Antimicrobial resistance in Clostridium difficile ribotype 017

References

• Leffler DA, Lamont JT. Clostridium difficile Infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(3):287–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setlow P, Johnson EA. Spores and their significance. Food microbiology: fundamentals and frontiers. 3rd. Washington, DC: ASM Press. 2007. p. 35–67.
   Google Scholar
• Lawson PA, Citron DM, Tyrrell KL, et al. Reclassification of Clostridium difficile as Clostridioides difficile (Hall and O’Toole 1935) Prevot 1938. Anaerobe. 2016;40:95–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oren A, Rupnik M. Clostridium difficile and Clostridioides difficile: two validly published and correct names. Anaerobe. 2018;52:125–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessa FC, Mu Y, Bamberg WM, et al. Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(24):2369–2370.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chumbler NM, Rutherford SA, Zhang Z, et al. Crystal structure of Clostridium difficile toxin A. Nat Microbiol. 2016;1:15002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer MP, Notermans DW, van Benthem BH, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey. Lancet. 2011;377(9759):63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth M, Stewart NK, Smith C, et al. Intrinsic class D beta-lactamases of Clostridium difficile. MBio. 2018;9(6). DOI:10.1128/mBio.01803-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slimings C, Riley TV. Antibiotics and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: update of systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(4):881–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golledge CL, McKenzie T, Riley TV. Extended spectrum cephalosporins and Clostridium difficile. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1989;23(6):929–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clabots CR, Peterson LR, Gerding DN. Characterization of a nosocomial Clostridium difficile outbreak by using plasmid profile typing and clindamycin susceptibility testing. J Infect Dis. 1988;158(4):731–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pear SM, Williamson TH, Bettin KM, et al. Decrease in nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by restricting clindamycin use. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120(4):272–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson S, Samore MH, Farrow KA, et al. Epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of Clostridium difficile in four hospitals. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(22):1645–1651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A, et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet. 2005;366(9491):1079–1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuijper EJ, Coignard B, Tull P, et al. Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12(Suppl 6):2–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He M, Miyajima F, Roberts P, et al. Emergence and global spread of epidemic healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile. Nat Genet. 2013;45(1):109–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry SR, Marsh JW, Shutt KA, et al. High frequency of rifampin resistance identified in an epidemic Clostridium difficile clone from a large teaching hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(4):425–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker D, Corver J, Harmanus C, et al. Relatedness of human and animal Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078 isolates determined on the basis of multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis and tetracycline resistance. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(10):3744–3749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dingle KE, Didelot X, Quan TP, et al. A role for tetracycline selection in recent evolution of agriculture-associated Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078. MBio. 2019;10(2). DOI:10.1128/mBio.02790-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbanti F, Spigaglia P. Characterization of Clostridium difficile PCR-ribotype 018: a problematic emerging type. Anaerobe. 2016;42:123–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo MR, Kim J, Lee Y, et al. Prevalence, genetic relatedness and antibiotic resistance of hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 018 strains. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;51(5):762–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Vargas G, Quesada-Gomez C, Acuna-Amador L, et al. A Clostridium difficile lineage endemic to Costa Rican hospitals is multidrug resistant by acquisition of chromosomal mutations and novel mobile genetic elements. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Apr;61(4). DOI:10.1128/AAC.02054-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imwattana K, Knight DR, Kullin B, et al. Clostridium difficile ribotype 017 - characterization, evolution and epidemiology of the dominant strain in Asia. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2019;8(1):796–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pituch H, van den Braak N, van Leeuwen W, et al. Clonal dissemination of a toxin-A-negative/toxin-B-positive Clostridium difficile strain from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea in Poland. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2001;7(8):442–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goorhuis A, Legaria MC, van den Berg RJ, et al. Application of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis to determine clonal spread of toxin A-negative Clostridium difficile in a general hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15(12):1080–1086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuijper EJ, de Weerdt J, Kato H, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea due to a clindamycin-resistant enterotoxin A-negative strain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001;20(8):528–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drudy D, Harnedy N, Fanning S, et al. Emergence and control of fluoroquinolone-resistant, toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28(8):932–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drudy D, Quinn T, O’Mahony R, et al. High-level resistance to moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin associated with a novel mutation in gyrB in toxin-A-negative, toxin-B-positive Clostridium difficile. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58(6):1264–1267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putsathit P, Maneerattanaporn M, Piewngam P, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated in Thailand. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2017;6:58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang H, Weintraub A, Fang H, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Clostridium difficile. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;34(6):516–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow VCY, Kwong TNY, So EWM, et al. Surveillance of antibiotic resistance among common Clostridium difficile ribotypes in Hong Kong. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):17218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collignon PJ, McEwen SA. One health-its importance in helping to better control antimicrobial resistance. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2019;4(1). DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed4010022
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owens RC Jr., Donskey CJ, Gaynes RP, et al. Antimicrobial-associated risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(Suppl 1):S19–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirel L, Naas T, Nordmann P. Diversity, epidemiology, and genetics of class D beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(1):24–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He M, Sebaihia M, Lawley TD, et al. Evolutionary dynamics of Clostridium difficile over short and long time scales. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(16):7527–7532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullany P, Allan E, Roberts AP. Mobile genetic elements in Clostridium difficile and their role in genome function. Res Microbiol. 2015;166(4):361–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrow KA, Lyras D, Rood JI. The macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance determinant from Clostridium difficile 630 contains two erm(B) genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44(2):411–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullany P, Wilks M, Lamb I, et al. Genetic analysis of a tetracycline resistance element from Clostridium difficile and its conjugal transfer to and from Bacillus subtilis. J Gen Microbiol. 1990;136(7):1343–1349.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spigaglia P, Barbanti F, Mastrantonio P. Detection of a genetic linkage between genes coding for resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin in Clostridium difficile. Microb Drug Resist. 2007;13(2):90–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong D, Chen X, Jiang C, et al. Genetic analysis of Tn916-like elements conferring tetracycline resistance in clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;43(1):73–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin M, Martin A, Alcala L, et al. Clostridium difficile isolates with high linezolid MICs harbor the multiresistance gene cfr. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(1):586–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasels F, Monot M, Spigaglia P, et al. Inter- and intraspecies transfer of a Clostridium difficile conjugative transposon conferring resistance to MLSB. Microb Drug Resist. 2014;20(6):555–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spigaglia P, Barbanti F, Mastrantonio P, et al. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Clostridium difficile isolates from a prospective study of C. difficile infections in Europe. J Med Microbiol. 2008;57(Pt6):784–789.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ackermann G, Tang YJ, Kueper R, et al. Resistance to moxifloxacin in toxigenic Clostridium difficile isolates is associated with mutations in gyrA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45(8):2348–2353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isidro J, Santos A, Nunes A, et al. Imipenem resistance in Clostridium difficile ribotype 017, Portugal. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(4):741–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspers P, Locher HH, Pfaff P, et al. Different resistance mechanisms for cadazolid and linezolid in Clostridium difficile found by whole-genome sequencing analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Aug;61(8). DOI:10.1128/AAC.00384-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spigaglia P. Recent advances in the understanding of antibiotic resistance in Clostridium difficile infection. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2016;3(1):23–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Q, Wu S, Huang H, et al. Toxin profiles, PCR ribotypes and resistance patterns of Clostridium difficile: a multicentre study in China, 2012–2013. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;48(6):736–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Lee Y, Lee K, et al. The changes of PCR ribotype and antimicrobial resistance of Clostridium difficile in a tertiary care hospital over 10 years. J Med Microbiol. 2014;63(Pt 6):819–823.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freeman J, Vernon J, Morris K, et al. Pan-European longitudinal surveillance of antibiotic resistance among prevalent Clostridium difficile ribotypes. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(3):248.e9–248.e16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman J, Vernon J, Pilling S, et al. The ClosER study: results from a three-year pan-European longitudinal surveillance of antibiotic resistance among prevalent Clostridium difficile ribotypes, 2011–2014. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(7):724–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight DR, Elliott B, Chang BJ, et al. Diversity and evolution in the genome of Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(3):721–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isidro J, Menezes J, Serrano M, et al. Genomic study of a Clostridium difficile multidrug resistant outbreak-related clone reveals novel determinants of resistance. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imwattana K, Wangroongsarb P, Riley TV. High prevalence and diversity of tcdA-negative and tcdB-positive, and non-toxigenic, Clostridium difficile in Thailand. Anaerobe. 2019;57:4–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers BR, Kaplan K, Weinstein L. Microbiological and pharmacological behavior of 7-chlorolincomycin. Appl Microbiol. 1969;17(5):653–657.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tedesco FJ. Antibiotic-associated colitis–an abating enigma. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1981;3(3):221–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett JG, Chang TW, Onderdonk AB. Will the real Clostridium species responsible for antibiotic-associated colitis please step forward? Lancet. 1978;1(8059):338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George RH, Symonds JM, Dimock F, et al. Identification of Clostridium difficile as a cause of pseudomembranous colitis. Br Med J. 1978;1(6114):695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson HE, Price AB, Honour P, et al. Clostridium difficile and the aetiology of pseudomembranous colitis. Lancet. 1978;1(8073):1063–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackermann G, Tang-Feldman YJ, Schaumann R, et al. Antecedent use of fluoroquinolones is associated with resistance to moxifloxacin in Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003;9(6):526–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balfour JA, Wiseman LR. Moxifloxacin. Drugs. 1999;57(3): 363–373; discussion 374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dridi L, Tankovic J, Burghoffer B, et al. gyrA and gyrB mutations are implicated in cross-resistance to ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin in Clostridium difficile. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46(11):3418–3421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbut F, Mastrantonio P, Delmee M, et al. Prospective study of Clostridium difficile infections in Europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13(11):1048–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang H, Wu S, Wang M, et al. Clostridium difficile infections in a Shanghai hospital: antimicrobial resistance, toxin profiles and ribotypes. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;33(4):339–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins DA, Hawkey PM, Riley TV. Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection in Asia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2013;2(1):21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu Y, Zhang W, Wang H, et al. Specific patterns of gyrA mutations determine the resistance difference to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kullin B, Wojno J, Abratt V, et al. Toxin A-negative toxin B-positive ribotype 017 Clostridium difficile is the dominant strain type in patients with diarrhoea attending tuberculosis hospitals in Cape Town, South Africa. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;36(1):163–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Supcharassaeng S, Suankratay C. Antibiotic prescription for adults with acute diarrhea at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai. 2011;94(5):545–550.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong-Beringer A, Nguyen LH, Lee M, et al. An antimicrobial stewardship program with a focus on reducing fluoroquinolone overuse. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29(6):736–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung HB, Kirschenbaum HL, Ojofeitimi BO. Linezolid: an oxazolidinone antimicrobial agent. Clin Ther. 2001;23(3):356–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brickner SJ, Barbachyn MR, Hutchinson DK, et al. Linezolid (ZYVOX), the first member of a completely new class of antibacterial agents for treatment of serious gram-positive infections. J Med Chem. 2008;51(7):1981–1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackermann G, Adler D, Rodloff AC. In vitro activity of linezolid against Clostridium difficile. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;51(3):743–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcala L, Martin A, Marin M, et al. The undiagnosed cases of Clostridium difficile infection in a whole nation: where is the problem? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(7):E204–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long KS, Vester B. Resistance to linezolid caused by modifications at its binding site on the ribosome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(2):603–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulanovich VE, Huband MD, McCurdy SP, et al. Emergence of linezolid-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in a cancer centre linked to increased linezolid utilization. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(9):2001–2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locher HH, Seiler P, Chen X, et al. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial evaluation of cadazolid, a new antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(2):892–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(7):e1–e48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerding DN, Cornely OA, Grill S, et al. Cadazolid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: results of two double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority, randomised phase 3 trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(3):265–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight DR, Squire MM, Collins DA, et al. Genome analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 014 lineage in Australian pigs and humans reveals a diverse genetic repertoire and signatures of long-range interspecies transmission. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:2138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry PR, Thakur S, Abley M, et al. Antimicrobial resistance, toxinotype, and genotypic profiling of Clostridium difficile isolates of swine origin. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(7):2366–2372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts AP, Mullany P. Tn916-like genetic elements: a diverse group of modular mobile elements conferring antibiotic resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2011;35(5):856–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagenlehner FM, Brockmeyer NH, Discher T, et al. The presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016;113(1–02):11–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botelho-Nevers E, Socolovschi C, Raoult D, et al. Treatment of Rickettsia spp. infections: a review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2012;10(12):1425–1437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenyon C, Buyze J, Colebunders R. Classification of incidence and prevalence of certain sexually transmitted infections by world regions. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;18:73–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calleri G. Malaria prophylaxis and guidelines. Infection. 2014;42(5):913–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht DW, Galang MA, Sambol SP, et al. In vitro activities of 15 antimicrobial agents against 110 toxigenic Clostridium difficile clinical isolates collected from 1983 to 2004. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(8):2716–2719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang JS, Jiang ZD, Garey KW, et al. Use of rifamycin drugs and development of infection by rifamycin-resistant strains of Clostridium difficile. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(6):2690–2693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns MD, Preston MD, Hall CL, et al. Comparative genome analysis and global phylogeny of the toxin variant Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 017 reveals the evolution of two independent sublineages. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(3):865–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(7):e147–e195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kullin B, Brock T, Rajabally N, et al. Characterisation of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;35(10):1709–1718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajabally N, Kullin B, Ebrahim K, et al. A comparison of Clostridium difficile diagnostic methods for identification of local strains in a South African centre. J Med Microbiol. 2016;65(4):320–327.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO. Global Tuberculosis Report 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Cui J, Wang R, et al. Selection of rifampicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus during tuberculosis therapy: concurrent bacterial eradication and acquisition of resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;56(6):1172–1175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spigaglia P, Barbanti F, Mastrantonio P, et al. Multidrug resistance in European Clostridium difficile clinical isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(10):2227–2234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Kim Y, Pai H. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of Clostridium difficile infections by PCR ribotype 017 and 018 strains. PLoS One. 2016;11(12):e0168849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goorhuis A, Debast SB, Dutilh JC, et al. Type-specific risk factors and outcome in an outbreak with 2 different Clostridium difficile types simultaneously in 1 hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(9):860–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komatsu M, Kato H, Aihara M, et al. High frequency of antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile in a hospital in Japan and risk factors for infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003;22(9):525–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasels F, Kuehne SA, Cartman ST, et al. Fluoroquinolone resistance does not impose a cost on the fitness of Clostridium difficile in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(3):1794–1796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dang UT, Zamora I, Hevener KE, et al. Rifamycin resistance in Clostridium difficile is generally associated with a low fitness burden. Antimicrob Agents Ch. 2016;60(9):5604–5607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway KA, Kotwani A, Batmanabane G, et al. Antibiotic use in South East Asia and policies to promote appropriate use: reports from country situational analyses. BMJ. 2017;358:j2291.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sidjabat HE, Paterson DL. Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli in Asia: epidemiology and management. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13(5):575–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrell AS, Kruer RM, Berescu LD, et al. Factors associated with in-hospital mortality among critically ill surgical patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. J Crit Care. 2018;43:321–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng AC, Turnidge J, Collignon P, et al. Control of fluoroquinolone resistance through successful regulation, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(9):1453–1460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar