Economic growth, energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in India: a disaggregated causal analysis

References

• Abid, M., and M. Sebri. 2011. “Energy Consumption-economic Growth Nexus: Does the Level of Aggregation Matter?” International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 2 (2): 55–62.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, W., M. Z. Nain, and B. Kamaiah. 2014. “On the Role of the Trend and Cyclical Components in Electricity Consumption and India's Economic Growth: A Cointegration and Co feature Approach.” OPEC Energy Review 38 (1): 107–126. doi:10.1111/opec.12028.
   Google Scholar
• Ahn, S.-J., and D. Graczyk. 2012. Understanding Energy Challenges in India: Policies, Players, and Issues. Paris: IEA.
   Google Scholar
• Akinlo, A. E. 2009. “Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Evidence from Cointegration and Co-feature Analysis.” Journal of Policy Modeling 31 (5): 681–693. doi: 10.1016/j.jpolmod.2009.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam, M. J., I. A. Begum, J. Buysse, S. Rahman, and G. Van Huylenbroeck. 2011. “Dynamic Modeling of Causal Relationship Between Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth in India.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (6): 3243–3251. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.04.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, F. N., and P. Karpestam. 2012. “The Australian Carbon Tax: A Step in the Right Direction But Not Enough.” Carbon Management 3 (3): 293–302. doi: 10.4155/cmt.12.18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ang, J. B. 2007. “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Output in France.” Energy Policy 35 (10): 4772–4778. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.03.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ang, J. B. 2008. “Economic Development, Pollutant Emissions and Energy Consumption in Malaysia.” Journal of Policy Modeling 30 (2): 271–278. doi: 10.1016/j.jpolmod.2007.04.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bo, S. 2011. “A Literature Survey on Environmental Kuznets Curve.” Energy Procedia, 2010 international conference on energy, environment and development – ICEED2010, 5, 1322–1325. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.229.
   Google Scholar
• Bowden, N., and J. E. Payne. 2009. “The Causal Relationship Between U.S. Energy Consumption and Real Output: A Disaggregated Analysis.” Journal of Policy Modeling 31 (2): 180–188. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2008.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden, N., and J. E. Payne. 2010. “Sectoral Analysis of the Causal Relationship Between Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption and Real Output in the US.” Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 5 (4): 400–408. doi:10.1080/15567240802534250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, J. P., J. T. Houghton, and R. T. Watson. 1996. Climate Change 1995. The Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chandran Govindaraju, V. G. R., and C. F. Tang. 2013. “The Dynamic Links between CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth and Coal Consumption in China and India.” Applied Energy 104 (April): 310–318. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.10.042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, B. S. 1999. “Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in India: An Application of Cointegration and Error-correction Modeling.” Indian Economic Review 34 (1): 39–49.
   Google Scholar
• Dickey, D. A., and W. A. Fuller. 1979. “Distributions of the Estimators for Autoregresssive Time Series with a Unit Root.” Journal of American Statistical Association 74(366a): 427–431.
   Google Scholar
• Dinda, S., and D. Coondoo. 2006. “Income and Emission: A Panel Data-Based Cointegration Analysis.” Ecological Economics 57 (2): 167–181. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.03.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, G., T. J. Rothenberg, and J. H. Stock. 1996. “Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root.” Econometrica 64 (4): 813–836. doi: 10.2307/2171846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emran, M. S., F. Shilpi, and M. I. Alam. 2007. “Economic Liberalization and Price Response of Aggregate Private Investment: Time Series Evidence from India.” Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne D’économique 40 (3): 914–934. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.00436.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engle, R. F., and C. W. J. Granger. 1987. “Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing.” Econometrica 55 (2): 251–276. doi:10.2307/1913236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, B. T., R. Sari, and U. Soytas. 2007. “Disaggregate Energy Consumption and Industrial Output in the United States.” Energy Policy 35 (2): 1274–1281. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2006.03.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedl, B., and M. Getzner. 2003. “Determinants of CO2 Emissions in a Small Open Economy.” Ecological Economics 45 (1): 133–148. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00008-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S. 2002. “Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in India.” Energy Policy 30 (2): 125–129. doi: 10.1016/S0301-4215(01)00078-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S. 2009. “Electricity Supply, Employment and Real GDP in India: Evidence from Cointegration and Granger-causality Tests.” Energy Policy 37 (8): 2926–2929. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.03.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S. 2010. “Examining Carbon Emissions Economic Growth Nexus for India: A Multivariate Cointegration Approach.” Energy Policy 38 (6): 3008–3014. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.01.040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman, G. M., and A. B. Krueger. 1991. “ Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement.” Working Paper 3914. National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w3914.
   Google Scholar
• IEA. 2012. World Energy Outlook 2012. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/book/weo-2012-en.
   Google Scholar
• IEA. 2013. World Energy Outlook 2013. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/book/weo-2013-en.
   Google Scholar
• INCCA (Indian Network of Climate Change Assessment). 2010. India Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2007. India: Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India.
   Google Scholar
• Jahangir Alam, M., I. A. Begum, J. Buysse, and G. Van Huylenbroeck. 2012. “Energy Consumption, Carbon Emissions and Economic Growth Nexus in Bangladesh: Cointegration and Dynamic Causality Analysis.” Energy Policy 45: 217–225. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayanthakumaran, K., R. Verma, and Y. Liu. 2012. “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Trade and Income: A Comparative Analysis of China and India.” Energy Policy 42: 450–460. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.12.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jinke, L., S. Hualing, and G. Dianming. 2008. “Causality Relationship Between Coal Consumption and GDP: Difference of Major OECD and Non-OECD Countries.” Applied Energy 85 (6): 421–429. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2007.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen, S. 1988. “Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors.” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 12 (2–3): 231–254. doi:10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen, S. 1991. “Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models.” Econometrica 59 (6): 1551–1580. doi:10.2307/2938278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen, S., and K. Juselius. 1990. “Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration – With Applications to the Demand for Money.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 52 (2): 169–210. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft, J., and A. Kraft. 1978. “On the Relationship Between Energy and GNP.” Journal of Energy and Development 3 (2): 401–403.
   Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowski, D., P. C. B. Phillips, P. Schmidt, and Y. Shin. 1992. “Testing the Null Hypothesis of Stationarity Against the Alternative of a Unit Root: How Sure Are We That Economic Time Series Have a Unit Root?.” Journal of Econometrics 54 (1–3): 159–178. doi:10.1016/0304-4076(92)90104-Y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurenceson, J., and J. C. H. Chai. 2003. Financial Reform and Economic Development in China. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Maddala, G. S., and I.-M. Kim. 1999. Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Structural Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Managi, S., and P. R. Jena. 2008. “Environmental Productivity and Kuznets Curve in India.” Ecological Economics 65 (2): 432–440. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masih, A. M. M., and R. Masih. 1996. “Energy Consumption, Real Income and Temporal Causality: Results from a Multi-Country Study Based on Cointegration and Error-Correction Modelling Techniques.” Energy Economics 18 (3): 165–183. doi:10.1016/0140-9883(96)00009-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, D. A., and G. D. Nan. 1996. “A definition of the gross domestic product-electrification interrelationship.” Journal of Energy and Development 19: 275–283.
   Google Scholar
• Nain, M. Z., W. Ahmad, and B. Kamaiah. 2012. “Energy Consumption and India's Economic Growth. A Disaggregated Analysis.” The Indian Economic Journal: The Quarterly Journal of the Indian Economic Association 60 (3).
   Google Scholar
• Nain, M. Z., and B. Kamaiah. 2012. “On the Relationship Between Nominal and Real Effective Exchange Rates in India: Evidence from the ARDL Bounds Tests.” The IUP Journal of Applied Economics XI (4): 50–59.
   Google Scholar
• Narayan, P. K. 2005. “The Saving and Investment Nexus for China: Evidence from Cointegration Tests.” Applied Economics 37 (17): 1979–1990. doi:10.1080/00036840500278103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayan, P. K., and S. Narayan. 2005. “Estimating Income and Price Elasticities of Imports for Fiji in a Cointegration Framework.” Economic Modelling 22 (3): 423–438. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2004.06.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayan, P. K., and B. Singh. 2007. “The Electricity Consumption and GDP Nexus for the Fiji Islands.” Energy Economics 29 (6): 1141–1150. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2006.05.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayan, P. K., and R. Smyth. 2008. “Energy Consumption and Real GDP in G7 Countries: New Evidence from Panel Cointegration with Structural Breaks.” Energy Economics 30 (5): 2331–2341. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2007.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozturk, I. 2010. “A Literature Survey on Energy–growth Nexus.” Energy Policy 38 (1): 340–349. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul, S., and R. N. Bhattacharya. 2004. “Causality between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in India: A Note on Conflicting Results.” Energy Economics 26 (6): 977–983. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2004.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, J. E. 2010. “A Survey of the Electricity Consumption-growth Literature.” Applied Energy 87 (3): 723–731. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.06.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedroni, Peter. 1999. “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61 (S1): 653–670. doi: 10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.14
   Google Scholar
• Pedroni, Peter. 2004. “Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with an Application to the PPP Hypothesis.” Econometric Theory 20 (3): 597–625. doi: 10.1017/S0266466604203073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesaran, M. H., Y. Shin, and R. J. Smith. 2001. “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 16 (3): 289–326. doi:10.1002/jae.616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podivinsky, J. M. 1998. “Testing Misspecified Cointegration Relationships.” Economics Letters 60 (1): 1–9. doi: 10.1016/S0165-1765(98)00089-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sari, R., B. T. Ewing, and U. Soytas. 2008. “The Relationship Between Disaggregate Energy Consumption and Industrial Production in the United States: An ARDL Approach.” Energy Economics 30 (5): 2302–2313. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2007.10.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sari, R., and U. Soytas. 2004. “Disaggregate Energy Consumption, Employment and Income in Turkey.” Energy Economics 26 (3): 335–344. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2004.04.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahbaz, M., S. Farhani, and I. Ozturk. 2013. “Coal Consumption, Industrial Production and CO2 Emissions in China and India.” MPRA Paper. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/50618/.
   Google Scholar
• Shahbaz, M., Q. M. Hye, A. K. Tiwari, and N. C. Leitão. 2013a. “Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, International Trade and CO2 Emissions in Indonesia.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 25: 109–121. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahbaz, M., I. Ozturk, T. Afza, and A. Ali. 2013b. “Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve in a Global Economy.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 25: 494–502. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahbaz, M., H. H. Lean, and M. S. Shabbir. 2012. “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Pakistan: Cointegration and Granger Causality.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 2947–2953. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahbaz, M., and N. C. Leitão. 2013. “Portuguese Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Economic Growth: A Time Series Analysis.” Bulletin of Energy Economics (BEE) 1 (1): 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Shahbaz, M., G. Salah Uddin, I. Ur Rehman, and K. Imran. 2014a. “Industrialization, Electricity Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Bangladesh.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 31: 575–586. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahbaz, M., R. Sbia, H. Hamdi, and I. Ozturk. 2014b. “Economic Growth, Electricity Consumption, Urbanization and Environmental Degradation Relationship in United Arab Emirates.” Ecological Indicators 45 (October): 622–631. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.05.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahbaz, M., S. A. Solarin, H. Mahmood, and M. Arouri. 2013c. “Does Financial Development Reduce CO2 Emissions in Malaysian Economy? A Time Series Analysis.” Economic Modelling 35: 145–152. doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2013.06.037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahbaz, M., C. F. Tang, and M. S. Shabbir. 2011. “Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth Nexus in Portugal Using Cointegration and Causality Approaches.” Energy Policy 39 (6): 3529–3536. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.03.052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims, C. A., J. H. Stock, and M. W. Watson. 1990. “Inference in Linear Time Series Models with Some Unit Roots.” Econometrica 58 (1): 113–144. doi:10.2307/2938337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soytas, U., and R. Sari. 2009. “Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, and Carbon Emissions: Challenges Faced by and EU Candidate Member.” Ecological Economics 68 (6): 1667–1675. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.06.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soytas, U., R. Sari, and B. T. Ewing. 2007. “Energy Consumption, Income, and Carbon Emissions in the United States.” Ecological Economics 62 (3–4): 482–489. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.07.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock, J. H., and M. W. Watson. 2003. Introduction to Econometrics. 104 Vols. New York: Addison Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Tang, C. F., and M. Shahbaz. 2013. “Sectoral Analysis of the Causal Relationship Between Electricity Consumption and Real Output in Pakistan.” Energy Policy 60 (September): 885–891. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari, A. K. 2011a. “Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth: Evidence from India.” Journal of International Business and Economy 12 (1): 85–122.
   Google Scholar
• Tiwari, A. K. 2011b. “Energy Consumption, CO2 Emission and Economic Growth: A Revisit of the Evidence from India.” Applied Econometrics and International Development 11 (2): 192–206.
   Google Scholar
• Tiwari, A. K., M. Shahbaz, and Q. M. Adnan Hye. 2013. “The Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Role of Coal Consumption in India: Cointegration and Causality Analysis in an Open Economy.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 18 (February): 519–527. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toda, H. Y., and P. C. B. Phillips. 1993. “Vector Autoregressions and Causality.” Econometrica 61 (6): 1367–1393. doi:10.2307/2951647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toda, H. Y., and T. Yamamoto. 1995. “Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes.” Journal of Econometrics 66 (1): 225–250. doi: 10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, S. S., D. Q. Zhou, P. Zhou, and Q. W. Wang. 2011. “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in China: A Panel Data Analysis.” Energy Policy 39 (9): 4870–4875. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolde-Rufael, Y. 2004. “Disaggregated Industrial Energy Consumption and GDP: The Case of Shanghai, 1952–1999.” Energy Economics 26 (1): 69–75. doi:10.1016/S0140-9883(03)00032-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, H.-Y. 2000. “A Note on the Causal Relationship Between Energy and GDP in Taiwan.” Energy Economics 22 (3): 309–317. doi:10.1016/S0140-9883(99)00044-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Z., and Y. Zhao. 2014. “Energy Consumption, Carbon Emissions, and Economic Growth in India: Evidence from Directed Acyclic Graphs.” Economic Modelling 38 (February): 533–530. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2014.01.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zachariadis, T. 2007. “Exploring the Relationship Between Energy Use and Economic Growth with Bivariate Models: New Evidence from G-7 Countries.” Energy Economics 29 (6): 1233–1253. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2007.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zachariadis, T., and N. Pashourtidou. 2007. “An Empirical Analysis of Electricity Consumption in Cyprus.” Energy Economics 29 (2): 183–198. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2006.05.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaman, B., M. Farooq, and S. Ullah. 2011. “Sectoral Oil Consumption and Economic Growth in Pakistan: An ECM Approach.” American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 2 (2): 149–156. doi: 10.5251/ajsir.2011.2.2.149.156
   Google Scholar
• Zapata, H. O., and A. N. Rambaldi. 1997. “Monte Carlo Evidence on Cointegration and Causation.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 59 (2): 285–298. doi:10.1111/1468-0084.00065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X.-P., and X.-M. Cheng. 2009. “Energy Consumption, Carbon Emissions, and Economic Growth in China.” Ecological Economics 68 (10): 2706–2712. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.05.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar