Global travel and Gram-negative bacterial resistance; implications on clinical management

References

• Laxminarayan R, Matsoso P, Pant S, et al. Access to effective antimicrobials: a worldwide challenge. Lancet. 2016;387:168–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Founou R, Founou L, Essack S. Clinical and economic impact of antibiotic resistance in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0189621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villegas MV, Lyon S. Gram-negative infections: evolving treatments with expanding options. Future Sci OA. 2018;4(9):Fso339. Epub 2018/11/13. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Economic Forum. The global risks report 2018. 13th ed. Geneva: World Economic Forum; 2018. p. 978–1–944835–15–6.
   Google Scholar
• O’Neill J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations. London: The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• UN interagency coordination group on antimicrobial resistance. No time to wait: securing the future from drug-resistant infections. Report to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Geneva: World Health Organization; United Nations, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• McNeill R, Nelson DJ, Abutaleb Y. Superbug’ scourge spreads as U.S. fails to track rising human toll. Reuters. [Internet]; Reuters Investigates; The Deadly epidemic America is ignoring- The Uncounted. Part 1: Off the radar. 2016 Sept 7. [cited 2019 May 19].
   Google Scholar
• Burnham JP, Olsen MA, Kollef MH. Re-estimating annual deaths due to multidrug-resistant organism infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019;40(1):112–113. Epub 2018/11/23. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassini A, Hogberg LD, Plachouras D, et al. Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):56–66. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laxminarayan R, Chaudhury RR. Antibiotic resistance in India: drivers and opportunities for action. PLoS Med. 2016;13(3):e1001974. Epub 2016/03/05. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. ISBN 978 92 4 156474 8.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh F. Superbugs to kill ‘more than cancer’ by 2050. BBC News [Internet] 11 December 2014 [cited 2019 Apr 24]. News-Health. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/health–30416844.
   Google Scholar
• Vasoo S, Barreto JN, Tosh PK. Emerging issues in gram-negative bacterial resistance: an update for the practicing clinician. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(3):395–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Guidelines for the prevention and control of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in health care facilities. Geneva: World Health Organization;2017. ISBN: 978–92–4–155017–8.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz-Neiderman A, Braun T, Fallach N, et al. Risk factors for carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CP-CRE) acquisition among contacts of newly diagnosed CP-CRE patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(10):1219–1225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azap OK, Arslan H, Serefhanoglu K, et al. Risk factors for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase positivity in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from community-acquired urinary tract infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16(2):147–151. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrell AS, Kruer RM, Berescu LD, et al. Factors associated with in-hospital mortality among critically ill surgical patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. J Crit Care. 2018;43:321–326. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciobotaro P, Flaks-Manov N, Oved M, et al. Predictors of persistent carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae carriage upon readmission and score development. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(2):188–196. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deris ZZ, Shafei MN, Harun A. Risk factors and outcomes of imipenem-resistant acinetobacter bloodstream infection in North-Eastern Malaysia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1(4):313–315.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hotta G, Matsumura Y, Kato K, et al. Risk factors and outcomes of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteraemia: a comparison with bacteraemia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e112208. Epub 2014/11/07. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollef MH, Sherman G, Ward S, et al. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest. 1999;115(2):462–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundmann H, Glasner C, Albiger B, et al. Occurrence of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in the European survey of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (EuSCAPE): a prospective, multinational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(2):153–163. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilberberg MD, Nathanson BH, Sulham K, et al. Carbapenem resistance, inappropriate empiric treatment and outcomes among patients hospitalized with Enterobacteriaceae urinary tract infection, pneumonia and sepsis. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuenzli E. Antibiotic resistance and international travel: causes and consequences. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2016;14(6):595–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF, Micek ST, et al. Multi-drug resistance, inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy and mortality in Gram-negative severe sepsis and septic shock: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(6):596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquet K, Liesenborgs A, Bergs J, et al. Incidence and outcome of inappropriate in-hospital empiric antibiotics for severe infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2015;19:63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey P, Marwick CA, Scott CL, et al. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2:Cd003543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai CC, Shi ZY, Chen YH, et al. Effects of various antimicrobial stewardship programs on antimicrobial usage and resistance among common gram-negative bacilli causing health care-associated infections: a multicenter comparison. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2016;49(1):74–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid risk assessment: carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae. Stockholm: ECDC; 2018 June 4. [cited 2019 May 10].
   Google Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2015. Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). Stockholm: ECDC, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz KL, Morris SK. Travel and the spread of drug-resistant bacteria. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2018;20(9):29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassing RJ, Alsma J, Arcilla MS, et al. International travel and acquisition of multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae: a systematic review. Euro Surveill. 2015;20:47.
   Google Scholar
• Vila J. Multidrug-resistant bacteria without borders: role of international trips in the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. J Travel Med. 2015;22(5):289–291. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumarasamy KK, Toleman MA, Walsh TR, et al. Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(9):597–602. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantele A, Laaveri T, Mero S, et al. Antimicrobials increase travelers’ risk of colonization by extended-spectrum betalactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(6):837–846. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy K, Collignon P. Colonisation with Escherichia coli resistant to “critically important” antibiotics: a high risk for international travellers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29(12):1501–1506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Bij AK, Pitout JD. The role of international travel in the worldwide spread of multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(9):2090–2100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcilla M, van Hattem J, Haverkate M, et al. Import and spread of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae by international travellers (COMBAT study): a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:78–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghunath D. New metallo β-lactamase NDM-1. Indian J Med Res. 2010;132(5):478–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Commerce ITA, National Travel and Tourism Office (NTTO), . U.S. citizen travel to international regions 2018. [Dataset]. U.S. Citizen Traffic to Overseas Regions, Canada & Mexico 2018. [Internet]. February 2019 [cited 2019 Apr 18]. Available from: https://travel.trade.gov/view/m-2018-O-001/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Jie S Record number of Chinese, US tourists visit each other’s country in 2016: global times; 2017 [cited 2019 Mar 27]. Available from: http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1028161.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• European Travel Commission. Number of outbound trips from the U.S. to Europe in 2017, by region of destination Brussels. [Internet]. New York (NY): Stastista; Travel, Tourism & Hospitality. 2018 Apr [cited 2019 Mar 28]. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/311580/outbound-travel-from-the-us-to-europe-by-destination/
   Google Scholar
• Woerther PL, Andremont A, Kantele A. Travel-acquired ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae: impact of colonization at individual and community level. J Travel Med. 2017;24(suppl_1):S29–s34. Epub 2017/05/19. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Epelboin L, Robert J, Tsyrina-Kouyoumdjian E, et al. High rate of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli carriage and infection in hospitalized returning travelers: a cross-sectional cohort study. J Travel Med. 2015;22(5):292–299. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward A. Drug-resistant surgical infections in Mexico fuel ‘medical tourism’ fears in US. Contagion Live-Infectious Diseases Today. News. 2019 Jan 16. cited 2019 Mar 28] Available from: https://www.contagionlive.com/news/drugresistant-surgical-infections-in-mexico-fuel-medical-tourism-fears-in-us
   Google Scholar
• Medical tourism statistics &; facts. [Internet]. Patients Beyond Borders. Media; Facts & Figures. 2019 [cited 2019 Sept 5]. Available from: https://patientsbeyondborders.com/medical-tourism-statistics-facts
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Drug-resistant infections in patients who had weight-loss surgery in Mexico [Internet]. Travel Health; Travel Notices; Alert Level 2 2019 [cited 2019 Apr 5]. Available from: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/drug-resistant-infections-mexico
   Google Scholar
• Carbapenem-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa infection – mexico [Internet]. World Health Organization. Emergencies preparedness, response >Disease Outbreak News (DONs). 2019 [cited 2019 May 5]. Available from: https://www.who.int/csr/don/5-march-2019-carbapenem-resistant-p-aeruginosa-mex/en/
   Google Scholar
• HuliHealth, Techli. Medical tourism around the world 2018 [cited 2020 Apr 22]. Available from: https://techli.com/find-doctors-without-borders-using-hulihealth/6445/.
   Google Scholar
• Blondeau J, Theriault N. Application of the formula for rational antimicrobial therapy (FRAT) to community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect Dis Ther. 2017;5(1):313.
   Google Scholar
• Santajit S, Indrawattana N. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:2475067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulani MS, Kamble EE, Kumkar SN, et al. Emerging strategies to combat ESKAPE pathogens in the era of antimicrobial resistance: a review. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuenzli E, Jeaeger V, Frei R, et al. High colonization rates of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in Swiss travellers to South Asia- a prospective observational multicentre cohort study looking at epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theuretzbacher U. Global antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative pathogens and clinical need. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2017;39:106–112. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spellberg B, Doi Y. The rise of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in the community: scarier than we thought. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(12):1853–1855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tacconelli E, Cataldo MA, Dancer SJ, et al. ESCMID guidelines for the management of the infection control measures to reduce transmission of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(Suppl 1):1–55. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy Hara G, Gould I, Endimiani A, et al. Detection, treatment, and prevention of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae: recommendations from an international working group. J Chemother. 2013;25(3):129–140. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dortet L, Poirel L, Nordmann P. Worldwide dissemination of the NDM-type carbapenemases in Gram-negative bacteria. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:249856. Epub 2014/05/03.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkey PM, Jones AM. The changing epidemiology of resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64(Suppl 1):i3–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojica MF, Bonomo RA, Fast W. B1-metallo-beta-lactamases: where do we stand? Curr Drug Targets. 2016;17(9):1029–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornaglia G, Giamarellou H, Rossolini GM. Metallo-beta-lactamases: a last frontier for beta-lactams? Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(5):381–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao WH, Hu ZQ. IMP-type metallo-beta-lactamases in Gram-negative bacilli: distribution, phylogeny, and association with integrons. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2011;37(3):214–226. Epub 2011/06/29. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan LK, Weinstein RA. The epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae: the impact and evolution of a global menace. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(suppl_1):S28–S36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong Y, Shimoda S, Shimono N. Current epidemiology, genetic evolution and clinical impact of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;61:185–188. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Europe – annual report of the European antimicrobial resistance surveillance network (EARS-Net) 2017. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Exner M, Bhattacharya S, Christiansen B, et al. Antibiotic resistance: what is so special about multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria? GMS Hyg Infect Control. 2017;12:Doc05.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Europe 2018. Stockholm: ECDC; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Lob SH, Nicolle LE, Hoban DJ, et al. Susceptibility patterns and ESBL rates of Escherichia coli from urinary tract infections in Canada and the United States, SMART 2010-2014. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;85(4):459–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics, and Policy. Antibiotic resistance map. Resistance of klebsiella pneumoniae to carbapenems 2019. [cited 2019 Sept 25]. Available from: https://resistancemap.cddep.org/AntibioticResistance.php
   Google Scholar
• Abhilash KP, Veeraraghavan B, Abraham OC. Epidemiology and outcome of bacteremia caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. in a tertiary care teaching hospital in south India. J Assoc Physicians India. 2010;58(Suppl):13–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albiger B, Glasner C, Struelens MJ, et al. European Survey of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae working g. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe: assessment by national experts from 38 countries, May 2015. Euro Surveill. 2015;20(45):pii=30062.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brolund A, Lagerqvist N, Byfors S, et al. Worsening epidemiological situation of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe, assessment by national experts from 37 countries, July 2018. Euro Surveill. 2019;24(9):pii=1900123.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tängdén T, Cars O, Melhus A, et al. Foreign travel is a major risk factor for colonization with Escherichia coli producing CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases: a prospective study with swedish volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(9):3564–3568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhry D, Prajapat B. Intensive care unit bugs in India: how do they differ from the western world? J Assoc Chest Physicians. 2017;5(1):10–17. .
   Google Scholar
• Yong D, Toleman MA, Giske CG, et al. Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(12):5046–5054. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazmierczak KM, Rabine S, Hackel M, et al. Multiyear, multinational survey of the incidence and global distribution of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(2):1067–1078. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter RF, D’Souza AW, Dantas G. The rapid spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Drug Resist Updat. 2016;29:30–46. Epub 2016/12/04. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid risk assessment: carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii in healthcare setting. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Central Asian and Eastern European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (CAESAR) CAESAR. Annual Report 2017. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Vijayakumar S, Mathur P, Kapil A, et al. Molecular characterization & epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii collected across India. Indian J Med Res. 2019;149(2):240–246. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai B, Echols R, Rudin D, et al. Risk factors for carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSI) in U.S. hospitals (2010–2015). Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(Supplement 1):S638.
   Google Scholar
• Hsu LY, Apisarnthanarak A, Khan E, et al. Carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii and enterobacteriaceae in South and Southeast Asia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(1):1–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu F, Guo Y, Yang Y, et al. Resistance reported from China antimicrobial surveillance network (CHINET) in 2018. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;38(12):2275–2281. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayobami O, Willrich N, Harder T, et al. The incidence and prevalence of hospital-acquired (carbapenem-resistant) Acinetobacter baumannii in Europe, Eastern Mediterranean and Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2019;8(1):1747–1759.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics, and Policy. Resistance map: acinetobacter baumannii to carbapenems. [Internet].[cited 2020 Jan 15]. Available from: https://resistancemap.cddep.org/AntibioticResistance.php
   Google Scholar
• Xie R, Zhang XD, Zhao Q, et al. Analysis of global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii infections disclosed a faster increase in OECD countries. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2018;7(1):31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Q, Li X, Li W, et al. Influence of carbapenem resistance on mortality of patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015;5:11715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow BJ, Pillar CM, Deane J, et al. Activities of carbapenem and comparator agents against contemporary US Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from the CAPITAL surveillance program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;75(4):412–416. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgart AM, Molinari MA, Silveira AC. Prevalence of carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in high complexity hospital. Braz J Infect Dis. 2010;14(5):433–436. Epub 2011/01/12. PubMed PMID: 21221469. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics, and Policy. Resistant map: pseudomonas aeruginosa to carbapenems [cited 2020 Jan 12]. Available from: https://resistancemap.cddep.org/AntibioticResistance.php
   Google Scholar
• Oteo J, Perez-Vazquez M, Campos J. Extended-spectrum [beta]-lactamase producing Escherichia coli: changing epidemiology and clinical impact. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2010;23(4):320–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asbel LE, Levison ME. Cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2000;14(2):435–47, ix.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin AS, Barone AA, Penco J, et al. Intravenous colistin as therapy for nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28(5):1008–1011. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhanel GG, Lawson CD, Adam H, et al. Ceftazidime-avibactam: a novel cephalosporin/β-lactamase inhibitor combination. Drugs. 2013;73(2):159–177. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Malan SM, Mishra AJ, Mushtaq A, et al. In vitro activity of imipenem-relebactam and ceftolozane-tazobactam against resistant Gram-negative bacilli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62:8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhanel GG, Lawrence CK, Adam H, et al. Imipenem-relebactam and meropenem-vaborbactam: two novel carbapenem-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Drugs. 2018;78(1):65–98. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehrle DJ, Shields RK, Chen L, et al. Evaluation of the in vitro activity of ceftazidime-avibactam and ceftolozane-tazobactam against meropenem-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(5):3227–3231. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi JJ, McCarthy MW. Cefiderocol: a novel siderophore cephalosporin. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2018;27(2):193–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan American Health Organization. ReLAVRA [Internet] Washington D.C.: Pan American Health Organization; [cited 2020 Aug 3] Available from: http://antimicrobianos.com.ar/category/resistencia/relavra/
   Google Scholar
• Antimicrobial Service. WHONET-argentina antimicrobial resistance surveillance network[Internet] buenos aires: national institute of infectious diseases (INEI); [cited 2020 Aug 3] Available from: http://antimicrobianos.com.ar/category/resistencia/whonet/
   Google Scholar
• Antimicrobial Service. SIREVA regional program & SIREVA II Network [Internet] Buenos Aires: National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INEI); [cited 2020 Aug 3] Available from: http://antimicrobianos.com.ar/category/resistencia/sireva/
   Google Scholar
• Van KN, Wertheim H, Thwaite G, et al. Developing an antimicrobial resistance reference laboratory and surveillance programme in Vietnam. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(12):e1186–e1187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. European antimicrobial resistance surveillance network (EARS-Net): about the network [Internet] Stockholm: ECDC; [cited 2020 Aug 3] Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/about-us/networks/disease-networks-and-laboratory-networks/ears-net-about
   Google Scholar
• Versporten A, Bielicki J, Drapier N, et al. ARPEC project group. The worldwide antibiotic resistance and prescribing in European children (ARPEC) point prevalence survey: developing hospital-quality indicators of antibiotic prescribing for children. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(4):1106–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asia Pacific Foundation for Infectious Diseases (APFID). Asian network for surveillance of resistant pathogens (ANSORP). [Internet] Korea: APFID; [cited 2020 Aug 3] Available from: http://www.apfid.org/06_ansorp/ansorp_01.htm
   Google Scholar
• Fondation Mérieux. GABRIEL network [Internet] Lyon:Fondation Mérieux; cited 2020 Aug 3]. Available from: https://www.fondation-merieux.org/en/what-we-do/enhancing-research-capabilities/gabriel-network/
   Google Scholar
• The Global Point Prevalence Survey of Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance (Global-PPS). Our project. [Internet] Antwerp & Marcy-l’Étoile; University of Antwerp cited 2020 Aug 3] . Available from: https://www.global-pps.com/ourproject/
   Google Scholar
• ATLAS (Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance) [Internet] New York: Pfizer; [cited 2020 Aug 3]. Available from: https://atlas-surveillance.com/#/login
   Google Scholar
• SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. [Internet] North Liberty (IA): JMI Laboratories; [cited 2020 Aug 3]. Avilable from: https://www.jmilabs.com/sentry-surveillance-program/
   Google Scholar
• GSK – survey of antibiotic resistance (SOAR). [Internet] Switzerland: AMR Industry Alliance; [cited 2020 Aug 3]. Avilable from: https://www.amrindustryalliance.org/case-study/gsks-survey-of-antibiotic-resistance-soar/
   Google Scholar
• Global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system (GLASS). [Internet] Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 10 May]. Available from: https://www.who.int/glass/en/
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system (GLASS) report: early implementation 2016-2017. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Ashley EA, Shetty N, Patel J, et al. Harnessing alternative sources of antimicrobial resistance data to support surveillance in low-resource settings. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74(3):541–546. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• About:Resistance Map [Internet] Washington D.C.: The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics, and Policy; 2020. [cited 2020 Aug 3]. Available from: https://resistancemap.cddep.org/About.php
   Google Scholar
• Wellcome Trust. Drug-resistant infections: transforming the global response London, UK: wellcome trust; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 2]. Available from: https://wellcome.ac.uk/what-we-do/our-work/drug-resistant-infections
   Google Scholar
• Schnall J, Rajkhowa A, Ikuta K, et al. Surveillance and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance: limitations and lessons from the GRAM project. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes HVJ, Houle SKD, Johal A, et al. Travelers’ diarrhea: clinical practice guidelines for pharmacists. Can Pharm J. 2019;152(4):241–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar