References
- Anastasakis, O. 2008. “The EU’s Political Conditionality in the Western Balkans: Towards a More Pragmatic Approach.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 8 (4): 365–377. doi:10.1080/14683850802556384.
- Andrés Viñas, D. 2009. “EU’s Democracy Promotion Policy in the Mediterranean: Squaring the Stability–democracy Circle?” Observatori de Política Exterior Europea Working Paper n. 80. Accessed 5 August 2020. http://normcon.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/80-andrc3a9s-vic3b1as-2009-eus-democracy-promotion-policy-in-the-mediterranean-squaring-the-stability-e28093-democracy-circle.pdf
- Anghel, S. E. 2018. “The European Council and the Western Balkans: Overview of Discussions since the Lisbon Treaty.” European Parliament: Think Tank. Accessed 5 August 2020. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/615678/EPRS_BRI(2018)615678_EN.pdf
- Balkans in Europe Policy Advisory Group. 2017. “The Crisis of Democracy in the Western Balkans. Authoritarianism and EU Stabilitocracy.” Policy Paper. Accessed 5 August 2020. http://www.biepag.eu/publications/the-crisis-of-democracy-in-the-western-balkans-authoritarianism-and-eu-stabilitocracy/
- BBC. 2019. “EU Blocks Albania and North Macedonia Membership Bids.” BBC News. Accessed 24 March 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50100201
- Bieber, F. 2011. “Building Impossible States? State-Building Strategies and EU Membership in the Western Balkans.” Europe-Asia Studies 63 (10): 1783–1802. doi:10.1080/09668136.2011.618679.
- Bieber, F. 2018a. “Patterns of Competitive Authoritarianism in the Western Balkans.” East European Politics 34 (3): 337–354. doi:10.1080/21599165.2018.1490272.
- Bieber, F. 2018b. “The Rise (And Fall) of Balkan Stabilitocracies.” Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development 10: 176–185. doi:10.2307/48573486.
- Bieber, F. 2020. The Rise of Authoritarianism in the Western Balkans. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Bieber, F., and N. Tzifakis. 2020. The Western Balkans in the World: Linkages and Relations with Non-Western Countries. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Börzel, T. A., and B. Lebanidze. 2017. “‘The Transformative Power of Europe’ beyond Enlargement: The EU’s Performance in Promoting Democracy in Its Neighbourhood.” East European Politics 33 (1): 17–35.
- Börzel, T. A., and V. van Hüllen. 2014. “One Voice, One Message, but Conflicting Goals: Cohesiveness and Consistency in the European Neighbourhood Policy.” Journal of European Public Policy 21 (7): 1033–1049. doi:10.1080/13501763.2014.912147.
- Buzan, B., and O. Wæver. 2003. Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Castaldo, A., and A. Pinna. 2019. “After Competitive Authoritarianism Hybrid Regime Legacies and the Quality of Democracy in Croatia.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 27 (4): 486–502.
- Chryssogelos, A., and E. B. Stavrevska. 2019. “The Prespa Agreement between Greece and North Macedonia and the Discordancies of EU Foreign Policy.” European Foreign Affairs Review 24 (4): 427–446.
- Council of the European Union. 1999. “2192nd Council Meeting- GENERAL AFFAIRS -luxembourg, 21-22 June 1999.” Accessed 12 August 2020. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/gena/09008.EN9.htm
- Council of the European Union. 2004. “Council Joint Action 2004/569/CFSP.” Accessed 30 July 2020. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32004E0569&from=lt
- Council of the European Union. 2008. “Council Joint Action 2008/124/CFSP.” Official Journal of the European Union. Accessed 30 July 2020. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1596619602183&uri=CELEX:32008E0124
- Council of the European Union. 2016. “OUTCOME OF THE COUNCIL MEETING 3511th Council meeting General Affairs, Brussels, 13 December 2016.” Accessed 23 August 2020. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/21524/st15536en16.pdf
- Crawford, B., 1996. Explaining Defection from International Cooperation: Germany's Unilateral Recognition of Croatia. World Politics 48 (4): 482–521 doi:10.1353/wp.1996.0015
- Csaky, Z. 2020. “Dropping the Democratic Facade.” Freedom House: Nations in Transit 2020. Accessed 29 July 2020. https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2020/dropping-democratic-facade
- Darmanovic, S. 2007. “Montenegro: A Miracle in the Balkans?” Journal of Democracy 18 (2): 152–159.
- de Lasheras, F. B., V. Tcherneva, and F. Wesslau. 2016. “Return to Instability: How Migration and Great Power Politics Threaten the Western Balkans.” European Council on Foreign Relations. Accessed 30 October 2019. https://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/return_to_instability_6045
- Deutsch, K. W., and J. D. Singer. 1964. “Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability.” World Politics 16 (3): 390–406. doi:10.2307/2009578.
- Diamond, L. 1995. Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. New York: Carnegie.
- Diamond, L., F. Fukuyama, D. L. Horowitz, and M. F. Plattner. 2014. “Reconsidering the Transition Paradigm.” Journal of Democracy 25 (1): 86–100.
- Emmott, R. 2018. “Serbia on Course for EU by 2025, Top EU Official Says.” Reuters. Accessed 29 April 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-balkans/serbia-on-course-for-eu-by-2025-top-eu-official-says-idUSKBN1F80V8
- Epstein, R. A., and U. Sedelmeier. 2008. “Beyond Conditionality: International Institutions in Postcommunist Europe after Enlargement.” Journal of European Public Policy 15 (6): 795–805. doi:10.1080/13501760802196465.
- European Commission. 1999. “COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT on THE Stabilisation AND Association Process for Countries of South-Eastern Europe.” Acessed 24 March 2020. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:51999DC0235&qid=1597137901256&from=EN
- European Commission. 2003. “EU-Western Balkans Summit Thessaloniki, 21 June 2003.” Accessed 24 March 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/PRES_03_163
- European Commission. 2012. “Commission Outlines Next Steps for EU Enlargement.” Accessed 30 July 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_12_1087
- European Commission. 2013. “Serbia and Kosovo*: Historic Agreement Paves the Way for Decisive Progress in Their EU Perspectives.” Accessed 30 July 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_13_347
- European Commission. 2015. “Commission Reports on Visa-free Travel from the Western Balkans.” Accessed 28 July 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_15_4482
- European Commission. 2018. “A Credible Enlargement Perspective for and Enhanced EU Engagement with the Western.” COM(2018) 65 final. Accessed 24 March 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/communication-credible-enlargement-perspective-western-balkans_en.pdf
- European Commission. 2019. “PROGRAMMES’ PERFORMANCE OVERVIEW: EU Budget 2014-20.” Budget. Accessed 24 March 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/about_the_european_commission/eu_budget/ppo_db2020.pdf
- European Commission. n.d. “European Neighbourhood Policy And Enlargement Negotiations.” Accessed 29 April 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/countries/check-current-status_en
- European Council. 1999. “Conclusions of the Presidency.” Accessed 3 May 2019. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/hel1_en.htm
- European Council. 2016. “Remarks by President Donald Tusk after His Meeting with Prime Minister of Montenegro Milo Đukanović.” Accessed 29 July 2020. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/29/tusk-remarks-prime-minister-montenegro-dukanovic/
- European Council. 2018. “EU-Western Balkans Summit in Sofia, 17/ 05/2018.” Accessed 30 October 2019. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2018/05/17/
- European Council. 2020. “EU-Western Balkans Zagreb Summit.” Accessed 30 July 2020. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2020/05/06/
- European Parliament. 2013. “European Parliament Resolution of 23 May 2013 on the 2012 Progress Report on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2013/2866(RSP).” Accessed 14 August 2020. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52013IP0226
- Fleck, J. 2020. “EU Greenlights North Macedonia and Albania Membership Talks: Breakthrough or Symbolic Gesture?” Atlantic Council. Accessed 29 April 2020. Accessed April 29, 2020. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/eu-greenlights-north-macedonia-and-albania-membership-talks-breakthrough-or-symbolic-gesture/
- Fowler, M. W. 2015. “A Brief Survey of Democracy Promotion in US Foreign Policy.” Democracy and Security 11 (3): 227–247. doi:10.1080/17419166.2015.1045974.
- Freedom House. n.d. “Nations in Transit.” Accessed 24 March 2020. https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit
- Freyburg, T., and S. Richter. 2010. “National Identity Matters: The Limited Impact of EU Political Conditionality in the Western Balkans.” Journal of European Public Policy 17 (2): 263–281.
- Frontex. 2016. “Western Balkans Annual Risk Analysis 2016.” Accessed 12 December 2019. www.frontex.europa.eu
- Gause, F. G. 2011. “Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring: The Myth of Authoritarian Stability.” Foreign Affairs 90 (4): 81–90.
- Grimm, S., and J. Leininger. 2012. “Not All Good Things Go Together: Conflicting Objectives in Democracy Promotion.” Democratization 19 (3): 391–414. doi:10.1080/13510347.2012.674355.
- Hale, H. E. 2005. “Regime Cycles: Democracy, Autocracy, and Revolution in Post-Soviet Eurasia.” World Politics 58 (1): 133–165.
- Higashino, A. 2004. “For the Sake of ‘Peace and Security’? The Role of Security in the European Union Enlargement Eastwards.” Cooperation and Conflict 39 (4): 347–368.
- Kirchner, E. 2013. “Common Security and Defence Policy Peace Operations in the Western Balkans: Impact and Lessons Learned.” European Security 22 (1): 36–54.
- Kovačević, M. 2018. “The EU’s Stability-Democratisation Dilemma in the Western Balkans: The Case of Serbia.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies 10 (3): 9–23.
- Kusku-Sönmez, E., and S. Türkes-Kiliç. 2018. “Dynamics of Technical Progress Towards the EU Accession: New Rules, Vetoes and Power Asymmetries.” European Foreign Affairs Review 23 (2): 263–280.
- Lake, D. A. 2009. “Regional Hierarchy: Authority and Local International Order.” Review of International Studies 35 (S1): 35–58.
- Larsen, H. 2002. “The EU: A Global Military Actor?” Cooperation and Conflict 37 (3): 283–302. doi:10.1177/0010836702037003673.
- Manners, I. 2002. “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 40 (2): 235–258.
- Markovic-Khaze, N. 2018. “European Union’s Enlargement Fatigue: Russia’s and China’s Rise in Southeast Europe?” Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies 10 (1): 48–63.
- Massari, M. 2005. “Do All Roads Lead to Brussels? Analysis of the Different Trajectories of Croatia, Serbia-Montenegro and Bosnia-Herzegovina.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 18 (2): 259–273.
- Mavromatidis, F. 2010. “The Role of the European Union in the Name Dispute between Greece and FYR Macedonia.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 18 (1): 47–62.
- Mechkova, V., A. Lührmann, and S. I. Lindberg. 2017. “How Much Democratic Backsliding?” Journal of Democracy 28 (4): 162–169.
- Nilsson, M., and D. Silander. 2016. “Democracy and Security in the EU’s Eastern Neighborhood? Assessing the ENP in Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine.” Democracy and Security 12 (1): 44–61. doi:10.1080/17419166.2015.1135744.
- O’Brennan, J. 2014. “On the Slow Train to Nowhere-the European Union, Enlargement Fatigue and the Western Balkans.” European Foreign Affairs Review 19 (2): 221–242.
- Orbie, J. 2006. “Civilian Power Europe.” Cooperation and Conflict 41 (1): 123–128.
- Pace, M., 2009. Paradoxes and contradictions in EU democracy promotion in the Mediterranean: the limits of EU normative power.“ Democratization 16 (1): 39–58 doi:10.1080/13510340802575809
- Petreski, M., B. Petreski, D. Tumanoska, E. Narazani, F. Kazazi, G. Ognjanov, I. Jankovic, A. Mustafa, and T. Kochovska. 2018. “The Size and Effects of Emigration and Remittances in the Western Balkans. A Forecasting Based on A Delphi Process.” Südosteuropa 65 (4): 679–695.
- Petrovic, M. 2013. The Democratic Transition of Post-Communist Europe: In the Shadow of Communist Differences and Uneven EUropeanisation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Petrovic, M., and N. R. Smith. 2013. “In Croatia’s Slipstream or on an Alternative Road? Assessing the Objective Case for the Remaining Western Balkan States Acceding into the EU.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 13 (4): 553–573.
- Pridham, G. 2005. Designing Democracy: EU Enlargement and Regime Change in Post-Communist Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Richter, S. 2009. “Promoting Rule of Law without State-Building: Can EULEX Square the Circle in Kosovo?” In The EU as A Strategic Actor in the Realm of Security and Defence? A Systematic Assessment of ESDP Missions and Operations, edited by M. Asseburg, R. Kempin, and S. W. P. Resear, 30–45, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik.
- Richter, S. 2012. “Two at One Blow? The EU and Its Quest for Security and Democracy by Political Conditionality in the Western Balkans.” Democratization 19 (3): 507–534. doi:10.1080/13510347.2012.674360.
- Richter, S., and N. Wunsch. 2020. “Money, Power, Glory: The Linkages between EU Conditionality and State Capture in the Western Balkans.” Journal of European Public Policy 27 (1): 41–62.
- Robinson, W. I. 1996. “Globalization, the World System, and ‘Democracy Promotion’ in US Foreign Policy.” Theory and Society 25 (5): 615–665.
- Schimmelfennig, F., and U. Sedelmeier. 2004. “Governance by Conditionality: EU Rule Transfer to the Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern Europe.” Journal of European Public Policy 11 (4): 661–679. doi:10.1080/1350176042000248089.
- Schweickert, R., I. Melnykovska, and H. Plamper. 2012. External Drivers of Institutional Change in Central Asia: Regional Integration Schemes and the Role of Russia and China. Kiel: Kiel Inst. for the World Economy.
- Smith, C. J. 1996. “Conflict in the Balkans and the Possibility of a European Union Common Foreign and Security Policy.” International Relations 13 (2): 1–21.
- Smith, N. R. 2018. “The Re-Emergence of a ‘Mirror Image’ in West–Russia Relations?” International Politics 55 (5): 575–594.
- Smith, N. R., and T. Fallon. 2020. “An Epochal Moment? The COVID-19 Pandemic and China’s International Order Building.” World Affairs 183 (3): 235–255. doi:10.1177/0043820020945395.
- Stanley, B. 2019. “Backsliding Away? The Quality of Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe.” Journal of Contemporary European Research 15 (4): 343–353.
- Stivachtis, Y. A. 2016. “Democracy Promotion as a Security Strategy: The Case of the European Union.” In Democracy and Civil Society in a Global Era, edited by S. N. Romaniuk and M. Marlin, 32–48. New York: Routledge.
- Subotic, J. 2011. “Europe Is a State of Mind: Identity and Europeanization in the Balkans.” International Studies Quarterly 55 (2): 309–330. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00649.x.
- Tansey, O. 2016. International Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- The Economist. 2019. “Transcript - Emmanuel Macron in His Own Words (English).” The Economist. Accessed 28 July 2020. https://www.economist.com/europe/2019/11/07/emmanuel-macron-in-his-own-words-english
- Tzifakis, N. 2007. “EU’s Region-building and Boundary-drawing Policies: The European Approach to the Southern Mediterranean and the Western Balkans.” Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 9 (1): 47–64.
- Vogel, T 2018, ‘Out of Focus: the EU’s Relations with the Western Balkans’, Heinrich Böll Stiftung, retrieved December 13, 2019, from https://eu.boell.org/en/2018/10/09/out-focus-eus-relations-western-balkans
- Wright, J. 2008. “Political Competition and Democratic Stability in New Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science 38 (2): 221–245. doi:10.1017/S0007123408000124.