212
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspective

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: access, excess, and awareness in Bangladesh

ORCID Icon
Pages 973-981 | Received 04 Oct 2020, Accepted 15 Dec 2020, Published online: 23 Dec 2020

References

  • WHO. 2020. Antibiotic resistance. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance; [cited 2020 June 1].
  • Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012 Mar;18(3):268–281. .
  • Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Benjamin DK Jr., et al. 10 x ‘20 Progress–development of new drugs active against gram-negative bacilli: an update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Jun;56(12):1685–1694. .
  • Luepke KH, Mohr JF 3rd. The antibiotic pipeline: reviving research and development and speeding drugs to market. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2017 May;15(5):425–433.
  • WHO. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Geneva, Switzerland: 2015 [cited 2020 Jul 18]. Available from: http://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/publications/global-action-plan/en/
  • Ayukekbong JA, Ntemgwa M, Atabe AN. The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: causes and control strategies. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2017;6:47.
  • Sosa A, Amábile-Cuevas C, Byarugaba D, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London: Springer; 2010. English.
  • TBS Report. Antibiotic consumption increased by 30.81% in two years: study. 2019 [cited 2020 Jul 20]. Available from: https://tbsnews.net/bangladesh/health/antibiotic-consumption-increased-3081-two-years-study-Dhaka:tbsnews.net
  • Sujan MA A big cause for health concern. 2019. The Daily Star. [cited 2020 June 12]. Available from: https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/big-cause-health-concern-1726648
  • Ahmed I, Rabbi MB, Sultana S. Antibiotic resistance in Bangladesh: A systematic review. Int J Infect Dis. 2019 Mar;80:54–61.
  • Wallen J Superbugs linked to eight out of 10 deaths in Bangladeshi ICUs. 2019. The Telegraph. [cited 2019 Dec 16]. Available from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/superbugs-linked-eight-10-deaths-bangladeshi-icus/
  • Sutradhar KB, Saha A, Huda NH, et al. Irrational use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in southern rural Bangladesh: perspectives from both the physicians and patients. Ann Res Rev Biol. 2014;4(9):1421–1430.
  • Biswas M, Roy DN, Tajmim A, et al. Prescription antibiotics for outpatients in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional health survey conducted in three cities. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2014 Apr;22(13):15.
  • Paul TR, Hamid MR, Alam MS, et al. Prescription pattern and use of antibiotics among pediatric out patients in rajshahi city of bangladesh. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2017;9(9):3964–3970.
  • Bebell LM, Muiru AN. Antibiotic use and emerging resistance: how can resource-limited countries turn the tide? Glob Heart. 2014 Sep;9(3):347–358.
  • Biswas M, Roy MN, Manik MI, et al. Self medicated antibiotics in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional health survey conducted in the Rajshahi City. BMC Public Health. 2014 Aug;14(14):847.
  • Matin MA, Khan WA, Karim MM, et al. What influences antibiotic sales in rural Bangladesh? A drug dispensers’ perspective. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2020;13:20.
  • Hossain MM, Glass RI, Khan MR. Antibiotic use in a rural community in Bangladesh. Int J Epidemiol. 1982 Dec;11(4):402–405.
  • Saha S, Hossain MT. Evaluation of medicines dispensing pattern of private pharmacies in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017 Feb 13;17(1):136.
  • Haque MU, Kumar A, Barik SMA, et al. Prevalence, Practice and Irrationality of Self-medicated Antibiotics among People in Northern and Southern Region of Bangladesh. Int J Res Pharm Biosci. 2017;4(10):17–24.
  • Chowdhury N, Matin F, Chowdhury SF. Medication taking behavior of students attending a private university in Bangladesh. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2009 Jul-Sep;21(3):361–370.
  • Faiz MA, Basher A. Antimicrobial resistance: bangladesh experience. Reg Health Forum. 2011;15(1):1–8.
  • Rahman S, Huda S. Antimicrobial resistance and related issues: an overview of Bangladesh situation. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2014;9:218–224.
  • Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership- Bangladesh, CARP-Bangladesh National Working Group. Antibiotic use and resistance in Bangladesh: situation analysis and recommendations. Washington, DC and New Delhi: Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP); 2018.
  • Manaia CM. Assessing the risk of antibiotic resistance transmission from the environment to humans: non-direct proportionality between abundance and risk. Trends Microbiol. 2017 Mar;25(3):173–181.
  • Fatema K, Ahsan AA, Barai L, et al., editors. Comparison of antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates in an intensive care unit of Bangladesh from 2004 to 2016. 17th International Congress & Scientific Seminar of Bangladesh Society of Medicine (BSMCON). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Radisson Blu Water Garden hotel; 2016.
  • Hassan MM, Amin KB, Ahaduzzaman M, et al. Antimicrobial resistance pattern against E. coli and salmonella in layer poultry. Res J Vet Pract. 2014;2(2):30–35.
  • Sobur MA, Sabuj AAM, Sarker R, et al. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. associated with dairy cattle and farm environment having public health significance. Vet World. 2019 Jul;12(7):984–993. .
  • Tasnim UT, Islam MT. Pathogenic and drug resistant bacteria in raw milk of jessore city: a potential food safety threat. Bangl J Vet Med. 2015;13(1):71–78.
  • Hossain FE, Chakraborty S, Bhowmick NC, et al. Comparative analysis of antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from fish of cultured and natural ponds: a study based on noakhali region of Bangladesh. Bioresearch Communications. 2018;4(2):586–591.
  • Vaz Nery S, Pickering AJ, Abate E, et al. The role of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in reducing soil-transmitted helminths: interpreting the evidence and identifying next steps. Parasit Vectors. 2019 May 28;12(1):273.
  • Bakir H, Hadi M, Jurdi M. Towards a renewed public health regulatory and surveillance role in water, sanitation and hygiene (Editorial). East Mediterr Health J. 2017 Oct 30;23(8):525–526.
  • World Bank. Promising progress: a diagnostic of water supply, sanitation, hygiene, and poverty in Bangladesh. WASH poverty diagnostic. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2018.
  • Durso LM, Cook KL. Impacts of antibiotic use in agriculture: what are the benefits and risks? Curr Opin Microbiol. 2014 Jun;19:37–44.
  • Woolhouse M, Ward M, van Bunnik B, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in humans, livestock and the wider environment. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015 Jun 5;370(1670):20140083.
  • Manyi-Loh C, Mamphweli S, Meyer E, et al. Antibiotic use in agriculture and its consequential resistance in environmental sources: potential public health implications. Molecules. 2018 Mar 30;23(4):795.
  • Ferdous J, Bradshaw A, Islam S, et al. Antimicrobial residues in chicken and fish, chittagong, Bangladesh. Ecohealth. 2019 Sep;16(3):429–440. .
  • Sarker YA, Hasan MM, Paul TK, et al. Screening of antibiotic residues in chicken meat in Bangladesh by thin layer chromatography. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2018;5(2):140–145.
  • Hossain MM, Barman AKA, Rahim MM, et al. Oxytetracycline residues in thai pangas pangasianodon hypophthalmus sampled from Sylhet sadar upazila, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Zool. 2018;46(1):81–86.
  • Khatun MM, Islam MA, Rahman MM. Current status of veterinary public health activities in Bangladesh and its future plans. BMC Vet Res. 2019 May 22;15(1):164.
  • Khairuzzaman M, Chowdhury FM, Zaman S, et al. Food safety challenges towards safe, healthy, and nutritious street foods in Bangladesh. Int J Food Sci. 2014;2014:483519.
  • Chowdhury S, Hassan MM, Alam M, et al. Antibiotic residues in milk and eggs of commercial and local farms at Chittagong, Bangladesh. Vet World. 2015 Apr;8(4):467–471. .
  • Chowdhury R, Haque MN, Islam KMS, et al. A review on antibiotics in an animal feed. Bang J Anim Sci. 2009;38(1&2):22–32. .
  • Roess AA, Winch PJ, Akhter A, et al. Household animal and human medicine use and animal husbandry practices in rural bangladesh: risk factors for emerging zoonotic disease and antibiotic resistance. Zoonoses Public Health. 2015 Nov;62(7):569–578.
  • Taylor P, Reeder R. Antibiotic use on crops in low and middle-income countries based on recommendations made by agricultural advisors. CABI Agri Biosci. 2020;1:1. .
  • Yakubu OH. Pharmaceutical wastewater effluent-source of contaminants of emerging concern: phytotoxicity of metronidazole to soybean (glycine max). Toxics. 2017 Apr 2;5(2):10.
  • Wilkinson J, Boxall A, editors. Identifying hotspots of resistance selection from antibiotic exposure in urban environments around the world. The society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Conference; Helsinki, Finland: 2019.
  • Anonymous. Rivers contaminated with antibiotics. 2019. The Daily Star. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/rivers-contaminated-antibiotics-1750282
  • Sujan MA Untreated medical waste: A serious threat to public health. 2019 [cited 2020 Jul]. The Daily Star. Available from: https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/untreated-medical-waste-serious-threat-public-health-1819624
  • Hasan MM, Rahman MH. Assessment of healthcare waste management paradigms and its suitable treatment alternative: a case study. J Environ Public Health. 2018;2018:6879751.
  • Rahman KA Survey on Quantitative and qualitative assessment of medical waste generation and management in Dhaka North City Corporation and Dhaka South City Corporation. Dhaka: PRISM, Bangladesh; 2013.
  • Anwar M, Iqbal Q, Saleem F. Improper disposal of unused antibiotics: an often overlooked driver of antimicrobial resistance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2020 Aug;18(8):697–699.
  • Afroz H, Fakruddin M, Masud MR, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for Hospital Acquired Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Med Sci. 2017;16(3):358–369.
  • Shahida SM, Islam A, Dey BR, et al. Hospital acquired infections in low and middle income countries: root cause analysis and the development of infection control practices in Bangladesh. Open J Obstetrics Gynecol. 2016;6:28–39. .
  • Debnath T, Bhowmik S, Islam T, et al. Presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria on mobile phones of healthcare workers accelerates the spread of nosocomial infection and regarded as a threat to public health in Bangladesh. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2018 Jul-Sep;6(3):165–169. .
  • Hassan MZ, Sturm-Ramirez K, Rahman MZ, et al. Contamination of hospital surfaces with respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):e0224065.
  • Islam QT, Siddiqui MMR, Raz F, et al. Patterns of antimicrobial resistance among intensive care unit patients of a private medical college Hospital in Dhaka. 2014;25(2):47–51.
  • Nusrat T, Akter N, Rahman NAA, et al. Antibiotic resistance and sensitivity pattern of Metallo-beta-Lactamase Producing Gram-Negative Bacilli in ventilator-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit of a public medical school hospital in Bangladesh. Hosp Pract (1995). 2020;6:1–9.
  • Orubu ESF, Zaman MH, Rahman MT, et al. Veterinary antimicrobial resistance containment in Bangladesh: evaluating the national action plan and scoping the evidence on implementation. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020 Jun;21:105–115.
  • Goutard FL, Bordier M, Calba C, et al. Antimicrobial policy interventions in food animal production in South East Asia. BMJ. 2017 Sep;5(358):j3544. .
  • SIAPS. Strengthening Bangladesh’s national pharmacovigilance system: lessons learned and opportunities. 2016. http://siapsprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/16-149_BD-Technical-Highlight-PV-format2.pdf
  • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; Disease Control Unit - Communicable Disease Control Program of Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS). National action plan. Antimicrobial resistance containment in Bangladesh 2017–2022. Dhaka: DGHS; 2017.
  • Directorate General of Drug Administration. Informations reearding packasing maferial of medicinal products. 2018 [Cited 2020 Jun 20]. Dhkaka: Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, editor. Available from: https://www.dgda.gov.bd/on
  • TQM Unit of Hospital Services Management. Manual for Implementation of 5S in Hospital Setting. Dhaka: Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 2015.
  • WHO. WHO releases the 2019 AWaRe classification antibiotics. 2019 [cited 2020 Jul] . Available from: ps://www.who.int/medicines/news/2019/WHO_releases2019AWaRe_classification_antibiotics/en/
  • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Minutes of the 250th meeting of the drug control committee. Dhaka: The Directorate General of Drug Administration; 2019.https://www.dgda.gov.bd/index.php/2013-03-31-05-16-29/drug-control-committee-dcc-minutes
  • Staff Correspondent. Prescription now must for antibiotics. 2019. [cited 2020 May 15]. The Daily Star. Available from: https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/prescription-now-must-antibiotics-1734958.
  • Ahmed SM, Islam QS. Availability and rational use of drugs in primary healthcare facilities following the national drug policy of 1982: is Bangladesh on right track? J Health Popul Nutr. 2012 Mar;30(1):99–108.
  • Horng LM, Unicomb L, Alam MU, et al. Healthcare worker and family caregiver hand hygiene in Bangladeshi healthcare facilities: results from the Bangladesh National Hygiene Baseline Survey. J Hosp Infect. 2016 Nov;94(3):286–294.
  • Begum A, Bari MS, Azad MAK, et al. Prevention of nosocomial infection & role of hand hygiene compliance in a private hospital of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Crit Care J. 2017;5(2):83–87.
  • FAO. Tackling AMR in Bangladesh—A one health approach” (video). 2018 [cited 2020 Jun]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmOey7FGrfE
  • Bloom G, Wilkinson A, Tomson G, et al. Addressing resistance to antibiotics in pluralistic health systems, STEPS Working Paper 84, Brighton: STEPS Centre. England & Wales: UK; 2015.
  • Saha T, Saha T. Awareness level of patients regarding usage of antibiotics in a slum Area of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. SSRG Int J Med Sci. 2018;5(9):10–16.
  • Nahar P, Unicomb L, Lucas PJ, et al. What contributes to inappropriate antibiotic dispensing among qualified and unqualified healthcare providers in Bangladesh? A qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020 Jul 15;20(1):656.
  • Hoque R, Ahmed SM, Naher N, et al. Tackling antimicrobial resistance in Bangladesh: A scoping review of policy and practice in human, animal and environment sectors. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0227947.
  • Rana MM, Karim MR, Islam MR, et al. Knowledge and practice about the rational use of antibiotic among the rural adults in Rajshahi District, Bangladesh: a community clinic based study. Hum Biol Rev. 2018;7(3):259–271.
  • Thornber K, Huso D, Rahman MM, et al. Raising awareness of antimicrobial resistance in rural aquaculture practice in Bangladesh through digital communications: a pilot study. Glob Health Action. 2019;12(sup1):1734735. .
  • Ferdous J, Sachi S, Noman ZA, et al. Assessing farmers’ perspective on antibiotic usage and management practices in small-scale layer farms of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. Vet World. 2019 Sep;12(9):1441–1447. .
  • Das SK, Ahmed S, Ferdous F, et al. Etiological diversity of diarrhoeal disease in Bangladesh. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2013 Dec 15;7(12):900–909.
  • World Health Organization Regional Office for South East Asia. Medicines in health care delivery, Bangladesh: situational analysis. Dhaka, Bangladesh: WHO/SEARO; 2014.
  • Sjolund M, Bonnedahl J, Hernandez J, et al. Dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria into the Arctic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Jan;14(1):70–72. .
  • Talukdar PK, Rahman M, Rahman M, et al. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates from household water supply in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61090. .
  • Littmann J, Viens AM. The ethical significance of antimicrobial resistance. Public Health Ethics. 2015 Nov; 8(3):209–224.
  • National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT). Bangladesh maternal mortality and health care survey 2010. Dhaka, Bagnaldesh: 2012.
  • Ahmed SM, Hossain MA, Rajachowdhury AM, et al. The health workforce crisis in Bangladesh: shortage, inappropriate skill-mix and inequitable distribution. Hum Resour Health. 2011 Jan;22(9):3. .
  • World Health Organization (WHO). The world health report 2006 - working together for health. Geneva: 2006.
  • Heyman G, Cars O, Bejarano MT, et al. Access, excess, and ethics–towards a sustainable distribution model for antibiotics. Ups J Med Sci. 2014 May;119(2):134–141. .
  • Islam MS, Farah SS. Misleading promotion of drugs in Bangladesh: evidence from drug promotional brochures distributed to general practitioners by the pharmaceutical companies. J Public Health (Oxf). 2007 Jun;29(2):212–213.
  • Dryden MS, Cooke J, Davey P. Antibiotic stewardship–more education and regulation not more availability? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Nov;64(5):885–888.
  • Maswood MH Antibiotics still on sale without prescription across Bangladesh. 2019. [cited 2020 Jan]. NewAge. Available at: https://www.newagebd.net/article/73557/antibiotics-still-on-sale-without-prescription-across-bangladesh.
  • Franklin-Wallis O The drugs don’t work: what happens after antibiotics? The Guardian 2019. [cited 2020 June 20]. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/global/2019/mar/24/the-drugs-dont-work-what-happens-after-antibiotics

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.