226
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Knowledge transfer and entrepreneurial orientation: the mediating effect of the transactive memory system

, &

References

  • Acklin, C. (2013). Design management absorption model: A framework to describe and measure the absorption process of design knowledge by SMEs with little or no prior design experience. Creativity and Innovation Management, 22(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12022
  • Agu, M., Isichei, E. E., & Olabosinde, T. M. (2018). Infrastructural development and growth of micro, small and medium scale enterprises (MSME). Academic Journal of Economic Studies, 4(4), 71–77.
  • Aguilera, R., Ciravegna, L., Cuervo-Cazurra, A., & Gonzalez-Perez, M. (2017). Multilatinas and the internationalization of Latin American firms. Journal of World Business, 52(4), 447–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.05.006
  • Ahammad, M., Tarba, S., Liu, Y., & Glaister, K. (2016). Knowledge transfer and cross-border acquisition performance: The impact of cultural distance and employee retention. International Business Review, 25(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2014.06.015
  • Alimohammadlou, M., & Eslamloo, F. (2016). Relationship between total quality management, knowledge transfer and knowledge diffusion in the academic settings. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 230, 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.09.013
  • Amin, M. (2015). The effect of entrepreneurship orientation and learning orientation on SMEs’ performance: An SEM-PLS approach. Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship, 8(3), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1504/JIBED.2015.070797
  • Amin, M., Thurasamy, R., Aldakhil, A. M., & Kaswuri, A. H. B. (2016). The effect of market orientation as a mediating variable in the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and SMEs performance. Nankai Business Review International, 7(1), 39–59. https://doi.org/10.1108/NBRI-08-2015-0019
  • Argote, L., & Fahrenkopf, E. (2016). Knowledge transfer in organizations: The roles of members, tasks, tools, and networks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 136, 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.08.003
  • Argote, L., & Guo, J. (2016). Routines and transactive memory systems: Creating, coordinating, retaining, and transferring knowledge in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 36, 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2016.10.002
  • Argote, L., & Ingram, P. (2000). Knowledge transfer: A basis for competitive advantage in firms. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1), 150–169. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2000.2893
  • Argote, L., & Miron-Spektor, E. (2011). Organizational learning: From experience to knowledge. Organization Science, 22(5), 1123–1137. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0621
  • Argote, L., & Ren, Y. (2012). Transactive memory systems: A microfoundation of dynamic capabilities. Journal of Management Studies, 49(8), 1375–1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01077.x
  • Ato, M., & Vallejo, G. (2011). Los efectos de terceras variables en la investigación psicológica. Anales de Psicología, 27(2), 550–561. https://revistas.um.es/analesps/article/view/123201
  • Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
  • Barroso Castro, C., Cepeda-Carrión, G., & Roldán Salgueiro, J. (2007). Investigar en economía de la empresa: ¿Partial least squares o modelos basados en la covarianza? In El comportamiento de la empresa ante entornos dinámicos: XIX Congreso anual y XV Congreso Hispano Francés de AEDEM (pp. 63–72). Vitoria: Asociación Española de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa.
  • Barroso Martínez, A., Sanguino Galván, R., & Bañeguil Palacios, T. (2016). An emprirical estudy about konowledge transfer, entrepreneurial orientation and perfomance in family firms. European Journal of International Management, 10(5), 534–557. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2016.078790
  • Bessant, J., & Rush, H. (1995). Building bridges for innovation: The role of consultants in technology transfer. Research Policy, 24(1), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(93)00751-E
  • Blackburn, R., Hart, M., & Wainwright, T. (2013). Small business performance: Business, strategy and owner-manager characteristics. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(1), 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001311298394
  • Bojica, A., Ruiz, M., & Fuentes, M. (2012). La adquisición de conocimiento a través de relaciones interorganizativas y la orientación emprendedora: el papel mediador del capital social de segundo orden. Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de la Empresa, 15(3), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cede.2012.01.003
  • Boso, N., Story, V., & Cadogan, J. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, network ties, and performance: Study of entrepreneurial firms in a developing economy. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(6), 708–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.04.001
  • Byrne, B. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge.
  • Camisón-Haba, S., Clemente-Almendros, J. A., & Gonzalez-Cruz, T. (2019). How technology-based firms become also highly innovative firms? The role of knowledge, technological and managerial capabilities, and entrepreneurs’ background. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 4(3), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2018.12.001
  • Canato, A., & Giangreco, A. (2011). Gurus or wizards? A review of the role of management consultants. European Management Review, 8(4), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-4762.2011.01021.x
  • Charles, V., Emrouznejad, A., Gherman, T., & Cochran, J. (2022). Why data analytics is an art. Significance, 19(6), 42–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/1740-9713.01707
  • Chión, S. J., & Charles, V. (2016). Analítica de datos para la modelación estructural. Pearson.
  • Chión, S. J., Charles, V., & Morales, J. (2019). The impact of organisational culture, organisational structure and technological infrastructure on process improvement through knowledge sharing. Business Process Management Journal, 26(6), 1443–1472. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-10-2018-0279
  • Cohen, M., & Levinthal, A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128–152. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393553
  • Covin, J., & Slevin, D. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250100107
  • Covin, J. G., & Miller, D. (2014). International entrepreneurial orientation: Conceptual considerations, research themes, measurement issues, and future research directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(1), 11–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12027
  • Covin, J. G., & Wales, W. J. (2012). The measurement of entrepreneurial orientation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(4), 677–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00432.x
  • Dai, Y., Roundy, T., Chok, J., Ding, F., & Byun, G. (2016). ‘Who knows what?’ In new venture teams: Transactive memory systems as a micro-foundation of entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Management Studies, 53(8), 1320–1347. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12211
  • De Clercq, D., Dimov, D., & Thongpapanl, N. (2015). Structural and relational interdependence and entrepreneurial orientation in small and medium-sized enterprises: The mediating role of internal knowledge-sharing. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 33(5), 514–536. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242613502801
  • Dobbs, M., & Hamilton, R. (2007). Small business growth: Recent evidence and new directions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 13(5), 296–322. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550710780885
  • Escobar-Pérez, J., & Cuervo-Martínez, A. (2008). Validez de Contenido y Juicio de Expertos: Una Aproximación a su Utilización. Avances en Medición, 6(1), 27–36.
  • Fan, H., Chang, P., Albanese, D., Wu, J.-J., Yu, M., & Chuang, H. (2016). Multilevel influences of transactive memory systems on individual innovative behavior and team innovation. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 19, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2015.11.001
  • Garousi Mokhtarzadeh, N., Amoozad Mahdiraji, H., Jafarpanah, I., Jafari-Sadeghi, V., & Bresciani, S. (2021). Classification of inter-organizational knowledge mechanisms and their effects on networking capability: A multi-layer decision making approach. Journal of Knowledge Management, 25(7), 1665–1688. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-07-2020-0579
  • Greiner, M. E., Böhmann, T., & Krcmar, H. (2007). A strategy for knowledge management. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(6), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270710832127
  • Gupta, V. K., & Batra, S. (2016). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance in Indian SMEs: Universal and contingency perspectives. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 34(5), 660–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242615577708
  • Haas, M., & Hansen, M. (2005). When using knowledge can hurt performance: The value of organizational capabilities in a management consulting company. Strategic Management Journal, 26(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.429
  • Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1999). Análisis multivariante (5th ed.). Pearson.
  • Heavey, C., & Simsek, Z. (2015). Transactive memory systems and firm performance: An upper echelons perspective. Organization Science, 26(4), 941–959. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2015.0979
  • Heras-Saizarbitoria, I., & Boiral, O. (2015). Symbolic adoption of ISO 9000 in small and medium-sized enterprises: The role of internal contingencies. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 33(3), 299–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242613495748
  • Hu, Q., Williams, S., Mason, R., & Found, P. (2019). Knowledge management in consultancy-involved process improvement projects: Cases from Chinese SMEs. Production Planning & Control, 30(10-12), 866–880. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2019.1582095
  • INEC. (2017). Directorio de Empresas y Establecimientos. The National Institute of Statistics and Productivity, Quito, Ecuador. https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/directorio-de-empresas-2017/.
  • Instituto Iberoamericano de Mercado de Valores (IIMV). (2017). La Financiación de las Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas empresas a través de los mercados de capitales en Iberoamérica. Proyectos Editoriales. http://www.iimv.org/iimv-wp-1-0/resources/uploads/2017/03/estudiocompleto.pdf
  • Isichei, E. E., Agbaeze, K. E., & Odiba, M. O. (2020). Entrepreneurial orientation and performance in SMEs: The mediating role of structural infrastructure capability. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 15(6), 1219–1124. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-08-2019-0671
  • Jacobson, N., Butterill, D., & Goering, P. (2005). Consulting as a strategy for knowledge transfer. The Milbank Quarterly, 83(2), 299–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00348.x
  • Jansen, J., Van den Bosch, F., & Volberda, H. (2005). Managing potential and realized absorptive capacity: How do organizational antecedents matter? Academy of Management Journal, 48(6), 999–1015. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.19573106
  • Knight, G. (2000). Entrepreneurship and marketing strategy: The SME under globalization. Journal of International Marketing, 8(2), 12–32. https://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.8.2.12.19620
  • Ko, D. (2014). The mediating role of knowledge transfer and the effects of client-consultant mutual trust on the performance of enterprise implementation projects. Information & Management, 51(5), 541–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2014.04.001
  • Ko, D., Kirsch, L., & King, W. (2005). Antecedents of knowledge transfer from consultants to clients in enterprise system implementations. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 59–85. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148668
  • Kristandl, G., & Bontis, N. (2007). Constructing a definition for intangibles using the resource based view of the firm. Management Decision, 45(9), 1510–1524. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740710828744
  • Lane, P. J., Salk, J. E., & Lyles, M. A. (2001). Absorptive capacity, learning, and performance in international joint ventures. Strategic Management Journal, 22(12), 1139–1161. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.206.
  • Lewis, K. (2003). Measuring transactive memory systems in the field: Scale development and validation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 587–604. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.587
  • Lewis, K., Belliveau, B., Herndon, B., & Keller, J. (2007). Group cognition, membership change, and performance: Investigating the benefits and detriments of collective knowledge. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103(2), 159–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.01.005
  • Lewis, K., & Herndon, B. (2011). Transactive memory systems: Current issues and future research directions. Organization Science, 22(5), 1254–1265. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1110.0647
  • Lewis, K., Lange, D., & Gillis, L. (2005). Transactive memory systems, learning, and learning transfer. Organization Science, 16(6), 581–598. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1050.0143
  • Lumpkin, G., & Dess, G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. The Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135–172. https://doi.org/10.2307/258632
  • Lumpkin, G., & Dess, G. (2001). Linking two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation firm performance: The moderating role of environment and industry life cycle. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 429–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(00)00048-3
  • Luo, S. H., & Lee, G. G. (2015a). Applying failure mode and effects analysis for successful knowledge management. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 26(1-2), 62–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2012.733263
  • Luo, S. H., & Lee, G. G. (2015b). Exploring the key factors to successful knowledge transfer. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 26(3-4), 88–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2013.856548
  • Madison, K., Daspit, J. J., & Marett, E. G. (2020). Does knowing ‘who knows what’ matter for family firm innovation? Insights from transactive memory system theory. Family Business Review, 34(2), 168–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486520912879
  • Martinez, L., Ferreira, A., & Can, A. (2016). Consultant-client relationship and knowledge transfer in small- and medium-sized enterprises change processes. Psychological Reports, 118(2), 608–625. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116639429
  • Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770–791. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.7.770
  • Mingo, S., Junkunc, M., & Morales, F. (2018). The interplay between home and host country institutions in an emerging market context: Private equity in Latin America. Journal of World Business, 53(5), 653–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2018.03.005
  • MIPRO. (2013). Proyecto de Fomento a las MIPYMES Ecuatorianas. Ministry of Industries and Productivity, Quito, Ecuador.
  • MIPRO. (2016). Ampliación de Proyecto de Fomento a las MIPYMES Ecuatorianas. Ministry of Industries and Productivity, Quito, Ecuador.
  • Molina Sánchez, R., López Salazar, A., & Schimtt, C. (2016). Factores que influyen en los problemas del emprendimiento de las mipymes: una percepción de los expertos. Revista Internacional de Administración & Finanzas, 9(1), 95–113.
  • Moss, S., Prosser, H., Costello, N., Simpson, P., Patel, S., Rowe, S., Turner, S., & Hatton, C. (1998). Reliability and validity of the PAS-ADD checklist for detecting psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42(2), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.1998.00116.x
  • Nonaka, I. (1991). The knowledge-creating company. Harvard Business Review, 96(6), 96–104.
  • Nonaka, I., Kodama, M., Hirose, A., & Kohlbacher, F. (2014). Dynamic fractal organizations for promoting knowledge-based transformation – A new paradigm for organizational theory. European Management Journal, 32(1), 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.02.003
  • Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge creating company. Oxford University Press.
  • Nooshinfard, F., & Nemati-Anaraki, L. (2014). Success factors of inter-organizational knowledge sharing: A proposed framework. The Electronic Library, 32(2), 239–261. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-02-2012-0023
  • Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. MacGraw-Hill.
  • Okpara, J., & Wynn, P. (2007). Determinants of small business growth constraints in a sub-Saharan African economy. S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, 72(2), 24–37.
  • Olabisi, J., & Lewis, K. (2018). Within- and between-team coordination via transactive memory systems and boundary spanning. Group & Organization Management, 43(5), 691–717. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601118793750
  • Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU). (2012). Resolución 67/202. Iniciativa Empresarial para el desarrollo. http://unctad.org/meetings/es/SessionalDocuments/ciid29_es.pdf
  • Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT). (2015). Panorama Laboral Temático. Pequeñas empresas, grandes brechas. Empleo y condiciones de trabajo en las MYPE de América Latina y el Caribe. (1st). Lima. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/documents/publication/wcms_398103.pdf
  • Parent, R., Roy, M., & St-Jacques, D. (2007). A systems-based dynamic knowledge transfer capacity model. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(6), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270710832181
  • Pralahad, C., & Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, 80–90.
  • Quintana García, C. (2001). Dimensiones de éxito de las empresas emprendedoras. Investigaciones Europeas de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, 7(2), 139–154.
  • Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G., & Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: An assessment of past research and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 761–787. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00308.x
  • Ren, Y., & Argote, L. (2011). Transactive memory systems 1985–2010: An integrative framework of key dimensions, antecedents, and consequences. The Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 189–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2011.590300.
  • Rezaei, J., & Ortt, R. (2018). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The mediating role of functional performances. Management Research Review, 41(7), 878–900. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-03-2017-0092
  • Rezazadeh, A., & Mahjoub, M. (2016). Alliance entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation: The mediating effect of knowledge transfer. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 18(3), 263–384. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.22220
  • Rodríguez Ayán, M. N., & Ruiz Díaz, M. Á. (2008). Atenuación de la asimetría y de la curtosis de las puntuaciones observadas mediante transformaciones de variables: Incidencias sobre la estructura factorial. Psicológica: Revista de Metodología y Psicología Experimental, 29(2), 205–227.
  • Sammarra, A., & Biggiero, L. (2008). Heterogeneity and specificity of inter-firm knowledge flows in innovation networks. Journal of Management Studies, 45(4), 800–829. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00770.x
  • Schulman, P. R. (1993). The negotiated order of organizational reliability. Administration & Society, 25(3), 353–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/009539979302500305
  • Schumpeter, J. (1934). The theory of economic development; An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle. Harvard University Press.
  • Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of enterpreneurship as a field of research. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.2307/259271.
  • Skilton, P. F., & Dooley, K. J. (2010). The effects of repeat collaboration on creative abrasion. Academy Management Review, 35(1), 118–134. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2010.45577886
  • Szulanski, G. (1996). Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250171105
  • Szulanski, G., & Jensen, R. J. (2006). Presumptive adaptation and the effectiveness of knowledge transfer. Strategic Management Journal, 27(10), 937–957. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.551.
  • Udo, G., Bagchi, K., & Kirs, P. (2010). An assessment of customers’ e-service quality perception, satisfaction and intention. International Journal of Information Management, 30(6), 481–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2010.03.005
  • Van Wijk, R., Jansen, J., & Lyles, M. (2008). Inter- and intra-organizational knowledge transfer: A meta-analytic review and assessment of its antecedents and consequences. Journal of Management Studies, 45(4), 830–853. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00771.x
  • Villasana Arreguín, L. M., Hernández García, P., & Ramírez Flores, E. (2021). La gestión del conocimiento, pasado, presente y futuro. Una revisión de la literatura. Transcender, Contabilidad y Gestión, 6(18), 53–78. https://doi.org/10.36791/tcg.v0i18.128
  • Wales, W., Gupta, V., & Mousa, F. (2013). Empirical research on entrepreneurial orientation: An assessment and suggestions for future research. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 31(4), 357–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242611418261
  • Wegner, D. M., Giuliano, T., & Hertel, P. T. (1985). Cognitive interdependence in close relationships. In W. Ickes (Ed.), Compatible and incompatible relationships (pp. 253–276). Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5044-9_12.
  • Wei Chong, C., Choy Chong, S., & Chew Gan, G. (2011). Inter-organizational knowledge transfer needs among small and medium enterprises. Library Review, 60(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/00242531111100568
  • Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. (2003). Knowledge-based resources, entrepreneurial orientation, and the performance of small and medium sized business. Strategic Management Journal, 24(13), 1307–1314. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.360.
  • Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. (2011). Where to from here? EO-as-experimentation, failure, and distribution of outcomes. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 925–946. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00454.x
  • Xiao-Na, B., Gang, Q., & Guo-Liang, Z. (2013). An empirical study of the relationship between team social capital and knowledge transfer: Mediating role of transactive memory system. In 2013 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering 20th Annual Conference Proceedings, Harbin, China (pp. 1370–1378). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMSE.2013.6586450.
  • Zahra, S. A, & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. The Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185–203. https://doi.org/10.2307/4134351
  • Zahra, S. A., Neubaum, D. O., & Hayton, J. (2020). What do we know about knowledge integration: Fusing micro- and macro-organizational perspectives. Academy of Management Annals, 14(1), 160–194. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2017.0093
  • Zander, U., & Kogut, B. (1995). Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities: An empirical test. Organization Science, 6(1), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.6.1.76

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.