Treatment of tuberculosis infection in children

References

• World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2017. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/
   Google Scholar
• Dodd PJ, Gardiner E, Coghlan R, et al. Burden of childhood tuberculosis in 22 high-burden countries: a mathematical modeling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2:e453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CJ, Ortlblad KF, Guinovart C, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis and malaria during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet. 2013;384(9947):1005–1070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morb Mortal Rep (MMWR). Tuberculosis – United States, 2017. Atlanta, Georgia. 2018;67(11):317–323.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linas BP, Wong AY, Freedberg KA, et al. Priorities for screening and treatment of latent tuberculosis testing in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184:590–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ib P, Gudetta B, Bruchfeld J, et al. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection on clinical presentation, treatment outcome and survival in a cohort of Ethiopian children with tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21(11):1053–1961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz AT, Karam LB, Orth RC, et al. Disseminated tuberculosis in 2 children with inflammatory bowel disease receiving infliximab. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(7):779–781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaganath D, Mupere E. Childhood tuberculosis and malnutrition. J Infect Dis. 2012;206(12):1809–1815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marias BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, et al. The natural history of childhood intrathoracic tuberculosis: a critical review of the literature from the pre-chemotherapy era. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8:392–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Recommendations for investigating contacts of persons with infectious tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2012. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/2012/contact_investigation2012/en/
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Guidelines on the management of latent tuberculosis infection. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2015. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/ltbi_document_page/en/
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Latent tuberculosis infection: updated and consolidated guidelines for programmatic management. 2018. [cited: 2018 Aug 31]. Available from: file:///C:/Users/lahatze1/Downloads/WHO%202018%20LTBI%20(1).pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cruz AT, Starke JR. Completion rate and safety of tuberculosis infection treatment with shorter regimens. Pediatrics. 2018;141(2):e20172838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comstock GW, Pronyk P, Mohapi L, et al. Isoniazid prophylaxis in Alaskan boarding schools: a comparison of two doses. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969;100:773–779.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferebee SH. Controlled chemoprophylaxis trials in tuberculosis. General Review Bibl Tuberc. 1970;26:28–106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Comstock GW, Ferebee SH. How much isoniazid is needed for prophylaxis? Am Rev Respir Dis. 1970;1010:780–782.
   Google Scholar
• Comstock GW, Baum C, Snider DE Jr. Isoniazid prophylaxis among Alaskan Eskimos: a final report of the bethel isoniazid studies. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979;119:827–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu KH. Isoniazid in prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. A 20-year study of the effectiveness in children. JAMA. 1974;229:528–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Union against Tuberculosis Committee on Prophylaxis. Efficacy of various durations of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis: five years of follow-up in the IUAT trial. Bull World Health Organ. 1982;60:555–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comstock GW. How much isoniazid is needed for prevention of tuberculosis among immunocompetent adults? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999;3:847–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeija M, Marchetti C, Cook D, et al. Isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in non-HIV infected persons. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2:CD001363.
   Google Scholar
• Biehl JP, Vilter RW. Effects of isoniazid on pyridoxine metabolism. JAMA. 1954;156:1549–1552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biehl JP, Vilter RW. Effect on isoniazid on vitamin B6 metabolism: its possible significance in producing isoniazid neuropathy. Proc Soc Biol Med. 1954;85:389–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellock JM, Howell J, Kendig EL, et al. Pyridoxine deficiency in children treated with isoniazid. Chest. 1985;87(5):658–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln EM, Sewell EM. Tuberculosis in children. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1963. p. 26.
   Google Scholar
• Morales SM, Lincoln EM. The effect of isoniazid therapy on pyridoxine. Rev Tuberc. 1957;75:594–600.
   Google Scholar
• Cillers K, Labadarios D, Schaaf HS, et al. Pyridoxal-5-phosphate plasma concentrations in children receiving tuberculosis chemotherapy including isoniazid. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99:705–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaaf HS, Parkin DP, Seifart HI, et al. Isoniazid pharmacokinetics in children treated for respiratory tuberculosis. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:614–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics, Tuberculosis. Kimberlin DW : Brady, M.T., Jackson, M.A., Long, S.A. associate editors Red book, 2018 report of committee on infectious diseases. 31st ed. Elk Grove Village, IL. USA: American Academy of Pediatrics. 2018
   Google Scholar
• Minns AB, Ghafouri N, Clark RF. Isoniazid induced status epilepticus in a pediatric patient after inadequate pyridoxine therapy. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2010;26(5):380–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodá D, Rozas L, Fortuny C, et al. Impact of the increased recommended dosage of isoniazid on pyridoxine levels in children and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35(5):586–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stop TB Partnership Childhood TB Subgroup, World Health Organization. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. Chapter 1: introduction and diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10(10):1091–1097.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marias BJ, Van Zyl S, Schaaf HS, et al. Adherence to isoniazid preventive chemotherapy: a prospective community based study. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:762–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferebee SH, Mount FW. Tuberculosis mortality in a controlled trial of prophylaxic use of isoniazid among household contacts. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1962;85:490–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wyk SS, Reid AJ, Mandalakas AM, et al. Operational challenges in managing isoniazid preventive therapy in child contact: a high-burden setting perspective. BMC Public Health. 2001;11:544.
   Google Scholar
• Lobato MN, Mohle-Boetani JC, Royce SE. Missed opportunities for preventing tuberculosis among children younger than five years. Pediatrics. 2000;106(6):1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz AT, Starke JR. Increasing adherence for latent tuberculosis infection therapy with health department-administered therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31:193–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu SS, Chao CS, Vargas JH, et al. Isoniazid-related hepatic failure in children: a survey of liver transplantation centers. Transplantation. 2007;84:173–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan CM, Goldberg SV, Buskin SE. Hepatotoxicity associated with isoniazid preventive therapy: a 7-year survey from a public health tuberculosis clinic. JAMA. 1999;281:1014–1018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palusci VJ, O’Hare D, Lawrence RM. Hepatotoxcicity and transaminase measurement during isoniazid chemoprophylaxis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14:144–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donald PR. Antituberculous drug-induced hepatotoxicity in children. Pediatr Rep. 2011;3:e16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hong Kong Chest Service/Tuberculosis Research Center, Madras/British Medical Research Council. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of three antituberculous chemoprophylaxis regimens in patients with silicosis in Hong Kong. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145:36–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menzies D, Dion MJ, Rabinovitch B, et al. Treatment completion and costs of a randomized trial of rifampin for 4 months versus isoniazid for 9 months. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:445–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies D, Long R, Trajman A, et al. Adverse events with 4 months rifampin or 9 months isoniazid as therapy for latent TB infection: results of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:689–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies D, Adjobimey M, Ruslami R, et al. Four months of rifampin or nine months of isoniazid for latent tuberculosis in adults. NEJM. 2018;379(5):440–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villarino ME, Rizdon R, Weismuller PC, et al. Rifampin preventive therapy for tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:1735–1738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaensbauer J, Aiona K, Haas M, et al. Better completion of pediatric latent tuberculosis treatment using 4 months of rifampin in a US-based tuberculosis clinic. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018;37(3):224–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz AT, Starke JR. Safety and completion of a 4-month course of rifampicin for latent tuberculosis infection in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(9):1057–1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallo T, Adjobiemy M, Ruslami R, et al. Safety and side effects of rifampin versus isoniazid in children. NEJM. 2018;375(9):454–463.
   Google Scholar
• Page KR, Sifakis F, Montes De Oca R, et al. Improved adherence and less toxicity with rifampin vs isoniazid for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: a retrospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1863–1870.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lardizabal A, Passannante M, Kojakakli F, et al. Enhancement of treatment completion for latent tuberculosis infection with 4 months of rifampin. Chest. 2006;130:1712–1717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ena J, Valls V. Short course therapy with rifampin plus isoniazid, compared with standard therapy with isoniazid, for latent tuberculosis infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:670–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spyridis NP, Sypridis PG, Gelesme A, et al. The effectiveness of a 9-month regimen of isoniazid alone versus 3- and 4- month regimens of isoniazid plus rifampin for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in children: results of an 11-year randomized study. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:715–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omerod LP. Reduced incidence of tuberculosis by prophylactic chemotherapy in subjects showing strong reactions to tuberculin testing. Arch Dis Child. 1987;62:1005–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormerod LP. Rifampicin and isoniazid prophylactic chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Arch Dis Child. 1998;78:169–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bright-Thomas R, Nadwandi S, Smith J, et al. Effectiveness of 3 months of rifampicin and isoniazid chemoprophylaxis for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in children. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95:600–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasper RM, Snyder DC, Chin DP, et al. Twelve months of isoniazid compared with four months of isoniazid and rifampin for persons with radiographic evidence of pervious tuberculosis. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1648–1652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Zyl S, Marias BJ, Hesseling AC, et al. Adherence to anti-tuberculous chemoprophylaxis and treatment in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for use of an isoniazid-rifapentine regimen with direct observation to treat latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:1650–1653.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schecter M, Zajdenverg R, Falco G, et al. Weekly rifapentine/isoniazid or daily rifampin/pyrazinamide for latent tuberculosis in household contacts. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173:922–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update of recommendations for use of once-weekly isoniazid-rifapentine regimen to treat latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Morb Mortal Rep (MMWR). Atlanta, Georgia. 2018;67(25):723–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinson NA, Barnes GL, Moulton LH, et al. New regimens to prevent tuberculosis in adults with HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:11.20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tr S, Me V, As B, et al. Three months of rifapentine and isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2155–2156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villarino ME, Scott NA, Weis SE, et al. Treatment for preventing tuberculosis in children and adolescents: a randomized clinical trial of a 3-month, 12-dose regimen of a combination of rifapentine and isoniazid. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(3):247–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pease C, Hutton B, Yazdi F, et al. A systematic review of adverse events of rifapentine and isoniazid compared to other treatments for latent tuberculosis infection. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2018;27:557–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandul AL, Nwana N, Holcombe JM, et al. High rate of treatment completion in program settings with 12-dose weekly isoniazid and rifapentine for latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(7):1085–1093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson KT, Churchyard GJ, Sohn H, et al. Cost-effectiveness of preventive therapy for tuberculosis with isoniazid and rifapentine versus isoniazid alone in high-burden settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2018. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciy230.
   Google Scholar
• Belknap R, Holland D, Pj F, et al. Self-administered versus directly observed once-weekly isoniazid and rifapentine treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Ann Int Med. 2017;167:689–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordin F, Chassion RE, Matts JP, et al. Rifampin and pyrazinamide vs isoniazid for prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons: an international randomized controlled trial. Terry biern AIDS clinical trials group, the pan American health organization, and the centers for disease control and prevention study group. JAMA. 2000;283:1445–1450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halsey NA, Coberly JS, Desormeaux J, et al. Randomized trial of isoniazid versus rifampicin and pyrazinamide for prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-infection. Lancet. 1998;351:786–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock NN, Rogers T, Tapia JR, et al. Acceptability of short-course rifampin and pyrazinamide treatment of latent tuberculosis infection among jail inmates. Chest. 2001;119:833–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElroy PD, Ijaz K, Lambert LA, et al. National survey to measure rates of liver injury, hospitalization, and death associated with rifampin and pyrazinamide for latent tuberculosis infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1125–1133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Thoracic Society and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: adverse event data and revised American Thoracic Society/CDC recommendations against the use of rifampin and pyrazinamide for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection—united States 2003. MMWR. 2003;52:735–739.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dodd PJ, Sismanidis C, Seddon JA. Global burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis in children: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(10):1193–1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland: Guidance for national tuberculosis programme on the management of tuberculosis in children. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: The World Health Organization. 2014. Available from: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s21535en/s21535en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Partners in Health. Guide to the medical management of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. 2nd ed. Partners In Health. Boston, USA. USAID TB CARE II. 2014. Available from: https://www.pih.org/practitioner-resource/pih-guide-to-the-medical-management-of-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-2nd
   Google Scholar
• Francis J Curry National Tuberculosis Center. 2016. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: a survival guide for clinicians. 3rd ed. San Francisco, CA. Available from: http://www.currytbcenter.ucsf.edu/sites/default/files/tb_sg3_book.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gegia M, Jenkins HE, Kalandadze I, et al. Outcomes of children treated for tuberculosis with second-line medications in Georgia, 2009–2011. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17(5):624–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddon JA, Hesseling AC, Godfrey-Faussett P, et al. High treatment success in children treated for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis: an observational cohort study. Thorax. 2013;69(5):458–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsythe CT, Ernst ME. Do fluroquinolones commonly cause arthropathy in children? CJEM. 2007;9(6):459–462.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burkhardt JE, Walterspiel JN, Schaad UB. Quinolone arthropathy in animals versus children. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25(5):1196–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee CL, Diffy C, Gerbino PG, et al. Tendon or joint disorders in children after treatment with fluroquinolones or azithromycin. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21(6):525–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddon JA, Fred D, Amanullah F, et al.Post-exposure management of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis contacts: evidence-based recommendations. Policy Brief No 1. Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Harvard Medical School Center for Global Health Delivery - Dubai. Available from: http://sentinel-project.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Harvard-Policy-Brief_revised-10Nov2015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Schaaf HS, Gie RP, Kennedy M, et al. Evaluation of young children in contact with adult multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis: a 30-month follow-up. Pediatrics. 2002;109(5):765–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddon JA, Hesseling AC, Finlayson H, et al. Preventive therapy for child contacts of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(12):1676–1684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horsburg CR Jr, Goldberg S, Bethel J, et al. Latent TB infection treatment acceptance and completion in the United States. Chest. 2010;31:301–310.
   Google Scholar
• Powell DA, Perkins L, Wang SH, et al. Completion of therapy for latent tuberculosis in children of different nationalities. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:272–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz AT, Starke JR. Twice-weekly therapy for children with tuberculosis infection or exposure. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17:169–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsyan AE, Saukkonen J, Barry MA, et al. Predictors of failure to complete therapy for latent tuberculosis infection. J Infect. 2007;54:262–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwara A, Herold JS, Machan JT, et al. Factors associated with failure to complete isoniazid treatment for latent tuberculosis infection in Rhode Island. Chest. 2008;133:862–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart RL, Wilson J, Grayson ML. Isoniazid toxicity in health-care workers. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:895–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018 CDC U.S. TB Elimination Champions. Collaborating with public health partners, health care providers, and community organizations. Atlanta, Georgia. 2018. [cited: 2018 Aug 31]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/worldtbday/2018/tbeliminationchampions.htm
   Google Scholar
• Ngwatu KB, Nsengiyumva NP, Oxlade O, et al. The impact of digital health technologies on tuberculosis treatment: a systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2018;51(1):pii: 1701596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khachadourian V, Truzyan N, Harutyunayan A, et al. People-centered tuberculosis care versus standard directly observed therapy: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2015;16:281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bediang G, Stoll B, Elia N, et al. SMS reminders to improve tuberculosis cure rate in developing countries (TB-SMS Cameroon): a protocol of a randomized control study. Trials. 2014;15:35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner D, Mandalakas AM. Pasting together the preventive therapy puzzle. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17:175–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien RJ, Long MW, Cross FS, et al. Hepatotoxicity from isoniazid and rifampin among children treated for tuberculosis. Pediatrics. 1983;72:491–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar