Publication Cover
Criminal Justice Studies
A Critical Journal of Crime, Law and Society
Volume 36, 2023 - Issue 3: Cybersecurity
373
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
RESEARCH ARTICLE

How victims perceive fear of cybercrime: importance of informed risk

&
Pages 206-227 | Received 01 Aug 2023, Accepted 01 Aug 2023, Published online: 05 Sep 2023

References

  • Abdulai, M. (2016). Determinants of fear of cybercrime victimisation: A study of credit/debit card fraud among students of the University of Saskatchewan. [ Master’s Thesis]. University of Saskatchewan.
  • Alshalan, A. (2006). Cyber-crime fear and victimization: An analysis of a national survey. [ Ph.D. dissertation]. Missisippi State University.
  • Armin, J., Thompson, B., Ariu, D., Giacinto, G., Roli, F., & Kijewski, P. (2015). 2020 cybercrime economic costs: No measure no solution [Conference session]. The 10th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES). Toulouse, France.
  • Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2014). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48.
  • Bernik, I., Dobovske, B., & Markelj, B. (2018). To fear or not to fear on cybercrime. Innovative Issues and Approaches in Social Sciences, 6(3), 7–17. doi:10.12959/issn.1855-0541.IIASS-2013-no3-art01
  • Bernik, I., & Mesko, G. (2012). Study of the perception of cyber threats and the fear of cybercrime. In V. Lysenko (Ed.), ICIW2012-Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information. Seattle, USA.
  • Bidgoli, M., & Grossklags, J. (2016). End user cybercrime reporting: What we know and what we can do to improve it. In B. Cartwright, L.-Y.-C. Lau, & G. Weir (Eds.), 2016 IEEE International Conference on Cybercrime and Computer Forensic, ICCCF 2016 (2016 IEEE International Conference on Cybercrime and Computer Forensic, ICCCF 2016). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. 10.1109/ICCCF.2016.7740424
  • Borwell, J., Jansen, J., & Stol, W. (2021). The psychological and financial impact of cybercrime victimization: A novel application of the shattered assumptions theory. Social Science Computer Review, 40(4), 933–954. doi:10.1177/0894439320983828
  • Bosak, D.A. (2012). The blurring line between victim and offender: Self-produced child pornography and the need for sentencing reform. Ohio State Law Journal, 73(1), 141–176.
  • Brands, J., & Van Wilsem, J. (2021). Connected and fearful? Exploring fear of online financial crime, internet behaviour and their relationship. European Journal of Criminology, 18(2), 213–234. doi:10.1177/1477370819839619
  • Choi, J., Kruis, N.E., & Choo, K.-S. (2021). Explaining fear of identity theft victimization using a routine activity approach. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 37(3), 406–426. doi:10.1177/10439862211001627
  • Choi, K.S., Lee, C.S., & Louderback, E.R. (2020). Historical evolutions of cybercrime: From computer crime to cybercrime. In T.J. Holt & A. Bossler (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of international cybercrime and cyberdeviance (pp. 27–43). Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Clubb, A.C., & Hinkle, J. (2015). Protection motivation theory as a theoretical framework for understanding the use of protective measures. Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime, Law, and Society, 28(3), 336–355. doi:10.1080/1478601X.2015.1050590
  • Council of Europe (2021a). Budapest Convention and Related Standards. Retrieved September 9, 2021, from https://www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime/the-budapest-convention
  • Council of Europe (2021b). Preventing Cybercrime. Retrieved September 9, 2021, from https://www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime/preventing-cybercrime
  • CybersecurityAct (regulation (E.U.) 2019/881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on ENISA (the European Union Agency for cybersecurity) and on information and Communications Technology cybersecurity Certification and Repealing regulation (E.U.) no 526/2013. (2019). Official Journal of the European Union, L 151/15. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/881/oj
  • De Kimpe, L., Walrave, M., Verdegem, P., & Ponnet, K. (2021). What we think we know about cybersecurity: An investigation of the relationship between perceived knowledge, internet trust, and protection motivation in a cybercrime context. Behaviour & Information Technology, 41(8), 1796–1808. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2021.1905066
  • DuBow, F., McCabe, E., & Kaplan, G. (1979). Reactions to crime: A critical review of the literature. National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.
  • European Union. (2019). Food safety in the EU (Report). Luxembourg: European Union.
  • European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) (2021, September 1). European cybersecurity month (ECSM) 2021: Get involved and register your event. Retrieved May 2, 2022, from https://www.enisa.europa.eu/news/enisa-news/european-cybersecurity-month-ecsm-2021-get-involved-and-register-your-event
  • Europol (2021a). Cybercrime. Retrieved September 8, 2021, from https://www.europol.europa.eu/crime-areas-and-trends/crime-areas/cybercrime
  • Europol (2021b). European Cybercrime Centre (EC3). Retrieved September 8, 2021, from https://www.europol.europa.eu/about-europol/european-cybercrime-centre-ec3
  • Farrall, S., Jackson, J., & Gray, E. (2007). Theorising fear of crime: The cultural and social significance of feelings of insecurity. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1012393
  • Ferraro, K.F. (1995). Fear of crime: Interpreting victimization risk. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
  • Franke, U., & Brynielsson, J. (2014). Cyber situational awareness–a systematic review of the literature. Computers & Security, 46, 18–31. doi:10.1016/j.cose.2014.06.008
  • Franklin, T.W., Franklin, C.A., & Fearn, N.E. (2008). A multilevel analysis of the vulnerability, disorder, and social integration models of fear of crime. Social Justice Research, 21(2), 204–227. doi:10.1007/s11211-008-0069-9
  • Garofalo, J. (1981). The fear of crime: Causes and consequences. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 72(2), 839–857. doi:10.2307/1143018
  • GDPR.EU. (2021). Complete Guide to GDPR Compliance. https://gdpr.eu/
  • Haberman, C.P., Jeffrey, E., Clutter, J.E., & Lee, H. (2022). A robbery is a robbery is a robbery? Exploring crime specificity in official police incident data. Police Practice & Research, 23(4), 429–443. doi:10.1080/15614263.2021.2009345
  • Hale, C. (1996). Fear of crime: A review of the literature. International Review of Victimology, 4(2), 79–150. doi:10.1177/026975809600400201
  • Henson, B., Reyns, B.W., & Fisher, B.S. (2013). Fear of crime online? Examining the effect of risk, previous victimization, and exposure on fear of online interpersonal victimization. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 29(4), 475–497. doi:10.1177/1043986213507403
  • Higgins, G.E., Ricketts, M.L., & Vegh, D.T. (2008). The role of self-control in college student’s perceived risk and fear of online victimization. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 33(2), 223–233. doi:10.1007/s12103-008-9041-3
  • Ibrahim, S., Nnamani, D.L., & Soyele, O.E. (2020). An analysis of various types of cybercrime and ways to prevent them. International Journal of Education and Social Science Research, 3(2), 274–279. doi:10.37500/IJESSR.2020.30221
  • International Telecommunication Union (2018). 2018 percentage of individuals using the Internet. Retrieved August 1, 2021, from https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx.
  • Jackson, J. (2009). A psychological perspective on vulnerability in the fear of crime. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(4), 365–390. doi:10.1080/10683160802275797
  • Jackson, J. (2011). Revisiting risk sensitivity in the fear of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48(4), 513–537. doi:10.1177/0022427810395146
  • Jackson, J. (2015). Cognitive closure and risk sensitivity in the fear of crime. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 20(2), 222–240. doi:10.1111/lcrp.12031
  • Jansen, J., Kop, N., & Stol, W. (2017). Internetbankieren: Veiligheidspercepties van gebruikers. Tijdschrift voor Veiligheid, 16(1), 36–51. doi:10.5553/TvV/187279482017016001003
  • Kigerl, A. (2011). Routine activity theory and the determinants of high cybercrime countries. Social Science Computer Review, 30(4), 470–486. doi:10.1177/0894439311422689
  • Lee, C.S. (2021). Online fraud victimization in China: A case study of Baidu Tieba. Victims & Offenders, 16(3), 343–362. doi:10.1080/15564886.2020.1838372
  • Lee, C.S., & Kim, J.H. (2020). Latent groups of cybersecurity preparedness in Europe: Sociodemographic factors and country-level contexts. Computers & Security, 97, 101995. doi:10.1016/j.cose.2020.101995
  • Lee, C.S., & Wang, Y. (2022). Typology of cybercrime victimization in Europe: A multilevel latent class analysis. Crime & Delinquency. doi:10.1177/00111287221118880
  • Melde, C., Berg, M.T., & Esbensen, F.A. (2016). Fear, social interactions and violence mitigation. Justice Quarterly, 33(3), 481–509. doi:10.1080/07418825.2014.928348
  • Monroe, B. (2020, May 1). Regional Report – Europe: Fraud, cybercrime, surging now, AML must later look for launderers hiding in economic recovery, volatility. Association of Certified Financial Crime Specialists. Retrieved December 29, 2021, from https://www.acfcs.org/regional-spotlight-europe-fraud-cybercrime-surging-now-aml-must-later-look-for-launderers-hiding-in-economic-recovery-volatility/
  • Nam, T. (2019). Understanding the gap between perceived threats to and preparedness for cybersecurity. Technology in Society, 58, 101122. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.03.005
  • Notte, R., Leukfeldt, E.R., & Malsch, M. (2021). Double, triple or quadruple hits? Exploring the impact of cybercrime on victims in the Netherlands. International Review of Victimology, 27(3), 272–294. doi:10.1177/02697580211010692
  • Pearson, A.L., & Breetzke, G.D. (2014). The association between the fear of crime, and mental and physical wellbeing in New Zealand. Social Indicators Research, 119(1), 281–294.
  • Pereira, F., & Matos, M. (2016). Cyber-stalking victimization: What predicts fear among Portuguese adolescents? European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(2), 253–270. doi:10.1007/s10610-015-9285-7
  • Pereira, F., Spitzberg, B.H., & Matos, M. (2016). Cyber-harassment victimization in Portugal: Prevalence, fear and help-seeking among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 136–146. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.039
  • Randa, R. (2013). Influence of the cyber-social environment on fear of victimization: Cyberbullying and school. Security Journal, 26(4), 331–348.
  • Rezgui, Y., & Marks, A. (2008). Information security awareness in higher education: An exploratory study. Computers & Security, 27(7), 241–253. doi:10.1016/j.cose.2008.07.008
  • Roberts, L.D., Indermaur, D., & Spiranovic, C. (2013). Fear of cyber-identity theft and related fraudulent activity. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 20(3), 315–328. doi:10.1080/13218719.2012.672275
  • Rogers, R.W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. Cacioppo & R. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology (pp. 153–177). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Shi, L. (2021). A neglected population: Media consumption, perceived risk, and fear of crime among international students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5–6), NP2482–NP2505. doi:10.1177/0886260518766428
  • Spithoven, R. (2017). Keeping trouble at a safe distance: Unravelling the significance of ‘the fear of crime.’. The Hague: Eleven Publishing.
  • Stafford, M., Chandola, T., & Marmot, M. (2007). Association between fear of crime and mental health and physical functioning. American Journal of Public Health, 97(11), 2076–2081. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.097154
  • Stickle, B., & Felson, M. (2020). Crime rates in a pandemic: The largest criminological experiment in history. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(4), 525–536. doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09546-0
  • Stojkovski, B. (2021, January 20). Cyberattack fears raise the alarm in eastern European countries. ZD Net. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://www.zdnet.com/article/cyberattack-fears-raise-the-alarm-in-eastern-european-countries/
  • Virtanen, S.M. (2017). Fear of cybercrime in Europe: Examining the effects of victimization and vulnerabilities. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 24(3), 323–338. doi:10.1080/13218719.2017.1315785
  • Warr, M. (2000). Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy. Criminal Justice, 4(4), 451–489.
  • Woltman, H., Feldstain, A., MacKay, J.C., & Rocchi, M. (2012). An introduction to hierarchical linear modeling. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 8(1), 52–69. doi:10.20982/tqmp.08.1.p052
  • Yu, S. (2014). Fear of cybercrime among college students in the United States: An exploratory study. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 8(1), 36–46.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.