Publication Cover
Criminal Justice Studies
A Critical Journal of Crime, Law and Society
Volume 35, 2022 - Issue 3
994
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

How should police respond to homelessness? Results from a survey experiment in Portland, Oregon

ORCID Icon &
Pages 274-294 | Received 18 Feb 2022, Accepted 10 Jun 2022, Published online: 15 Jun 2022

References

  • Archibald, A. 2017. “An unending cycle: while the city wrangles over policy, homeless people are trying to survive.” Real Change. Retrieved August 24, 2021 (http://www.realchangenews.org/news/2017/11/08/unending-cycle-while-city-wrangles-over-policy-homeless-people-are-trying-survive).
  • Bernstein, M. 2012. “Portland police use of force: Feds formally sue city, submit proposed settlement.” OregonLive. Retrieved August 9, 2021 (https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2012/12/portland_police_use_of_force_f.html).
  • Bernstein, M. 2021. “Feds put city of Portland on formal notice of non-compliance with police use-of-force agreement.” OregonLive. Retrieved August 9, 2021 (https://www.oregonlive.com/crime/2021/04/feds-put-city-of-portland-on-formal-notice-of-non-compliance-with-justice-dept-settlement-agreement.html).
  • Bittner, E. (1967). Police discretion in emergency apprehension of mentally ill persons. Social Problems, 14(3), 278–292.
  • Braga, A.A., Welsh, B.C., & Schnell, C. (2015). Can policing disorder reduce crime? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 52(4), 567–588.
  • Burton, A.L., Cullen, F.T., Burton, V.S., Graham, A., Butler, L.C., & Thielo, A.J. (2020). Belief in redeemability and punitive public opinion: ‘Once a criminal, always a criminal’ revisited. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 47(6), 712–732.
  • Burton, A.L., Cullen, F.T., Pickett, J.T., Burton, V.S., & Thielo, A.J. (2021). Beyond the eternal criminal record: Public support for expungement. Criminology & Public Policy, 20(1), 123–151.
  • Caton, C.L.M. (2017). The open door: Homelessness and severe mental illness in the era of community treatment. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • City of Portland. 2022. “Portland street response.” Portland.Gov. Retrieved April 17, 2022 (https://www.portland.gov/streetresponse).
  • Couper, M.P. (2017). New developments in survey data collection. Annual Review of Sociology, 43(1), 121–145.
  • Crabtree, S. 2020. “Most Americans say policing needs ‘major changes.’” Gallup.Com. Retrieved August 17, 2021 (https://news.gallup.com/poll/315962/americans-say-policing-needs-major-changes.aspx).
  • Desmond, M., & Bell, M. (2015). Housing, poverty, and the law. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 11(1), 15–35.
  • Devon, J., & Kuhns, J.B. (2009). Striking out: Race and support for police use of force. Justice Quarterly, 26(3), 592–623.
  • Diamond, B., Burns, R., & Bowen, K. (2021). Criminalizing homelessness: Circumstances surrounding criminal trespassing and people experiencing homelessness. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 088740342110671. doi:10.1177/08874034211067130
  • Dum, C.P., Socia, K.M., & Rydberg, J. (2017). Public support for emergency shelter housing interventions concerning stigmatized populations. Criminology & Public Policy, 16(3), 835–877.
  • Fratello, J., Rengifo, A.F., & Trone, J. (2013). Coming of age with stop and frisk : Experiences, self-perceptions, and public. New York: Vera Institute of Justice.
  • Gaddis, S. (2017). How black are Lakisha and Jamal? Racial perceptions from names used in correspondence audit studies. Sociological Science, 4, 469–489.
  • Gau, J.M., & Brunson, R.K. (2010). Procedural justice and order maintenance policing: A study of inner-city young men’s perceptions of police legitimacy. Justice Quarterly, 27(2), 255–279.
  • Gerety, R.M. 2020. “An alternative to police that police can get behind.” The Atlantic. Retrieved January 5, 2021 (https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/12/cahoots-program-may-reduce-likelihood-of-police-violence/617477/).
  • Girgenti-Malone, A.A., Khoder, C., Vega, G., & Castillo, D. (2017). College students’ perceptions of police use of force: Do suspect race and ethnicity matter? Police Practice and Research, 18(5), 492–506.
  • Goldfischer, E. (2020). From encampments to hotspots: The changing policing of homelessness in New York City. Housing Studies, 35(9), 1550–1567.
  • Goldstein, J. (1960). Police discretion not to invoke the criminal process: Low-visibility decisions in the administration of justice. The Yale Law Journal, 69(4), 543–594.
  • Goldstein, H. (1963). Police discretion: The ideal versus the real. Public Administration Review, 23(3), 140.
  • Herbert, S., Beckett, K., & Stuart, F. (2018). Policing social marginality: Contrasting approaches. Law & Social Inquiry, 43(4), 1491–1513.
  • Herring, C. (2019). Complaint-oriented policing: Regulating homelessness in public space. American Sociological Review, 84(5), 769–800.
  • Herring, C. (2021). Complaint-oriented ‘services’: Shelters as tools for criminalizing homelessness. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 693(1), 264–283.
  • Kahn, K.B., Thompson, M., & McMahon, J.M. (2016). Privileged protection? Effects of suspect race and mental illness status on public perceptions of police use of force. Journal of Experimental Criminology. doi:10.1007/s11292-016-9280-0
  • Kochel, T.R., & Weisburd, D. (2017). Assessing community consequences of implementing hot spots policing in residential areas: Findings from a randomized field trial. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 13(2), 143–170.
  • Kuha, J. (2004). AIC and BIC: Comparisons of assumptions and performance. Sociological Methods & Research, 33(2), 188–229.
  • Levitt, S.D. (2004). Understanding why crime fell in the 1990s: Four factors that explain the decline and six that do not. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(1), 163–190.
  • Long, J.S., & Freese, J. (2014). Regression models for categorical dependent variables using stata (3rd ed.). College Station, TX: Stata Press.
  • Markowitz, F.E., & Watson, A.C. (2015). Police response to domestic violence: situations involving veterans exhibiting signs of mental illness. Criminology, 53(2), 231–252.
  • Markowitz, F.E., & Syverson, J. (2019). Race, gender, and homelessness stigma: Effects of perceived blameworthiness and dangerousness. Deviant Behavior, 1–12. doi:10.1080/01639625.2019.1706140
  • Metcalfe, C., & Pickett, J.T. (2018). The extent and correlates of public support for deterrence reforms and hot spots policing. Law & Society Review, 52(2), 471–502.
  • Morabito, M.S., & Savage, J. (2021). Examining proactive and responsive outcomes of a dedicated co-responder team. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 29. doi:10.1093/police/paab029
  • Movement for Black Lives. 2021. “Defund the Police.” M4BL. Retrieved August 12, 2021 (https://m4bl.org/defund-the-police/).
  • Mummolo, J. (2018). Modern police tactics, police-citizen interactions, and the prospects for reform. The Journal of Politics, 80(1), 1–15.
  • National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty. 2017. “Housing not handcuffs: ending the criminalization of homelessness in U.S. Cities.” Retrieved December 4, 2019 (https://nlchp.org//wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Housing-Not-Handcuffs.pdf).
  • Nix, J., Ivanov, S., & Pickett, J.T. (2021). What does the public want police to do during pandemics? A national experiment. Criminology & Public Policy, 20(3), 545–571.
  • Pew Research Center. 2020. “Majority of public favors giving civilians the power to sue police officers for misconduct.” Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy. Retrieved July 28, 2020 (https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2020/07/09/majority-of-public-favors-giving-civilians-the-power-to-sue-police-officers-for-misconduct/).
  • Polcin, D.L. (2016). Co-occurring substance abuse and mental health problems among homeless persons: Suggestions for research and practice. Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness, 25(1), 1–10.
  • Police Executive Research Forum. (2016). Advice from police chiefs and community leaders on building trust: ``ask for help, work together, and show respect.”. Washington, D.C: Author.
  • President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing. 2015. Final report of the president’s task force on 21st century policing. Washington, D.C.: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
  • Rankin, S. (2021). Hiding homelessness: The transcarceration of homelessness. California Law Review, 109, 559–613.
  • Ratcliffe, J.H., Groff, E.R., Sorg, E.T., & Haberman, C.P. (2015). Citizens’ reactions to hot spots policing: Impacts on perceptions of crime, disorder, safety and police. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 11(3), 393–417.
  • Regional Research Institute, Portland State University, City of Gresham, Multnomah County, A Home for Everyone, Home Forward, City of Portland, Conklin, T., & Mulder, C. (2019). 2019 point-in-time: Count of homelessness in Portland/Gresham/Multnomah County, Oregon. Regional Research Institute. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/rri_facpubs/63
  • Robinson, T. (2019). No right to rest: police enforcement patterns and quality of life consequences of the criminalization of homelessness. Urban Affairs Review, 55(1), 41–73.
  • Silver, J.R., & Pickett, J.T. (2015). Toward a better understanding of politicized policing attitudes: Conflicted conservatism and support for police use of force. Criminology, 53(4), 650–676.
  • Smith, D., & Oreskes, B. 2019. “Are many homeless people in L.A. Mentally ill? New findings back the public’s perception.” Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 18, 2022 (https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-10-07/homeless-population-mental-illness-disability).
  • Stuart, F. (2016). Down, out, and under arrest. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Stuart, F., & Beckett, K. (2021). Addressing urban disorder without police: How seattle’s LEAD program responds to behavioral-health-related disruptions, resolves business complaints, and reconfigures the field of public safety. Law & Policy, 43(4), 390–414.
  • Taheri, S.A. (2016). Do crisis intervention teams reduce arrests and improve officer safety? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 27(1), 76–96.
  • Teplin, L.A., & Pruett, N.S. (1992). Police as streetcorner psychiatrist: Managing the mentally ill. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 15(2), 139–156.
  • Thomas, B., Falco Metcalfe, C., Berenblum, T., Aviv, G., & Gertz, M. (2014). Examining public preferences for the allocation of resources to rehabilitative versus punitive crime policies. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 26(5), 448–462.
  • Townley, G., Sand, K., Kindschuh, T., Brott, H., & Leickly, E. (2022). Engaging unhoused community members in the design of an alternative first responder program aimed at reducing the criminalization of homelessness. Journal of Community Psychology, 50(4), 2013–2030.
  • Travis, J., & Wozniak, K.H. (2020). Public opinion and the politics of collateral consequence policies. Punishment & Society, 1462474520941942. doi:10.1177/1462474520941942
  • Tsai, J., Yun See Lee, C., Byrne, T., Pietrzak, R.H., & Southwick, S.M. (2017). Changes in public attitudes and perceptions about homelessness between 1990 and 2016. American Journal of Community Psychology, 60(3–4), 599–606.
  • Tsai, J., Lee, C.Y.S., Shen, J., Southwick, S.M., & Pietrzak, R.H. (2019). Public exposure and attitudes about homelessness. Journal of Community Psychology, 47(1), 76–92.
  • Tyler, T.R. (2006). Why People Obey the Law. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2021. The 2020 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to congress. Washington, D.C.
  • Weisburd, D., & Eck, J.E. (2004). What can police do to reduce crime, disorder, and fear? The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593(1), 42–65.
  • Weisburd, D., Hinkle, J.C., Famega, C., & Ready, J. (2011). The possible ‘backfire’ effects of hot spots policing: An experimental assessment of impacts on legitimacy, fear and collective efficacy. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(4), 297–320.
  • Welch, K., Fikre Butler, L., & Gertz, M. (2019). Saving children, damning adults? An examination of public support for juvenile rehabilitation and adult punishment. Criminal Justice Review, 44(4), 470–491.
  • Westbrook, M., & Robinson, T. (2021). Unhealthy by design: health & safety consequences of the criminalization of homelessness. Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness, 30(2), 107–115.
  • Wood, J.D., Watson, A.C., & Fulambarker, A.J. (2017). The ‘gray zone’ of police work during mental health encounters: Findings from an observational study in chicago. Police Quarterly, 20(1), 81–105.
  • Zhao, J.S., & Ren, L. (2015). Exploring the dimensions of public attitudes toward the police. Police Quarterly, 18(1), 3–26.
  • Zimring, F.E. (2007). The great American crime decline. New York: Oxford University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.