Knowledge, attitude and practices among consumers toward antibiotics use and antibiotic resistance in Swat, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

References

• Rogers Van Katwyk S. Policy and regulatory interventions to reduce antimicrobial resistance: evidence and analytic strategies. (Ed.^(Eds). Université d’Ottawa/University of Ottawa; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Abubakar U, Muhammad HT, Sulaiman SAS, et al. Knowledge and self-confidence of antibiotic resistance, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and antibiotic stewardship among pharmacy undergraduate students in three Asian countries. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2020;12:265–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik F, Figueras A. Analysis of the antimicrobial market in Pakistan: is it really necessary such a Vast offering of “watch” antimicrobials? Antibiotics. 2019;8(4):189.
   Google Scholar
• Founou RC, Founou LL, Essack SY. Clinical and economic impact of antibiotic resistance in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One. 2017;12(12):e0189621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassini A, Högberg LD, Plachouras D, et al. Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):56–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryce A, Costelloe C, Wootton M, et al. Comparison of risk factors for, and prevalence of, antibiotic resistance in contaminating and pathogenic urinary Escherichia coli in children in primary care: prospective cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(5):1359–1367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations 2016. HM Government and Welcome Trust: UK; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Control CfD, Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA; 2013. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/arthreats-2013-508.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, et al. Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(12):1057–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atif M, Asghar S, Mushtaq I, et al. What drives inappropriate use of antibiotics? A mixed methods study from Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:687–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aponte-González J, González-Acuña A, Lopez J, et al. Perceptions in the community about the use of antibiotics without a prescription: exploring ideas behind this practice. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2019;17(1):1394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napolitano F, Della Polla G, De Simone C, et al. The knowledge, attitudes, and practices of community pharmacists in their approach to antibiotic use: a nationwide survey in Italy. Antibiotics. 2019;8(4):177.
   Google Scholar
• Davey P, Pagliari C, Hayes A. The patient’s role in the spread and control of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002;8:43–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein EY, Van Boeckel TP, Martinez EM, et al. Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2018;115(15):E3463–E3470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faizullah M, Nisar-ur-Rahman MIU, Anwar M, et al. A cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practices of medical doctors towards antibiotic prescribing patterns and resistance in Khyber Pakhtun Khawah. Pakistan. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2017;7(12):038–046.
   Google Scholar
• Waseem H, Ali J, Sarwar F, et al. Assessment of knowledge and attitude trends towards antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among the community members, pharmacists/pharmacy owners and physicians in district Sialkot, Pakistan. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8(1):67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saleem Z, Hassali MA, Hashmi FK. Pakistan’s national action plan for antimicrobial resistance: translating ideas into reality. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(10):1066–1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anong DN, Akoachere J-FK. Prescribing patterns and associated factors of antibiotic prescription in primary health care facilities of Kumbo East and Kumbo West Health Districts, North West Cameroon. PloS One. 2018;13(3):e0193353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali M, Abbasi BH, Ahmad N, et al. Over-the-counter medicines in Pakistan: misuse and overuse. Lancet. 2020;395(10218):116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burstein VR, Trajano RP, Kravitz RL, et al. Communication interventions to promote the public’s awareness of antibiotics: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):899.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aslam A, Gajdács M, Zin CS, et al. Public awareness and practices towards self-medication with antibiotics among the Malaysian population. A development of questionnaire and pilot-testing. Antibiotics. 2020;9(2):97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayat K, Li P, Rosenthal M, et al. Perspective of community pharmacists about community-based antimicrobial stewardship programs. A multicenter cross-sectional study from China. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019;17(12):1043–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Din IU, Mumtaz Z, Ataullahjan A. How the Taliban undermined community healthcare in Swat, Pakistan. Bmj. 2012;344:e2093.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rahman A, Khan MN, Hamdani SU, et al. Effectiveness of a brief group psychological intervention for women in a post-conflict setting in Pakistan: a single-blind, cluster, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;393(10182):1733–1744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell M. Sample size: methods of calculation and reporting. Afr J Midwifery Women’s Health. 2019;13(2):1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Ye D, Chang J, Yang C, et al. How does the general public view antibiotic use in China? Result from a cross-sectional survey. Int J Clin Pharm. 2017;39(4):927–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjersing L, Caplehorn JR, Clausen T. Cross-cultural adaptation of research instruments: language, setting, time and statistical considerations. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10(1):13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsang S, Royse CF, Terkawi AS. Guidelines for developing, translating, and validating a questionnaire in perioperative and pain medicine. Saudi J Anaesth. 2017;11(Suppl 1):S80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abdulhak AAB, Al Tannir MA, Almansor MA, et al. Non prescribed sale of antibiotics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):538.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akram A, Maqsood U, Latif MZ, et al. Self-medication phenomenon; a population based study from Lahore. Cough. 2019;402:53–59.
   Google Scholar
• Asghar S, Atif M, Mushtaq I, et al. Factors associated with inappropriate dispensing of antibiotics among non-pharmacist pharmacy workers. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2019. DOI:10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Assessing non-prescription and inappropriate use of antibiotics: report on survey. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• McNulty CA, Boyle P, Nichols T, et al. Don’t wear me out—the public’s knowledge of and attitudes to antibiotic use. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;59(4):727–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvat OJ, Tomas AD, Kusturica MMP, et al. Is the level of knowledge a predictor of rational antibiotic use in Serbia? PloS One. 2017;12(7):e0180799.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raupach-Rosin H, Rübsamen N, Schütte G, et al. Knowledge on antibiotic use, self-reported adherence to antibiotic intake, and knowledge on multi-drug resistant pathogens-results of a population-based survey in Lower Saxony, Germany. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napolitano F, Izzo MT, Di Giuseppe G, et al. Public knowledge, attitudes, and experience regarding the use of antibiotics in Italy. PloS One. 2013;8(12):e84177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resistance WA. Multi-country public awareness survey. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015. p. 59.
   Google Scholar
• Farley E, van den Bergh D, Coetzee R, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of antibiotic use and resistance among patients in South Africa: a cross-sectional study. S Afr J Infect Dis. 2019;34(1). DOI:10.4102/sajid.v34i1.118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarwar MR, Saqib A, Iftikhar S, et al. Knowledge of community pharmacists about antibiotics, and their perceptions and practices regarding antimicrobial stewardship: a cross-sectional study in Punjab, Pakistan. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machowska A, Stålsby Lundborg C. Drivers of irrational use of antibiotics in Europe. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(1):27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Zowalaty ME, Belkina T, Bahashwan SA, et al. Knowledge, awareness, and attitudes toward antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance among Saudi population. Int J Clin Pharm. 2016;38(5):1261–1268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehadeh M, Suaifan G, Darwish RM, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding antibiotics use and misuse among adults in the community of Jordan. A pilot study. Saudi Pharm J. 2012;20(2):125–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad AI, Aboud EA, Singer AC. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards antibiotic use among the public in Kuwait. PloS One. 2015;10(2):e0117910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaikhan F, Rawaf S, Majeed A, et al. Knowledge, attitude, perception and practice regarding antimicrobial use in upper respiratory tract infections in Qatar: a systematic review. JRSM Open. 2018;9(9):2054270418774971.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance and primary health care: brief. (Ed.^(Eds). World Health Organization; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Khan Z, Ahmed N, Khan FU, et al. Utilization pattern of antibiotics and patient care indicators in the teaching hospitals, Islamabad, Pakistan. SN Compreh Clin Med. 2019;1(10):812–816.
   Google Scholar
• Bogale AA, Amhare AF, Chang J, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-medication with antibiotics among community residents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019;17(6):459–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouhieddine TH, Olleik Z, Itani MM, et al. Assessing the Lebanese population for their knowledge, attitudes and practices of antibiotic usage. J Infect Public Health. 2015;8(1):20–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Azzam S, Al-Husein B, Alzoubi F, et al. Self-medication with antibiotics in Jordanian population. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2007;20(4):373–380.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan FU, Khan Z, Rabbi F, et al. Perception of surgical teams towards surgical site infections in tertiary care hospital Islamabad, Pakistan. Indian J Surg. 2019;1–8.DOI: 10.1007/s12262-019-01972-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan Z, Ahmed N, Khan FU, et al. Pattern of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical site infections in at two teaching hospitals, Islamabad, Pakistan. J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;9(3):104–111.
   Google Scholar
• Hayat K, Rosenthal M, Gillani AH, et al. Perspective of pakistani physicians towards hospital antimicrobial stewardship programs: a multisite exploratory qualitative study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(9):1565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezal RS, Hassali MA, Alrasheedy AA, et al. Prescribing patterns for upper respiratory tract infections: a prescription-review of primary care practice in Kedah, Malaysia, and the implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13(12):1547–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayat K, Rosenthal M, Gillani AH, et al. Perspective of key healthcare professionals on antimicrobial resistance and stewardship programs: a multicenter cross-sectional study from Pakistan. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajdács M, Paulik E, Szabó A. Knowledge, attitude and practice of community pharmacists regarding antibiotic use and infectious diseases: a cross-sectional survey in hungary (KAPPhA-HU). Antibiotics. 2020;9(2):41.
   Google Scholar
• Bahnassi A. A qualitative analysis of pharmacists’ attitudes and practices regarding the sale of antibiotics without prescription in Syria. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2015;10(2):227–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shet A, Sundaresan S, Forsberg BC. Pharmacy-based dispensing of antimicrobial agents without prescription in India: appropriateness and cost burden in the private sector. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015;4(1):55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zapata-Cachafeiro M, González-González C, Váquez-Lago JM, et al. Determinants of antibiotic dispensing without a medical prescription: a cross-sectional study in the north of Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(11):3156–3160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arshad S, Mahmood S, Rasool S, et al. Rational Drug use in Pakistan: A systematic review. J Pharm Pract Commun Med. 2016;2(4):116–122.
   Google Scholar
• Hameed A, Naveed S, Qamar F, et al. Irrational use of antibiotics. Different age groups of Karachi: a wakeup call for antibiotic resistance and future infections. J Bioequivalence Bioavailability. 2016;8:242–245.
   Google Scholar