ. MicroRNA regulation of atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2016 Feb 19;118(4):703–720. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali Sheikh MS, Alduraywish A, Almaeen A, et al. Therapeutic value of miRnas in coronary artery disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:8853748. doi: 10.1155/2021/8853748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowara M, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A, Opolski G, et al. MicroRNA regulation of extracellular matrix components in the process of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2017 Jul;44(7):711–718. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.12772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ai J, Zhang R, Li Y, et al. Circulating microRNA-1 as a potential novel biomarker for acute myocardial infarction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 Jan 1;391(1):73–77. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang GK, Zhu JQ, Zhang JT, et al. Circulating microRNA: a novel potential biomarker for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in humans. Eur Heart J. 2010 Mar;31(6):659–666. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adachi T, Nakanishi M, Otsuka Y, et al. Plasma microRNA 499 as a biomarker of acute myocardial infarction. Clin Chem. 2010 Jul;56(7):1183–1185. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.144121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdallah HY, Hassan R, Fareed A, et al. Identification of a circulating microRnas biomarker panel for non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease: case-control study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2022 Jun 24;22(1):286. doi: 10.1186/s12872-022-02711-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward JA, Esa N, Pidikiti R, et al. Circulating cell and plasma microRNA profiles differ between non-ST-Segment and ST-Segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Fam Med Med Sci Res. 2013 Oct 1;2(2):108. doi: 10.4172/2327-4972.1000108
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fazmin IT, Achercouk Z, Edling CE, et al. Circulating microRNA as a biomarker for coronary artery disease. Biomolecules. 2020 Sep 23;10(10). doi: 10.3390/biom10101354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melak T, Baynes HW. Circulating microRnas as possible biomarkers for coronary artery disease: a narrative review. EJIFCC. 2019 Jun;30(2):179–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Felker GM, Allen LA, Pocock SJ, et al. Red cell distribution width as a novel prognostic marker in heart failure: data from the CHARM program and the Duke Databank. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Jul 3;50(1):40–47. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonelli M, Sacks F, Arnold M, et al. Relation between red blood cell distribution width and cardiovascular event rate in people with coronary disease. Circulation. 2008 Jan 15;117(2):163–168. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.727545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das De S, Krishna S, Jethwa A. Iron status and its association with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Atherosclerosis. 2015 Feb;238(2):296–303. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grammer TB, Kleber ME, Silbernagel G, et al. Hemoglobin, iron metabolism and angiographic coronary artery disease (the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study). Atherosclerosis. 2014 Oct;236(2):292–300. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiu WJ, Zheng YY, Wu TT, et al. Hemoglobin-to-red-cell distribution width ratio is a novel predictor of long-term patient outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: a retrospective cohort study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:726025. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.726025
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedman JS, Lopez MF, Fleming MD, et al. SOD2-deficiency anemia: protein oxidation and altered protein expression reveal targets of damage, stress response, and antioxidant responsiveness. Blood. 2004 Oct 15;104(8):2565–2573. doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-11-3858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippi G, Targher G, Montagnana M, et al. Relation between red blood cell distribution width and inflammatory biomarkers in a large cohort of unselected outpatients. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009 Apr;133(4):628–632. doi: 10.5858/133.4.628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow DA, Rifai N, Antman EM, et al. C-reactive protein is a potent predictor of mortality independently of and in combination with troponin T in acute coronary syndromes: a TIMI 11A substudy. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Jun;31(7):1460–1465. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00136-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janszky I, Ericson M, Mittleman MA, et al. Heart rate variability in long-term risk assessment in middle-aged women with coronary heart disease: the Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study. J Intern Med. 2004 Jan;255(1):13–21. doi: 10.1046/j.0954-6820.2003.01250.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huikuri HV. Heart rate variability in coronary artery disease. J Intern Med. 1995 Apr;237(4):349–357. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1995.tb01186.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari R, Kumar R, Malik S, et al. Analysis of heart rate variability and implication of different factors on heart rate variability. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2021;17(5):e160721189770. doi: 10.2174/1573403X16999201231203854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Geus EJC, Gianaros PJ, Brindle RC, et al. Should heart rate variability be “corrected” for heart rate? Biological, quantitative, and interpretive considerations. Psychophysiology. 2019 Feb;56(2):e13287. doi: 10.1111/psyp.13287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji H, Venditti FJ Jr., Manders ES, et al. Reduced heart rate variability and mortality risk in an elderly cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1994 Aug;90(2):878–883. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.90.2.878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillebrand S, Gast KB, de Mutsert R, et al. Heart rate variability and first cardiovascular event in populations without known cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis and dose-response meta-regression. Europace. 2013 May;15(5):742–749. doi: 10.1093/europace/eus341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzati A, Pancaldi LG, Di Pasquale G, et al. Transient sympathovagal imbalance triggers “ischemic” sudden death in patients undergoing electrocardiographic holter monitoring. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996 Mar 15;27(4):847–852. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(96)00033-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuoti AO, Tulppo MP, Ukkola OH, et al. Prognostic value of heart rate variability in patients with coronary artery disease in the current treatment era. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0254107. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whang W, Bigger JT Jr. Comparison of the prognostic value of RR-interval variability after acute myocardial infarction in patients with versus those without diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2003 Aug 1;92(3):247–251. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00618-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Zhu X, Cui H, et al. The role of the VEGF family in coronary heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:738325. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.738325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zentilin L, Puligadda U, Lionetti V, et al. Cardiomyocyte VEGFR-1 activation by VEGF-B induces compensatory hypertrophy and preserves cardiac function after myocardial infarction. FASEB J. 2010 May;24(5):1467–1478. doi: 10.1096/fj.09-143180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueira L, Gonzalez JC. Effect of resveratrol on seric vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations during atherosclerosis. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 2018 Sep;30(5):209–216. doi: 10.1016/j.artere.2018.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu ZM, Deng XT, Qi RM, et al. Mechanism of chronic stress-induced reduced atherosclerotic medial area and increased plaque instability in rabbit models of chronic stress. Chin Med J (Engl). 2018 Jan 20;131(2):161–170. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.222322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng R, Pei Z, Chen B, et al. Age-related change of serum angiogenic factor levels in patients with coronary artery disease. Acta Cardiol. 2009 Dec;64(6):735–740. doi: 10.2143/AC.64.6.2044736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucukardali Y, Aydogdu S, Ozmen N, et al. The relationship between severity of coronary artery disease and plasma level of vascular endothelial growth factor. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2008 Apr;9(2):66–70. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2007.11.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitsos S, Katsanos K, Koletsis E, et al. Therapeutic angiogenesis for myocardial ischemia revisited: basic biological concepts and focus on latest clinical trials. Angiogenesis. 2012 Mar;15(1):1–22. doi: 10.1007/s10456-011-9240-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grines CL, Watkins MW, Mahmarian JJ, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Ad5FGF-4 gene therapy and its effect on myocardial perfusion in patients with stable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Oct 15;42(8):1339–1347. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00988-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayali Y, Ozder A. Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c predicts coronary artery disease in non-diabetic patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021 Feb;35(2):e23612. doi: 10.1002/jcla.23612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewid M, Sherif H, Billah SMB, et al. Glycated hemoglobin predicts coronary artery disease in non-diabetic adults. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2019 Dec 21;19(1):309. doi: 10.1186/s12872-019-01302-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong LF, Li XL, Guo YL, et al. Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c as a marker predicting the severity of coronary artery disease and early outcome in patients with stable angina. Lipids Health Dis. 2014 May 29;13:89. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-13-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Ye J, Ying M, et al. The U-Shape relationship between glycated hemoglobin level and long-term all-cause mortality among patients with coronary artery disease. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:632704. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.632704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai JK, Cahill LE, Hu FB, et al. Hemoglobin a1c is associated with increased risk of incident coronary heart disease among apparently healthy, nondiabetic men and women. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013 Mar 22;2(2):e000077. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.000077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenson RS, Hurt-Camejo E. Phospholipase A2 enzymes and the risk of atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J. 2012 Dec;33(23):2899–2909. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madjid M, Ali M, Willerson JT. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 as a novel risk marker for cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of the literature. Tex Heart Inst J. 2010;37(1):25–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling Y, Tang S, Cao Y, et al. Relationship between plasma lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2 concentrations and apolipoprotein in stable coronary artery disease patients. Dis Markers. 2020;2020:8818358. doi: 10.1155/2020/8818358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sairam SG, Sola S, Barooah A, et al. The role of Lp-PLA(2) and biochemistry parameters as potential biomarkers of coronary artery disease in Asian South-Indians: a case-control study. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2017 Dec;7(6):589–597. doi: 10.21037/cdt.2017.08.13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svarovskaya AV, Teplyakov AT, Gusakova AM, et al. Role of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in the prognosis of the development of cardiovascular complications in patients with coronary artery disease and metabolic syndrome after coronary stenting. Kardiologiia. 2020 Sep 17;60(8):98–105. doi: 10.18087/cardio.2020.8.n966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang F, Guo J, Yang F, et al. Lp-PLA2 evaluates the severity of carotid artery stenosis and predicts the occurrence of cerebrovascular events in high stroke-risk populations. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021 Mar;35(3):e23691. doi: 10.1002/jcla.23691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shioi A, Ikari Y. Plaque calcification during atherosclerosis progression and regression. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2018 Apr 1;25(4):294–303. doi: 10.5551/jat.RV17020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adelhoefer S, Uddin SMI, Osei AD, et al. Coronary artery calcium scoring: new insights into clinical interpretation-lessons from the CAC consortium. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2020 Dec;2(6):e200281. doi: 10.1148/ryct.2020200281
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shreibati JB, Baker LC, McConnell MV, et al. Outcomes after coronary artery calcium and other cardiovascular biomarker testing among asymptomatic medicare beneficiaries. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 Jul;7(4):655–662. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.001869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadpour AH, Nazemi S, Mashhadi F, et al. Evaluation of NPP1 as a novel biomarker of coronary artery disease: a Pilot study in human beings. Adv Pharm Bull. 2018 Aug;8(3):489–493. doi: 10.15171/apb.2018.057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diederichsen SZ, Gronhoj MH, Mickley H, et al. CT-Detected growth of coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic middle-aged subjects and association with 15 biomarkers. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017 Aug;10(8):858–866. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig W, Khuseyinova N. Biomarkers of atherosclerotic plaque instability and rupture. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Jan;27(1):15–26. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000251503.35795.4f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo X, Zhao C, Wang S, et al. TNF-alpha is a novel biomarker for predicting plaque rupture in patients with ST-Segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Inflamm Res. 2022;15:1889–1898. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S352509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surma S, Czober T, Lepich T, et al. Selected biomarkers of atherosclerosis-clinical aspects. Acta Angiologica. 2020;26(1):28–39. doi: 10.5603/AA.2020.0005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenson RS, Brewer HB, Rader DJ. Lipoproteins as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the setting of acute coronary syndrome. Circ Res. 2014 Jun 6;114(12):1880–1889. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.302805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kook H, Jang DH, Kim JH, et al. Identification of plaque ruptures using a novel discriminative model comprising biomarkers in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 19;10(1):20228. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77413-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumric M, Borovac JA, Martinovic D, et al. Circulating biomarkers reflecting destabilization mechanisms of coronary artery plaques: are we looking for the impossible? Biomolecules. 2021 Jun 14;11(6). doi: 10.3390/biom11060881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Braiek A, Chahed H, Dumont F, et al. Identification of biomarker panels as predictors of severity in coronary artery disease. J Cell Mol Med. 2021 Feb;25(3):1518–1530. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.16244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carballo-Perich L, Puigoriol-Illamola D, Bashir S, et al. Clinical parameters and epigenetic biomarkers of plaque vulnerability in patients with carotid stenosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 May 5;23(9):5149. doi: 10.3390/ijms23095149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kember I, Sanajou S, Kilicarslan B, et al. Evaluation of neopterin levels and kynurenine pathway in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Acute Crit Care. 2023 Aug;38(3):325–332. doi: 10.4266/acc.2023.00024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Awuah A, Moore JS, Nesbit MA, et al. A novel algorithm for cardiovascular screening using conjunctival microcirculatory parameters and blood biomarkers. Sci Rep. 2022 Apr 21;12(1):6545. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10491-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karagiannidis E, Moysidis DV, Papazoglou AS, et al. Prognostic significance of metabolomic biomarkers in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022 May 7;21(1):70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deda O, Panteris E, Meikopoulos T, et al. Correlation of serum acylcarnitines with clinical presentation and severity of coronary artery disease. Biomolecules. 2022 Feb 23;12(3). doi: 10.3390/biom12030354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrannini E, Manca ML, Ferrannini G, et al. Differential proteomics of cardiovascular risk and coronary artery disease in humans. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:790289. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.790289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin M, Mun S, Park SH, et al. Serum biomarker discovery related to pathogenesis in acute coronary syndrome by proteomic approach. Biosci Rep. 2021 Jun 25;41(6). doi: 10.1042/BSR20210344
   Google Scholar
• Sachdeva A, Cannon CP, Deedwania PC, et al. Lipid levels in patients hospitalized with coronary artery disease: an analysis of 136,905 hospitalizations in get with the guidelines. Am Heart J. 2009 Jan;157(1):111–117 e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo DC, Papke CL, Tran-Fadulu V, et al. Mutations in smooth muscle alpha-actin (ACTA2) cause coronary artery disease, stroke, and Moyamoya disease, along with thoracic aortic disease. Am J Hum Genet. 2009 May;84(5):617–627. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fioranelli M, Bottaccioli AG, Bottaccioli F, et al. Stress and inflammation in coronary artery disease: a review psychoneuroendocrineimmunology-based. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2031. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar