Caspofungin: a review of its characteristics, activity, and use in intensive care units

References

• van der Elst KCM, Veringa A, Zijlstra JG, et al. Low caspofungin exposure in patients in intensive care units. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61:e01582–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kett DH, Azoulay E, Echeverria PM, et al. Candida bloodstream infections in intensive care units: analysis of the extended prevalence of infection in intensive care unit study. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(4):665–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kullberg BJ, Arendrup MC, Campion EW. Invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(15):1445–1456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magill SS, Edwards JR, Bamberg W, et al. Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care-associated infections. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(13):1198–1208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guinea J. Global trends in the distribution of Candida species causing candidemia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20:5–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmakiotis D, Kyvernitakis A, Tarrand JJ, et al. Early initiation of appropriate treatment is associated with increased survival in cancer patients with Candida glabrata fungaemia: a potential benefit from infectious disease consultation. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(1):79–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Executive summary: clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(4):e1– e50. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornely OA, Bassetti M, Calandra T, et al. ESCMID guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(Suppl 7):19–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspofungin Market. [accessed on 2020 Jul 6]. Available from: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/caspofungin-market.html
   Google Scholar
• Horan-Saullo JL, Alexander BD. Opportunistic mycoses. In: Broaddus VC, Mason RJ, Ernst JD, et al, editors. Murray and nadel’s textbook of respiratory medicine (sixth edition). Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Saunders; 2016. p. 661–681.
   Google Scholar
• Latgé JP. The cell wall: a carbohydrate armour for the fungal cell. Mol Microbiol. 2007;66:279–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Velásquez SD, Seidel C, Juvvadi PR, et al. Caspofungin-mediated growth inhibition and paradoxical growth in Aspergillus fumigatus involve fungicidal hyphal tip lysis coupled with regenerative intrahyphal growth and dynamic changes in β-1,3-glucan synthase localization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;22:e00710–17.
   Google Scholar
• Mesa-Arango AC, Trevijano-Contador N, Román E, et al. The production of reactive oxygen species is a universal action mechanism of amphotericin B against pathogenic yeasts and contributes to the fungicidal effect of this drug. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(11):6627–6638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datry A, Bart-Delabesse E. Caspofungin: mode of action and therapeutic applications. La rev de méd interne. 2006;27(1):32–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JF, Xue Y, Zhu XB, et al. Efficacy and safety of echinocandins versus triazoles for the prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections: a meta-analysis of RCTs. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34(4):651–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Gong Y, Wang K, et al. Caspofungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of invasive fungal infections or febrile neutropenia. Chin Med J (Engl). 2014;127(4):753–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Nakwa FL, Araujo Motta F, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial investigating the efficacy of caspofungin versus amphotericin B deoxycholate in the treatment of invasive candidiasis in neonates and infants younger than 3 months of age. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75(1):215–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cota JM, Grabinski JL, Talbert RL, et al. Increases in SLT2 expression and chitin content are associated with incomplete killing of Candida glabrata by caspofungin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:1144–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Bonaventura G, Spedicato I, Picciani C, et al. In vitro pharmacodynamic characteristics of amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, and voriconazole against bloodstream isolates of infrequent Candida species from patients with hematologic malignancies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(11):4453–4456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venisse N, Gregoire N, Marliat M, et al. Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models of in vitro fungistatic and fungicidal effects against Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(3):937–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst EJ, Klepser ME, Pfaller MA. Postantifungal effects of echinocandin, azole, and polyene antifungal agents against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44(4):1108–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil-Alonso S, Jauregizar N, Eraso E, et al. Postantifungal effect of caspofungin against the Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis clades. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;86(2):172–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier GM, Nork TM, Prince R, et al. Subtherapeutic ocular penetration of caspofungin and associated treatment failure in Candida albicans endophthalmitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(3):e27–e28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer FL, Kronstad JW. The spectrum of interactions between cryptococcus neoformans and bacteria. J Fungi. 2019;5(2):31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowell JA, Stogniew M, Krause D, et al. Anidulafungin does not require dosage adjustment in subjects with varying degrees of hepatic or renal impairment. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;47(4):461–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane LE, Muzevich KM. Micafungin in the treatment of candiduria: a case series. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2016;11:5–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(5):503–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kofla G, Ruhnke M. Pharmacology and metabolism of anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin in the treatment of invasive candidosis-review of the literature. Eur J Med Res. 2011;16(4):159–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen SC, Slavin MA, Sorrell TC. Echinocandin antifungal drugs in fungal infections: a comparison. Drugs. 2011;71(1):11–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris MI, Villmann M. Echinocandins in the management of invasive fungal infections, part 1. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006;63(18):1693–1703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TH, Hoppetichy T, Geiss HK, et al. Factors influencing caspofungin plasma concentrations in patients of a surgical intensive care unit. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60(1):100–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betts RF, Nucci M, Talwar D, et al. A multicenter, double blind trial of a high-dose caspofungin treatment regimen versus a standard caspofungin treatment regimen for adult patients with invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(12):1676–1684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh TJ, Adamson PC, Seibel NL, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of caspofungin in children and adolescents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(11):4536–4545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh TJ, Teppler H, Donowitz GR, et al. Caspofungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(14):1391–1402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappelletty D, Eiselstein‐McKitrick K. The echinocandins. Pharmacother J Human Pharmacol Drug Ther. 2007;27(3):369–388.
   Google Scholar
• Keating G, Figgitt D. Caspofungin: a review of its use in oesophageal candidiasis, invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis. Drugs. 2003;63(20):2235–2263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kartsonis NA, Nielsen J, Douglas CM. Caspofungin: the first in a new class of antifungal agents. Drug Resist Update. 2003;6(4):197–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saner F, Gensicke J, Rath P, et al. Safety profile of concomitant use of caspofungin and cyclosporine or tacrolimus in liver transplant patients. Infection. 2006;34(6):328–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr KA, Hachem R, Papanicolaou G, et al. Retrospective study of the hepatic safety profile of patients concomitantly treated with caspofungin and cyclosporin A. Transpl Infect Dis. 2004;6(3):110–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steinbach WJ, Schell WA, Blankenship JR, et al. In vitro interactions between antifungals and immunosuppressants against aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(5):1664–1669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiederhold NP, Kontoyiannis DP, Prince RA, et al. Attenuation of the activity of caspofungin at high concentrations against Candida albicans: possible role of cell wall integrity and calcineurin pathways. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(12):5146–5148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortwendel JR, Juvvadi PR, Perfect BZ, et al. Transcriptional regulation of chitin synthases by calcineurin controls paradoxical growth of Aspergillus fumigatus in response to caspofungin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(4):1555–1563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Turnidge JD, et al. Twenty years of the SENTRY antifungal surveillance program: results for candida species from 1997–2016. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6(Supplement_1):S79–S94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang F, Zhang L, Wakabayashi H, Myers J, Jiang Y, Cao Y, et al. Tolerance to caspofungin in Candida albicans is associated with at least three distinctive mechanisms that govern expression of FKS genes and cell wall remodeling. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;;61:e00071–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlin DS. Mechanisms of echinocandin antifungal drug resistance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1354(1):1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcia-Effron G, Katiyar SK, Park S, et al. A naturally occurring proline-to-alanine amino acid change in Fks1p in Candida parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis accounts for reduced echinocandin susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(7):2305–2312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Ami R. Treatment of invasive candidiasis: A narrative review. J Fungi. 2018;4(3):97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lortholary O, Desnos-Ollivier M, Sitbon K, et al. Recent exposure to caspofungin or fluconazole influences the epidemiology of candidemia: A prospective multicenter study involving 2441 patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(2):532–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagener J, Loiko V. Recent insights into the paradoxical effect of echinocandins. J Fungi. 2018;4(1):5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens DA, Espiritu M, Parmar R. Paradoxical effect of caspofungin: reduced activity against Candida albicans at high drug concentrations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(9):3407–3411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamilos G, Lewis RE, Albert N, et al. Paradoxical effect of echinocandins across Candida species in vitro: evidence for echinocandin-specific and Candida species-related differences. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(6):2257–2259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antachopoulos C, Meletiadis J, Sein T, et al. Concentration-dependent effects of caspofungin on the metabolic activity of Aspergillus species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(3):881–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko Y, Ohno H, Imamura Y, et al. The effects of an Hsp90 inhibitor on the paradoxical effect. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2009;62(5):392–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juvvadi PR, Munoz A, Lamoth F, et al. Calcium-mediated induction of paradoxical growth following caspofungin treatment is associated with calcineurin activation and phosphorylation in Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(8):4946–4955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ries ALN, Campos Rocha M, Alves de Castro P, et al. The Aspergillus fumigatus CrzA transcription factor activates chitin synthase gene expression during the caspofungin paradoxical effect. mBio. 2017;8(3):e00705–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens DA, White TC, Perlin DS, et al. Studies of the paradoxical effect of caspofungin at high drug concentrations. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;51(3):173–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loiko V, Wagener J. The paradoxical effect of echinocandins in Aspergillus fumigatus relies on recovery of the β-1,3-glucan synthase Fks1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(2):e01690–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, et al. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA. 2009;302(21):2323–2329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meersseman W. 10 Invasive aspergillosis in the intensive care unit. In: Kurzai O, editor. Human fungal pathogens. The Mycota (A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research); Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014. p. 179–189.
   Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Garnacho-Montero J, Calandra T, et al. Intensive care medicine research agenda on invasive fungal infection in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(9):1225–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epelbaum O, Chasan R. Candidemia in the intensive care unit. Clin Chest Med. 2017;38(3):493–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles PE, Doise JM, Quenot JP, et al. Candidemia in critically ill patients: difference of outcome between medical and surgical patients. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(12):2162–2169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fungal Infections in the Intensive Care Unit. [accessed on 2020 Jul 6]. https://www.accp.com/docs/bookstore/psap/p7b02sample02.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW, et al. Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:327–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andes D, Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, et al. In Vivo comparison of the pharmacodynamic targets for echinocandin drugs against Candida species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(6):2497–2506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mistry GC, Migoya E, Deutsch PJ, et al. Single- and multiple-dose administration of caspofungin in patients with hepatic insufficiency: implications for safety and dosing recommendations. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;47(8):951–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone JA, Holland SD, Wickersham PJ, et al. Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of caspofungin in healthy men. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46(3):739–745.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felton TW, Hope WW, Roberts JA. How severe is antibiotic pharmacokinetic variability in critically ill patients and what can be done about it? Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;79(4):441–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pea F, Viale P, Furlanut M. Antimicrobial therapy in critically ill patients: a review of pathophysiological conditions responsible for altered disposition and pharmacokinetic variability. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(10):1009–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinnollareddy MG, Roberts JA, Lipman J, et al. Pharmacokinetic variability and exposures of fluconazole, anidulafungin, and caspofungin in intensive care unit patients: data from multinational defining antibiotic levels in intensive care unit (DALI) patients study. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith BS, Yogaratnam D, Levasseur-Franklin KE, et al. Introduction to drug pharmacokinetics in the critically III patient. Chest. 2012;141(5):1327–1336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TH, Hoppe-Tichy T, Geiss HK, et al. Factors influencing caspofungin plasma concentrations in patients of a surgical intensive care unit. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60(1):100–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• León-Gil C, Úbeda-Iglesias A, Loza-Vázquez A, et al. Efficacy and safety of caspofungin in critically ill patients. ProCAS Study. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2012;25(4):274–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martial LC, Bruggemann RJM, Schouten JA, et al. Dose reduction of caspofungin in intensive care unit patients with child pugh B will result in suboptimal exposure. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2016;55(6):723–733. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Pitarch A, Ferriols-Lisart R, Aguilar G, et al. Dosing of caspofungin based on a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index for the treatment of invasive fungal infections in critically ill patients on continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;51(2018):115–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Shoham S, Vazquez J, et al. MSG-01: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of caspofungin prophylaxis followed by preemptive therapy for invasive candidiasis in high-risk adults in the critical care setting. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(9):1219–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofjan AK, Mitchell A, Shah DN, et al. Rezafungin (CD101), a next-generation echinocandin: a systematic literature review and assessment of possible place in therapy. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2018;14:58–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappas PG, Lionakis MS, Arendrup MC, et al. Invasive candidiasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP, et al. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(1):25–31. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollef M, Micek S, Hampton N, et al. Septic shock attributed to Candida infection: importance of empiric therapy and source control. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(12):1739–1746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Delaying the empiric treatment of candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(9):3640–3645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Giacobbe DR, Vena A, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of candidemia in the intensive care unit. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;40(4):524–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muilwijk EW, Lempers VJ, Burger DM, et al. Impact of special patient populations on the pharmacokinetics of echinocandins. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13(6):799–815. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch C, Schneck E, Arens C, et al. Hemodynamic changes in surgical intensive care unit patients undergoing echinocandin treatment. Int J Clin Pharm. 2019;21:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Farhadi Z, Farhadi T, Hashemian SM. Virtual screening for potential inhibitors of β (1, 3)-D-glucan synthase as drug candidates against fungal cell wall. J Drug Assess. 2020;9(1):52–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsuki S, Uchida Y, Kubo Y, et al. Quantitative targeted absolute proteomics-based ADME research as a new path to drug discovery and development: methodology, advantages, strategy, and prospects. J Pharm Sci. 2011;100(9):3547–3559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhadi T, Hashemian SM, Farhadi Z. In Silico designing of peptidomimetics enhancing endoribonucleolytic activities of acinetobacter MazF toxin as the novel anti-bacterial candidates. Int J Pept Res Ther. 2019. DOI:10.1007/s10989-019-09908-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar