References
- Aalto, P., and T. K. Dicle. 2014. “European Energy Security: Natural Gas and the Integration Process.” Journal of Common Market Studies 52 (4): 758–774. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12108.
- ACER. 2021. “Estimated Number and Diversity of Supply Sources 2021.” https://aegis.acer.europa.eu/chest/dataitems/214/view.
- ACER–CEER. 2023. Energy Retail and Consumer Protection 2023 Market Monitoring Report. https://www.acer.europa.eu/electricity/market-monitoring-report.
- Ang, B. W., W. L. Choong, and T. S. Ng. 2015. “Energy Security: Definitions, Dimensions and Indexes.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 42:1077–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.064.
- Augutis, J., R. Krikštolaitis, L. Martišauskas, S. Urbonienė, R. Urbonas, and A. B. Ušpurienė. 2020. “Analysis of Energy Security Level in the Baltic States Based on Indicator Approach.” Energy 199:117427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117427.
- Bazilian, M., B. Sovacool, and M. Miller. 2013. “Linking Energy Independence to Energy Security.” IAEE Energy Forum 2013/3:17–21. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/climatechange/resources/Documents/Bazilian_Security_IAEE.pdf.
- Boussena, S., and C. Locatelli. 2013. “Energy Institutional and Organisational Changes in EU and Russia: Revisiting Gas Relations.” Energy Policy 55:180–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.11.052.
- Branko, T. 2012. Energy Independence and Security: A Reality Check. Deloitte University Press. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/energy-independence/Energy-Indpendence-and-Security_A-reality-check.pdf.
- Cameron, P., A. I. Tóth, P. Kaderják, A. Mezősi, and P. Szolnoki. 2006. “Disruptions: Short Term Supply Security.” In Impact of the 2004 Enlargement on the EU Energy Sector, edited by M. LaBelle and P. Kaderják, 25–114. Budapest: REKK.
- Casier, T. 2016. “Great Game or Great Confusion: The Geopolitical Understanding of EU–Russia Energy Relations.” Geopolitics 21 (4): 763–778. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2016.1185607.
- CINEA. 2022. “Investing in European Networks.” https://doi.org/10.2840/130663.
- Cohen, G., F. Joutz, and P. Loungani. 2011. “Measuring Energy Security: Trends in the Diversification of Oil and Natural Gas Supplies.” Energy Policy 39 (9): 4860–4869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.034.
- Council (Council of the EU and European Council). 2024. “EU Sanctions Against Russia.” https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-against-russia/.
- De Jong, J., H. Maters, M. Scheepers, and A. Seebregts. 2006. EU Standards for Energy Security of Supply. ECN Report ECN-C-06-039/CIEP. https://publications.tno.nl/publication/34628625/y5W1s0/c06039.pdf.
- De Jong, M., T. Van de Graaf, and T. Haesebrouck. 2022. “A Matter of Preference: Taking Sides on the Nord Stream 2 Gas Pipeline Project.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 30 (2): 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1858763.
- ENTSOG. 2011. “ENTSOG Capacity Map 2011.” https://www.entsog.eu/sites/default/files/2018-10/ENTSOG_CAP_MapData_June2010_final.xls.
- ENTSOG. 2014. “Winter Supply Outlook 2014/15.” https://www.entsog.eu/sites/default/files/entsog-migration/publications/Outlooks%20%26%20Reviews/2014/SO0008-141103_WinterSupplyOutlook2014-15_Review2013-14.pdf.
- ENTSOG. 2019. “ENTSOG Capacity Map 2019.” https://www.entsog.eu/sites/default/files/2019-10/Capacities%20for%20Transmission%20Capacity%20Map%20RTS008_NS%20-%20DWH_final.xlsx.
- ENTSOG. 2024. “ENTSOG Capacity Map 2024.” https://www.entsog.eu/sites/default/files/2024-02/System%20Capacity%20Map%202024%20-%20Capacities.xlsx.
- European Commission. 2013. Regulation (EU) No 347/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2013 on Guidelines forTrans-European Energy Infrastructure and Repealing Decision No 1364/2006/EC and Amending Regulations (EC) No713/2. OJ L 115:39–75. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32013R0347.
- European Commission. 2014. ”Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on European Energy Security Strategy.” https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0330&from=EN.
- European Commission. 2015.” Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the EESC, the Committee of the Regions and the EIB: Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy.” COM/2015/080 final. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52015DC0080.
- European Commission. 2018. “Quo Vadis EU Gas Market Regulatory Framework: Study on Gas Market Design for Europe.” https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2833/595884.
- European Commission. 2024a. “The European Green Deal.” https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en.
- European Commission. 2024b. “REPowerEU.” https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/repowereu-affordable-secure-and-sustainable-energy-europe_en.
- Eurostat. 2024a. “Imports of Natural Gas by Partner Country [Nrg_ti_gas].” https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_ti_gas/default/table?lang=en.
- Eurostat. 2024b. “Simplified Energy Balances [Nrg_bal_s].” https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/NRG_BAL_S.
- Eurostat. 2024c. “Supply, Transformation and Consumption of Gas [Nrg_cb_gas].” https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_cb_gas/default/table?lang=en.
- Grigas, A. 2012. “The Gas Relationship Between the Baltic States and Russia: Politics and Commercial Realities.” OIES Paper. Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/NG_67.pdf.
- Haukkala, H. 2015. “From Cooperative to Contested Europe? The Conflict in Ukraine as a Culmination of a Long-Term Crisis in EU–Russia Relations.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 23 (1): 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2014.1001822.
- Jääskeläinen, J. J., S. Höysniemi, S. Syri, and V.-P. Tynkkynen. 2018. “Finland’s Dependence on Russian Energy: Mutually Beneficial Trade Relations or an Energy Security Threat?” Sustainability 10 (10): 3445. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103445.
- Jonek-Kowalska, I. 2022. “Multi-Criteria Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Energy Policy in Central and Eastern European Countries in a Long-Term Perspective.” Energy Strategy Reviews 44:100973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100973.
- Judge, A., T. Maltby, and J. D. Sharples. 2016. “Challenging Reductionism in Analyses of EU–Russia Energy Relations.” Geopolitics 21 (4): 751–762. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2016.1222520.
- Kotek, P., A. Selei, B. Takácsné Tóth, and B. Felsmann. 2023. “What Can the EU Do to Address the High Natural Gas Prices?” Energy Policy 173:113312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113312.
- Kupchinsky, R. 2004. “Enter Gazpromneft.” RFE/RL, Russia Report 4 (45). https://www.rferl.org/a/1344329.html.
- LaBelle, M. C. 2023. “Energy as a Weapon of War: Lessons from 50 Years of Energy Interdependence.” Global Policy 14 (3): 531–547. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13235.
- Larsson, R. R. 2006. Russia’s Energy Policy: Security Dimensions and Russia’s Reliability as an Energy Supplier. Scientific Report. Swedish Defence Research Agency. https://www.foi.se/rest-api/report/FOI-R–1934–SE.
- Le Coq, C., and E. Paltseva. 2009. “Measuring the Security of External Energy Supply in the European Union.” Energy Policy 37 (11): 4474–4481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.069.
- McWilliams, B., G. Sgaravatti, and G. Zachmann. 2024. “European Natural Gas Imports.” https://www.bruegel.org/dataset/european-natural-gas-imports.
- Mišík, M. 2016. “Energy Union and the Visegrad Four Countries: Blurred Unity?” International Issues & Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs 25 (1–2): 68–80. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=460333.
- Palonkorpi, M. 2006. “The Security Complex Theory and the Energy Security.” In Pieces from Peripheries and Centres, edited by M. Rantaniemi, K. Kurtakko, and K. Norvapalo, 302–313. Rovaniemi: University of Lapland.
- Pavlović, D., E. Banovac, and N. Vištica. 2018. “Defining a Composite Index for Measuring Natural Gas Supply Security: The Croatian Gas Market Case.” Energy Policy 114:30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.11.029.
- Pirani, S. 2012. “Russian Gas: The Next Ten Years.” Oxford Energy Forum 89:12–14. https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/OEF_89.pdf.
- Reuters. 2024a. “EU Adopts New Sanctions Against Russia, Including LNG.” https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-adopts-new-sanctions-against-russia-including-lng-2024-06-24/.
- Reuters. 2024b. “Ukraine Has No Plan to Extend Russian Gas Transit Deal.” https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/ukraine-has-no-plan-extend-russian-gas-transit-deal-2024-03-17/.
- Righetti, E., and R. Vasileios. 2024. “Reducing Supply Risks for Critical Raw Materials.” CEPS In-Depth Analysis. https://cdn.ceps.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CEPS-InDepthAnalysis-2024-01_Reducing-supply-risks-for-critical-raw-materials.pdf.
- Rodríguez-Fernández, L., A. B. F. Carvajal, and V. Fernández de Tejada. 2022. “Improving the Concept of Energy Security in an Energy Transition Environment: Application to the Gas Sector in the European Union.” The Extractive Industries and Society 9:101045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2022.101045.
- Rodríguez-Fernández, L., A. B. F. Carvajal, and L. M. Ruiz-Gómez. 2020. “Evolution of European Union’s Energy Security in Gas Supply During Russia–Ukraine Gas Crises (2006–2009).” Energy Strategy Reviews 30:100518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100518.
- Stern, J. 2015. “Gazprom: A Long March to Market-Based Pricing in Europe?” Oxford Energy Forum 101:9–12. https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/OEF-101.pdf.
- Szabó, J. 2020. “Climate Action in the European Commission’s Natural Gas Policy.” IWE Working Papers 262. Budapest: Institute of World Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies. http://real.mtak.hu/115932/1/WP262_Szabo_Climate_Action.pdf.
- Takácsné Tóth, B., P. Kotek, G. Horváth, A. Selei, A. Vékony, E. Kácsor, A. Mezősi, and A. Geraskina. 2022. Phasing Out Russian Gas in the Danube Region. Final Report, Danube Region Strategy. https://rekk.hu/downloads/projects/DR_RU_Gas_phaseout_REKK_final.pdf.
- Takácsné Tóth, B., P. Kotek, and A. Selei. 2020. “Rerouting Europe’s Gas Transit Landscape: Effects of Russian Natural Gas Infrastructure Strategy on the V4.” Energy Policy 146:111748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111748.
- Takácsné Tóth, B., P. Kotek, and A. Selei. 2021. “Is Russia to Blame for High European Gas Prices?” REKK Policy Brief 8. https://rekk.hu/downloads/academic_publications/rekk_policybrief_en_2021_08.pdf.
- Tutak, M., and J. Brodny. 2022. “Analysis of the Level of Energy Security in the Three Seas Initiative Countries.” Applied Energy 311:118649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118649.
- Vatansever, A. 2017. “Is Russia Building Too Many Pipelines? Explaining Russia’s Oil and Gas Export Strategy.” Energy Policy 108:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.05.038.
- Weiner, C. 2016. “Central and East European Diversification Under New Gas Market Conditions.” IWE Working Papers 221. Budapest: Institute of World Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. https://real.mtak.hu/33784/1/WP_221_Weiner.pdf.
- Weiner, C. 2021. “Pathways for a Low-Carbon Electricity System in Poland and Hungary.” In From Economic to Energy Transition: Three Decades of Transitions in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by M. Mišík and V. Oravcová, 211–245. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55085-1_8.
- Westphal, K., A. Bros, and T. Mitrova. 2017. “German–Russian Gas Relations: A Special Relationship in Troubled Waters.” SWP Research Paper 2017/RP 13. https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/german-russian-gas-relations.
- Wigell, M., and A. Vihma. 2016. “Geopolitics versus Geoeconomics: The Case of Russia’s Geostrategy and Its Effects on the EU.” International Affairs 92 (3): 605–627. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12600.
- Yafimava, K. 2015. “European Energy Security and the Role of Russian Gas: Assessing the Feasibility and the Rationale of Reducing Dependence.” IAI Working Papers (Istituto Affari Internazionali) 2015/54. https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaiwp1554.pdf.
- Ye, R., Y. Zhou, J. Chen, and K. Tu. 2021. “Natural Gas Security Evaluation from a Supply vs. Demand Perspective: A Quantitative Application of Four As.” Energy Policy 156:112425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112425.
- Yermakov, V. 2024. Follow the Money: Understanding Russia’s Oil and Gas Revenues. Oxford Energy Comment. https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Follow-the-Money-Russian-Oil.pdf.
- Ziemba, P. 2022. “Energy Security Assessment Based on a New Dynamic Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Framework.” Energies 15 (24): 9356. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249356.