339
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Current updates in diagnosis of male urogenital tuberculosis

&
Pages 1175-1190 | Received 14 Jan 2021, Accepted 09 Mar 2021, Published online: 04 May 2021

  • Global tuberculosis report 2020. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240013131
  • Mehta PK, Raj A, Singh NP, et al. Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis by PCR. 2012;66:20–36.Immunol Med Microbiol
  • Kulchavenya E, Cherednichenko A. Urogenital tuberculosis, the cause of ineffective antibacterial therapy for urinary tract infections. Ther Adv Urol. 2017;10:95–101.
  • Altez-Fernandez C, Ortiz V, Mirzazadeh M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) in urine for genitourinary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):390.
  • Li C, Yang Y, Xu L, et al. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with distal and intramural ureter resection for a tuberculous non-functional kidney. Int Braz J Urol. 2018;44(6):1174–1181.
  • Mondal K, Mandal R. Two unusual reports of urogenital tuberculosis: one ‘putty’kidney and another in association with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Indian J Tuberc. 2018;65(4):356–359.
  • Kim EJ, Lee W, Jeong WY, et al. Chronic kidney disease with genitourinary tuberculosis: old disease but ongoing complication. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19(1):193.
  • Purnomo WA, Kusmiati T, Soedarsono S. Testicular tuberculosis in an HIV positive patient Co-infection with pulmonary tuberculosis mimicking malignancy: a Case Report. Jurnal Respirasi. 2020;6:2.
  • Khan F, Cheema F, Khan M. Accuracy of urinary PCR as compared with urine culture for early diagnosis of genitourinary tuberculosis. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2013;7:675–678.
  • Cao Y, Fan Y, Chen Y, et al. Gross Hematuria Is More Common in Male and Older Patients with Renal Tuberculosis in China: a Single-Center 15-Year Clinical Experience. Urol Int. 2017;99(3):290–296.
  • Koul AN, Kassana BA, Rather AR. Utility of GeneXpert in the diagnosis, reliance on urine microscopy and clinical characteristics of genitourinary tuberculosis at a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2018;36(1):93.
  • Naik SN, Chandanwale A, Kadam D, et al. Detection of genital tuberculosis among women with infertility using best clinical practices in India: an implementation study. Indian J Tuberc. 2021;68(1):85-91.
  • Mehta PK, Kamra E. Recent trends in diagnosis of urogenital tuberculosis. Future Microbiol. 2020;15:159–162.
  • Regmi SK, Singh UB, Sharma JB, et al. Relevance of semen polymerase chain reaction positive for tuberculosis in asymptomatic men undergoing infertility evaluation. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2015;8(3):165–169.
  • Mallya A, Karthikeyan VS, Keshavamurthy R. Is sterile pyuria another minor diagnostic criterion in urinary tuberculosis? Indian J Tuberc. 2019;66(4):468–473.
  • Yadav S, Singh P, Hemal A, et al. Genital tuberculosis: current status of diagnosis and management. Transl Androl Urol. 2017;6(2):222.
  • Abbara A, Davidson RN. Etiology and management of genitourinary tuberculosis. Nat Rev Urol. 2011;8(12):678–688.
  • Muneer A, Macrae B, Krishnamoorthy S, et al. Urogenital tuberculosis-epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical features. Nat Rev Urol. 2019;16(10):573–598.
  • Paine SK, Basu A, Choudhury RG, et al. Multiplex PCR from menstrual blood: a non-invasive cost-effective approach to reduce diagnostic dilemma for genital tuberculosis. Mol Diagn Ther. 2018;22(3):391–396.
  • Bhalla M, Sidiq Z, Sharma PP, et al. Performance of light-emitting diode fluorescence microscope for diagnosis of tuberculosis. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2013;2:174–178.
  • Samuel BP, Michael JS, Chandrasingh J, et al. Efficacy and role of Xpert® Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin assay in urinary tuberculosis. Indian J Urol. 2018;34(4):268.
  • Ye Y, Hu X, Shi Y, et al. Clinical features and drug-resistance profile of urinary tuberculosis in south-western China: a cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:19.
  • Pingle P, Apte P, Trivedi R. Evaluation of microscopy, culture and PCR methods in the laboratory diagnosis of genitourinary tuberculosis. Rev Am J Infect Dis Microbiol. 2014;2(1):17–21.
  • Kumar P, Singh S, Usha ST, et al. Diagnosis of renal tuberculosis by real-time polymerase chain reaction in renal biopsy sample. Culture. 2017;30:92.
  • Sun L, Yuan Q, Feng JM, et al. Rapid diagnosis in early stage renal tuberculosis by real-time polymerase chain reaction on renal biopsy specimens. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14(3):341–346.
  • Wang Y, Wu JP, Qin GC, et al. Computerised tomography and intravenous pyelography in urinary tuberculosis: a retrospective descriptive study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(12):1441–1447.
  • Capet J, Sønsksen J, Bisbjerg R, et al. Is follow-up ultrasound necessary after acute epididymitis? A retrospective analysis from a large university hospital. Scand J Urol. 2018;52(5–6):445–447.
  • Jing J, Zhuang H, Luo Y, et al. Vas deferens sonographic appearances of tuberculosis lesions of 19 cases of male genital systemic tuberculosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(11):e14843.
  • Cheng Y, Huang L, Zhang X, et al. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of prostate tuberculosis. Korean J Radiol. 2015;16:846–852.
  • Gaudiano C, Tadolini M, Busato F, et al. Multidetector CT urography in urogenital tuberculosis: use of reformatted images for the assessment of the radiological findings. A pictorial essay. Abdom Radiol.  2017;42(9):2314–2324.
  • Mthalane NB, Dlamini NN. Multidetector computed tomography has replaced conventional intravenous excretory urography in imaging of the kidneys: a scoping review of multidetector computed tomography findings in renal tuberculosis. S Afr J Radiol. 2018;22(1):a1283.
  • Mondal K, Mandal R, Saha A, et al. Fine needle aspiration cytology of epididymal nodules and its corroboration with ultrasonographic histological findings. Diagn Cytopathol. 2020;48(2):118–127.
  • Mukherjee S, Maheshwari V, Khan R, et al. Clinico-radiological and pathological evaluation of extra testicular scrotal lesions. J Cytol. 2013;30(1):27.
  • Altiparmak MR, Trabulus S, Balkan II, et al. Urinary tuberculosis: a cohort of 79 adult cases. Ren Fail. 2015;37(7):1157–1163.
  • Yamamoto M, Ushio R, Watanabe H, et al. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-derived DNA in circulating cell-free DNA from a patient with disseminated infection using digital PCR. Int J Infect Dis. 2018;66:80–82.
  • Handa U, Kundu R, Raghubanshi G, et al. Granulomatous epididymo-orchitis: diagnosis by fine needle aspiration. Trop Doct. 2018;48(1):17–20.
  • Panigrahy R, Das SK, Rout S, et al. Primary tuberculosis of the glans penis-a rare case report. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2014;4:S653–5.
  • Ishikawa S, Igari H, Akutsu N, et al. Comparison of interferon-? Release assays, Quantiferon TB-GIT and T-Spot. TB, in renal transplantation. J Infect Chemother. 2017;23(7):468–473.
  • Lemrabott AT, Faye M, Faye M, et al. Contribution of an Interferon gamma released assay to the detection of latent tuberculosis in chronic dialysis patients in Sub-Saharan Africa. J Nephrol Ther. 2019;9(326):2161–2959.
  • Edathodu J, Varghese B, Alrajhi AA, et al. Diagnostic potential of interferon-gamma release assay to detect latent tuberculosis infection in kidney transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis. 2017;19(2):e12675.
  • Figueiredo AA, Lucon AM, Srougi M. Urogenital tuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr. 2017;5(1):355–370.
  • Nasiri MJ, Pormohammad A, Goudarzi H, et al. Latent tuberculosis infection in transplant candidates: a systematic review and meta-analysis on TST and IGRA. In: Infection. 2019;47(3):353-361.
  • Lai CC, Tan CK, Lin SH, et al. Diagnostic value of an enzyme-linked immunospot assay for interferon-? In genitourinary tuberculosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;68(3):247–250.
  • Kim JK, Bang WJ, Oh CY, et al. Feasibility of the interferon-? Release assay for the diagnosis of genitourinary tuberculosis in an endemic area. Korean J Urol. 2013;54(2):123–126.
  • World Health Organization, 2011 . Use of tuberculosis interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) in low-and middle-income countries: policy statement.
  • Rafiei N, Williams J, Mulley WR, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: active disease and latent infection in a renal transplant cohort. Nephrology. 2019;24(5):569–574.
  • Sayyahfar S, Davoodzadeh F, Hoseini R, et al. Comparison of tuberculin skin test and interferon gamma release assay for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in pediatric candidates of renal transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2018;22(2):e13148.
  • Huang H, Yang XF, Deng QY, et al. IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay versus PPD tuberculin skin test in the diagnosis of tuberculous epididymitis. National J Androl. 2012;18(6):534–537.
  • Paluch-Oles J, Magrys A, Kot E, et al. Rapid identification of tuberculosis epididymo-orchitis by INNO-LiPA Rif TB and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In Tube tests: case report. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;66(3):314–317.
  • Shu CC. The positive status of latent tuberculosis infection is more consistent by Quantiferon-TB gold plus than that by Quantiferon-TB gold in-tube. InC55. Tuberculosis Diagnosis 2019 May (pp. A5175–A5175). American Thoracic Society.
  • Notomi T, Okayama H, Masubuchi H, et al. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000;28(12):e63.
  • Iwamoto T, Sonobe T, Hayashi K. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, M. avium, and M. intracellulare in sputum samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(6):2616–2622.
  • Sharma K, Sharma M, Batra N, et al. Diagnostic potential of multi-targeted LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) for osteoarticular tuberculosis. J Orthop Res. 2017;35(2):361–365.
  • Aryan E, Makvandi M. Farajzadeh Aet al. A novel and more sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay targeting IS6110 for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Microbiol Res. 2010;165(3):211–220.
  • Joon D, Nimesh M, Varma-Basil M, et al. Evaluation of improved IS6110 LAMP assay for diagnosis of pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis. J Microbiol Methods. 2017;139:87–91.
  • World Health Organization, 2016. The use of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (TB-LAMP) for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: policy guidance.
  • Modi M, Sharma K, Sharma M, et al. Multitargeted loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016;20:625–630.
  • Sethi S, Dhaliwal L, Dey P, et al. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in infertile women. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2016;34(3):322–327.
  • Kumar P, Pandya D, Singh N, et al. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and sensitive diagnosis of tuberculosis. J Infect. 2014;69(6):607–615.
  • Chawla K, Chawla A, Hegde P. Role of PCR for diagnosing male genital tuberculosis. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;45:391.
  • Raj A, Singh N, Gupta KB, et al. Comparative evaluation of several gene targets for designing a multiplex-PCR for an early diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Yonsei Med J. 2016;57:88–96.
  • Sharma S, Dahiya B, Sreenivas V, et al. Comparative evaluation of GeneXpert MTB/RIF and multiplex PCR targeting mpb64 and IS6110 for the diagnosis of pleural TB. Future Microbiol. 2018;13(4):407–413.
  • Ghaleb K, Afifi M, El-Gohary M. Assessment of diagnostic techniques of urinary tuberculosis. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2013;5(1):e2013034.
  • Yu G, Shen Y, Zhong F, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. PloS One. 2018;13:e0199290.
  • Kamyshan IS, Stepanov PI, Ziablitsev SV, et al. Role of polymerase chain reaction in diagnosing tuberculosis of the bladder and male sex organs. Urologiia.2003;(3):36–39. (Moscow, Russia: 1999).
  • Chatterjee S, Bhattacharya SM, Bagchi B, et al. Latent genital tuberculosis in male-a possible cause of reproductive failure. J Reprod Med Gynecol Obstet. 2020;5:057.
  • García-Elorriaga G, Gracida-Osorno C, Carrillo-Montes G, et al. Clinical usefulness of the nested polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Salud Publica Mex. 2009;51(3):240–245.
  • Khosravi AD, Hashemzadeh M, Ghorbani A, et al. Comparison of Nested-PCR technique and culture method in detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patients suspected to genitourinary tuberculosis. Afr J Biotechnol. 2010;9(14):2151–2155.
  • Hui Z, Min C, Ben H, et al. MP77-05 A simple but high effective specimen preparation for DNA extraction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its clinical application in quantitative-PCR determination of urinary tuberculosis infection. J Urol. 2020;203(Supplement 4):e1164–5.
  • Dhami A, Kharel R, Biswas J. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of serpiginous choroiditis with biopsy-proven testicular tuberculosis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018;66(2):320.
  • Chen K, Malik AA, Nantasenamat C, et al. Clinical validation of urine-based Xpert® MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of urogenital tuberculosis: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;95:15–21.
  • World Health Organization, 2013. Global tuberculosis report 2013. Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB in adults and children: policy update. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Polepole P, Kabwe M, Kasonde M, et al. Performance of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2017;6(1):87–93.
  • Pang Y, Shang Y, Lu J, et al. GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay in the diagnosis of urinary tuberculosis from urine specimens. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):6181.
  • Chen Y, Wu P, Fu L, et al. Multicentre evaluation of Xpert MTB/RIF assay in detecting urinary tract tuberculosis with urine samples. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):11053.
  • Bedi N, Rahimi MN, Menzies S, et al. Atypical testicular pain. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(2):e226697.
  • Kohli M, Schiller I, Dendukuri N, et al. Xpert® MTB/RIF assay for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;8(8):CD012768.
  • World Health Organisation. Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB in adults and children-policy update. 2013.
  • Pohl C, Rutaihwa LK, Haraka F, et al. Limited value of whole blood Xpert(®) MTB/RIF for diagnosing tuberculosis in children. J Infect. 2016;73(4):326–335.
  • WHO. The use of next-generation sequencing technologies for the detection of mutations associated with drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: technical guide. WHO https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274443/WHO-CDS-TB-2018.19-eng.pdf (2018).
  • Bahr NC, Nuwagira E, Evans EE, et al. ASTRO-CM Trial Team. Diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for tuberculous meningitis in HIV-infected adults: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:68–75.
  • Dorman SE, Schumacher SG, Alland D, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: a prospective multicentre diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):76–84.
  • Zhao N, Sun JY, Xu HP, et al. Early diagnosis of tuberculosis-associated IgA nephropathy with ESAT-6. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2017;241(4):271–279.
  • Pradeep I, Anupama SH, Koshy P, et al. A rare association of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of kidney and urinary tract with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2019;37(4):587.
  • Antel K, Oosthuizen J, Malherbe F, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the Xpert MTB/Rif Ultra for tuberculosis adenitis. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):33.
  • Hoel IM, Syre H, Skarstein I, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF ultra for rapid diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in a high-income low-tuberculosis prevalence setting. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):13959.
  • Eddabra R, Benhassou HA. Rapid molecular assays for detection of tuberculosis. Pneumonia. 2018;10(1):4.
  • Lee DJ, Kumarasamy N, Resch SC, et al. Rapid, point-of-care diagnosis of tuberculosis with novel Truenat assay: cost-effectiveness analysis for India’s public sector. PLoS One. [2019 Jul 2];14(7):e0218890.
  • Nikam C, Jagannath M, Narayanan MM, et al. Rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with Truenat MTB: a near-care approach. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e51121.
  • World Health Organization, 2020. World Health Organization endorses Truenat tests for initial diagnosis of tuberculosis and detection of rifampicin resistance.
  • Singh N, Sreenivas V, Gupta KB, et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis based on detection of mycobacterial antigen 85B by immuno-PCR. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;83:359–364.
  • Mehta PK, Dahiya B, Sharma S, et al. Immuno-PCR, a new technique for the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis. J Microbiol Methods. 2017;139:218–229.
  • Gupta A, Kumar V, Xess A, et al. Role of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the diagnosis of suspected cases of genitourinary tuberculosis. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1999;42(3):307–309.
  • Bukhary ZA. Evaluation of anti-A60 antigen IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Ann Thorac Med. 2007;2(2):47–51.
  • Srivastava N, Manaktala U, Baveja CP. Role of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in genital tuberculosis. Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;57(2):205–206.
  • Banerjee S, Gupta S, Shende N, et al. Serodiagnosis of tuberculosis using two ELISA systems. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2003;18(2):48–53.
  • Cox JA, Lukande RL, Kalungi S, et al. Is urinary lipoarabinomannan the result of renal tuberculosis? Assessment of the renal histology in an autopsy cohort of Ugandan HIV-infected adults. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0123323.
  • Dahiya B, Prasad T, Singh V, et al. Diagnosis of tuberculosis by nanoparticle-based immuno-PCR assay based on mycobacterial MPT64 and CFP-10 detection. Nanomedicine. 2020;15(26):2609–2624.
  • Lavania S, Das R, Dhiman A, et al. Aptamer-based TB antigen tests for the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: potential utility in screening for tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis. 2018;4(12):1718–1726.
  • Fernández-Carballo BL, Broger T, Wyss R, et al. Toward the development of a circulating free DNA-based in vitro diagnostic test for infectious diseases: a review of evidence for tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2019;57(4):e01234–18.
  • Mehta PK, Raj A, Singh NP, et al. Detection of potential microbial antigens by immuno-PCR (PCR-amplified immunoassay). J Med Microbiol. 2014;63(5):627–641.
  • Dahiya B, Khan A, Mor P, et al. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan and CFP-10 (Rv3874) from urinary extracellular vesicles of tuberculosis patients by immuno-PCR. Pathog Dis. 2019;77(5):ftz049.
  • Dahiya B, Sharma S, Khan A, et al. Detection of mycobacterial CFP-10 (Rv3874) protein in tuberculosis patients by gold nanoparticle-based real-time immuno-PCR. Future Microbiol. 2020;15:601–612.
  • Sharma S, Sheoran A, Gupta KB, et al. Quantitative detection of a cocktail of mycobacterial MPT64 and PstS1 in tuberculosis patients by real-time immuno-PCR. Future Microbiol. 2019;14(3):223–233.
  • Sypabekova M, Bekmurzayeva A, Wang R, et al. Selection, characterization, and application of DNA aptamers for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis secreted protein MPT64. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2017;104:70–78.
  • Kumari P, Lavania S, Tyagi S, et al. A novel aptamer-based test for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. Anal Biochem. 2019;564:80–87.
  • Rotherham LS, Maserumule C, Dheda K, et al. Selection and application of ssDNA aptamers to detect active TB from sputum samples. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46862.
  • Dhiman A, Haldar S, Mishra SK, et al. Generation and application of DNA aptamers against HspX for accurate diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. Tuberculosis. 2018;112:27–36.
  • Song KM, Lee S, Ban C. Aptamers and their biological applications. Sensors (Basel). 2012;12:612–631.
  • Ushio R, Yamamoto M, Nakashima K, et al. Digital PCR assay detection of circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in pulmonary tuberculosis patient plasma. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2016;99:47–53.
  • Li X, Du W, Wang Y, et al. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis meningitis by detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell-free DNA in cerebrospinal fluid. Am J Clin Pathol. 2019;153(1):126–130.
  • Che N, Yang X, Liu Z, et al. Rapid detection of cell-free Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in tuberculous pleural effusion. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55:1526–1532.
  • Yang X, Che N, Duan H, et al. Cell-free Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA test in pleural effusion for tuberculous pleurisy: a diagnostic accuracy study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(8):1089.e1-1089.e6.
  • Sharma P, Anthwal D, Kumari P, et al. Utility of circulating cell-free Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA for the improved diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0238119.
  • Yang J, Han X, Liu A, et al. Use of digital droplet PCR to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in whole blood-derived DNA samples from patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7:369.
  • WHO 2014. High-priority target product profiles for new tuberculosis diagnostics: report of a consensus meeting. (Geneva).
  • Raghavendran M, Venugopal A. MP24-02 PCR in genitourinary tuberculosis. J Urol. 2016;195(4S):e270–1.
  • Saleh MA, Khaleel KJ, Alsaadi LA. Comparison between polymerase chain reaction and Ziehl Neelsen stain for detection of renal tuberculosis. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2014;3(6):408–414.
  • Sharma N, Sharma V, Singh PR, et al. Diagnostic value of PCR in genitourinary tuberculosis. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2013;28(3):305–308.
  • Khanna S, Mittal S, Sharma N. MP-08.10 Role of DNA PCR in early diagnosis of genitourinary tuberculosis. Urology. 2011;78(3):S88.
  • Gillellamudi S. Role of urinary PCR in diagnosis of genitourinary tuberculosis. Glob J Med Res. 2010;10(suppl 2):2–5.
  • Yazdani M, Shahidi S, Shirani M. Urinary polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of urogenital tuberculosis. J Urol. 2008;5:46–49.
  • Hemal AK, Gupta NP, Rajeev TP, et al. Polymerase chain reaction in clinically suspected genitourinary tuberculosis: comparison with intravenous urography, bladder biopsy, and urine acid fast bacilli culture. Urology. 2000;56(4):570–574.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.