References
- AFP 2016. “Turkish President Threatens to Send Millions of Syrian Refugees to EU.” The Guardian, February 12.
- Ágh, A. 2013. “The Triple Crisis in Hungary: The ‘Backsliding’ of Hungarian Democracy after Twenty Years.” Romanian Journal of Political Science 13 (1): 25–51.
- Anadolu Agency. 2019. “İçişleri Bakanı Süleyman Soylu: Avrupa’nın göç yönetiminde iki problemi var”. February 20. Istanbul: Anadolu agency.
- Apaydın, S., and M. Müftüler-Baç. 2020. “Turkish Perceptions of the EU Migration Deal Based on Turkish Parliamentary Debates.” MAGYC project paper, December.
- Aydın-Düzgit, S., and G. Noutcheva. 2022. “External Contestations of Europe: Russia and Turkey as Normative Challengers?” Journal of Common Market Studies. doi:10.1111/jcms.13380.
- Bayer, L. 2020a “EU Leaders Back Deal to End Budget Blockade by Hungary and Poland.” Politico. December 10. Accessed March 20 2021. https://www.politico.eu/article/deal-reached-to-unblock-eu-budget-and-recovery-fund/.
- Bellamy, R., and S. Kröger. 2021. “Countering Democratic Backsliding by EU Member States: Constitutional Pluralism and ‘Value’ Differentiated Integration.” Swiss Political Science Review 27 (3): 619–636. doi:10.1111/spsr.12448.
- Bermeo, N. 2016. “On Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy 27 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1353/jod.2016.0012.
- Börzel, T., and F. Schimmelfennig. 2017. “Coming Together or Drifting Apart? the EU’s Political Integration Capacity in Eastern Europe.” Journal of European Public Policy 24 (2): 278–296. doi:10.1080/13501763.2016.1265574.
- Börzel, T., and M. Zürn. 2021. “Contestations of the Liberal International Order: From Liberal Multilateralism to Postnational Liberalism.” International Organization 75 (2): 282–305. doi:10.1017/S0020818320000570.
- Çavuşoğlu, M. 2020. “EU Inaction on Syria a Stain on Human Conscience.” Financial Times, March 22. https://www.ft.com/content/43bcdc3c-694b-11ea-a6ac-9122541af204.
- Closa, C. 2020. “Institutional Logics and the EU’s Limited Sanctioning Capacity under Article 7 TEU.” International Political Science Review. doi:10.1177/0192512120908323.
- Council of the EU. 2020. “Statement on the Situation at the EU’s External Borders.” March 4. Accessed September 12, 2021. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/03/04/statement-on-the-situation-at-the-eus-external-borders/.
- Crombez, C. 2003. “The Democratic Deficit in the European Union: Much Ado about Nothing?” European Union Politics 4: 101–120. doi:10.1177/1465116503004001583.
- Dempsey, J. 2020. “Germany Needs to End Hungary and Poland’s Blackmail.” Carnegie Europe. November 17. Accessed April 12, 2021. https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/83245
- Dönmez, P. E., and A. Duman. 2020. “Marketisation of Academia and Authoritarian Governments: The Cases of Hungary and Turkey in Critical Perspective.” Critical Sociology 47 (7-8): 1127-1145.
- Elçi, E. 2021. “Politics of Nostalgia and Populism: Evidence from Turkey.” British Journal of Political Science 52 (2): 1–18.
- EPP Group. 2013. “EP Report on Hungary: EPP Group Rejects the Use of Double Standards.” July 3. Accessed August 8, 2021. www.eppgroup.eu/pressrelease/EPPGroup-rejects-the-use-of-double-standards.
- Esen, B., and Ş. Gümüşçü. 2021. “Why Did Turkish Democracy Collapse? A Political Economy Account of AKP’s Authoritarianism.” Party Politics 27 (6): 1075–1091. doi:10.1177/1354068820923722.
- EU Delegation to Turkey. 2020. “Remarks by HR/VP Josep Borrell at the Press Conference following His Meeting with the Minister of Foreign Affairs Mevlut Çavuşoğlu.” July 7. Accessed October 2, 2021. https://www.avrupa.info.tr/en/pr/turkey-remarks-hrvp-josep-borrell-press-conference-following-his-meeting-minister-foreign.
- European Council. 2015. “EU-Turkey Statement, 29/11/2015.” November 29. Accessed July 23, 2020. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/11/29-eu-turkey-meeting-statement/.
- Follesdall, A., and S. Hix. 2006. “Why There Is A Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravcsik.” Journal of Common Market Studies 44 (3): 533–562. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2006.00650.x.
- Forgas, J. P., D. C. William, and K. Fiedler, eds. 2021. The Psychology of Populism: The Tribal Challenge to Liberal Democracy. New York: Routledge.
- Foy, H. 2018. “Viktor Orbán of Hungary Lashes Out at ‘Western Elites’ Running EU.” Financial Times June 8. Accessed August 19, 2021. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/46a04494-2d8f-11e6-bf8d-26294ad519fc.
- Greenhill, K. M. 2016. “Open Arms behind Barred Doors: Fear, Hypocrisy and Policy Schizophrenia in the European Migration Crisis.” European Law Journal 22 (3): 317–332. doi:10.1111/eulj.12179.
- Guarascio, F., and T. Gümrükçü 2020. “EU, Turkey in stand-off over Funds to Tackle New Migrant Crisis”. Reuters. March 6. https://reut.rs/38t5quz.
- Halmai, G. 2018. “Abuse of Constitutional Identity. The Hungarian Constitutional Court on Interpretation of Article TEU (2) of the Fundamental Law.” Review of Central and East European Law 43 (1): 23–42. doi:10.1163/15730352-04301002.
- Hooghe, L., T. Lenz, and G. Marks. 2019. “Contested World Order: The Delegitimation of International Governance.” The Review of International Organizations 14: 731–743. doi:10.1007/s11558-018-9334-3.
- Hooghe, L., and G. Marks. 2019. “Grand Theories of European Integration in the twenty-first Century.” Journal of European Public Policy. doi:10.1080/13501763.2019.1569711.
- Hungary Today. 2022. CJEU Rejects Actions by Poland and Hungary against Rule of Law Mechanism, 16 February, available at: https://hungarytoday.hu/orban-government-rule-of-law-ecj-european-union-court-of-justice-poland-hungary/.
- International Crisis Group. 2016. “Turkey’s Refugee Crisis: The Politics of Permanence.” Europe Report No. 241. November 26.
- Jenne, E., and C. Mudde. 2013. “Hungary’s Illiberal Turn.” Journal of Democracy 23 (3): 148–155.
- Kelemen, R. D. 2017. “Europe’s Other Democratic Deficit: National Authoritarianism in Europe’s Democratic Union.” Government and Opposition 52 (2): 211–238. doi:10.1017/gov.2016.41.
- Kelemen, R. D. 2020. “The European Union’s Authoritarian Equilibrium.” Journal of European Public Policy 27 (3): 481–499. doi:10.1080/13501763.2020.1712455.
- Kochenov, D., and P. Bárd. 2018. “Rule of Law Crisis in the New Member States of the EU: The Pitfalls of Overemphasising Enforcement.” RECONNECT Working paper No.1.
- Krekó, P., and Z. Enyedi. 2018. “Orbán’s Laboratory of Illiberalism.” Journal of Democracy 29 (3): 39–51. doi:10.1353/jod.2018.0043.
- Lake, D. A., L. L. Martin, and T. Risse. 2021. “Challenges to the Liberal World Order: Reflections on International Organization.” International Organization 75 (2): 225–257. doi:10.1017/S0020818320000636.
- Lancaster, C. 2016. “Ideology and Hegemonic Party Rule in South Africa, Hungary and Turkey.” Politics, Religion and Ideology 17 (4): 370–391. doi:10.1080/21567689.2016.1263197.
- Lenz, T., A. Burilkov, and L. A. Viola. 2019. “Legitimacy and the Cognitive Sources of International Institutional Change: The Case of Regional Parliamentarization.” International Studies Quarterly 63 (4): 1094–1107. doi:10.1093/isq/sqz051.
- Lord, C., P. Bursens, D. D. Bievre, J. Trondal, and R. A. Wessel. 2022. The Politics of Legitimation in the European Union: Legitimacy Recovered? Oxon and New York: Routledge.
- Lorenz, A., and L. A. Anders. 2021. Illiberal Trends and Anti-EU Politics in East Central Europe. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Main, T. J. 2022. The Rise of Illiberalism. Washington D.C: Brookings Institution Press.
- Majone, G. 1998. “Europe’s ’Democratic Deficit’: The Question of Standards.” European Law Journal 4 (1): 5–28. doi:10.1111/1468-0386.00040.
- Meyer, J. W. 2001. “The European Union and the Globalization of Culture.” In Institutional Approaches to the European Union, edited by S. Andersen, 227–245. Oslo: Arena.
- Moravcsik, A. 2002. “In Defence of the Democratic Deficit: Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union.” Journal of Common Market Studies 40: 603–624. doi:10.1111/1468-5965.00390.
- Müftüler-Baç, M. 2022. “Externalization of Migration Governance, Turkey’s Migration Regime, and the Protection of the European Union’s External Borders.” Turkish Studies 23 (2): 290–316. doi:10.1080/14683849.2021.1943661.
- The New Arab. 2015. “Turkey’s Erdoğan Says Europe Responsible for Every Refugee Death.” September 3. Accessed March 22, 2021. https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2015/9/3/turkeys-Erdoğan-says-europe-responsible-for-every-refugee-death
- Okyay, A., and J. Zaragoza-Cristiani. 2016. “The Leverage of the Gatekeeper: Power and Interdependence in the Migration Nexus between the EU and Turkey.” International Spectator 51 (4): 51–66. doi:10.1080/03932729.2016.1235403.
- Öniş, Z., and M. Kutlay. 2019. “Global Shifts and the Limits of the EU’s Transformative Power in the European Periphery: Comparative Perspectives from Hungary and Turkey.” Government and Opposition 54 (2): 226–253. doi:10.1017/gov.2017.16.
- Paçacı Elitok, S. 2015. A Step Backward for Turkey? the Readmission Agreement and the Hope of Visa-Free Europe. IPC-Mercator Policy Brief December. https://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/Content/Images/CKeditorImages/20200323-13035173.pdf
- Polyakova, A. T. T., T. Reinert, K. Kirişci, A. Sloat, J. Kirchick, M. Hooper, N. Eisen, and A. Kenealy. 2019. The Anatomy of Illiberal States: Assessing and Responding to Democratic Decline in Turkey and Central Europe. Washington, D.C: Foreign Policy at Brookings, Brookings Institution.
- Rendtorff, J. D., eds. 2020. Handbook of Business Legitimacy. Cham: Springer.
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2021. “Press Release regarding the Push-Backs of Asylum-Seekers by Greece”. No: 78. February 21. Accessed April 12, 2021. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-78_-yunanistan-in-siginmacilari-geri-itmesi-hk.en.mfa.
- Rossi, M. 2016. “The Trump Election and Its Consequences for the Western Balkans.” Contemporary Southeastern Europe 4 (1): 87–92.
- Saatcioglu, B. 2020. “The European Union’s Refugee Crisis and Rising Functionalism in EU-Turkey Relations.” Turkish Studies 21 (2): 169–187. doi:10.1080/14683849.2019.1586542.
- Schmidt, V. 2020. Europe’s Crisis of Legitimacy: Governing by Rules and Ruling by Numbers in the Eurozone. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Schweller, R. 2011. “Emerging Powers in an Age of Disorder.” Global Governance 17 (3): 285–297. doi:10.1163/19426720-01703002.
- Sedelmeier, U. 2017. “Political Safeguards against Democratic Backsliding in the EU: The Limits of Material Sanctions and the Scope of Social Pressure.” Journal of European Public Policy 24 (3): 337–351. doi:10.1080/13501763.2016.1229358.
- Simonyi, A. 2014. “Putin, Erdoğan and Orbán: Band of Brothers?” New Perspectives Quarterly 31 (4): 33–35. doi:10.1111/npqu.11486.
- Söderbaum, T., K. Spandler, and A. Pacciardi. 2021. “Contestations of the Liberal International Order: A Populist Script of Regional Cooperation.” In Elements in International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Soyaltin-Colella, D. 2022. “The EU’s ‘actions-without-sanctions’? the Politics of the rule of law Crisis in Many Europes.” European Politics and Society 23 (1): 25–41. doi:10.1080/23745118.2020.1842698.
- Suchman, M. 1995. “Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches.” Academy of Management Review 20 (3): 571–610. doi:10.2307/258788.
- TRT World.2020. “Turkey Rejected $1.1B Aid from EU – Erdoğan.” March 2. Accessed March 25 2021. https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/turkey-rejected-1-1b-aid-from-eu-Erdoğan-34256.
- Vachudova, M. 2020. “Ethnopopulism and Democratic Backsliding in Central Europe.” East European Politics 36 (3): 318–340. doi:10.1080/21599165.2020.1787163.
- Von Soest, C., and J. Grauvogel. 2017. “Identity, Procedures and Performance: How Authoritarian Regimes Legitimize Their Rule.” Contemporary Politics 23 (3): 287–305. doi:10.1080/13569775.2017.1304319.
- Welle, D. (2020) “Poland and Hungary Gamble on Funding with EU Budget Veto”, December 2, https://www.dw.com/en/poland-and-hungary-gamble-on-funding-with-eu-budget-veto/a-55795455
- Winzen, T. 2022. “Democratic backsliding and decisionmaking in the European Union: Eurosceptic contestation?.” IGCC Working Paper. University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation. 19-22 April 2022. https://ucigcc.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Winzen-Working-Paper-7.27.22.pdf
- Zalan, E. 2016. Can Europe Stand up to Its Own Strongmen?.Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/10/can-europe-stand-up-to-its-own-strongmen/