Lifestyle and rehabilitation during the COVID-19 pandemic: guidance for health professionals and support for exercise and rehabilitation programs

References

• Zumla A, Niederman MS. The explosive epidemic outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the persistent threat of respiratory tract infectious diseases to global health security. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2020;26(3):193–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Report S. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). World Heal Organ. 2020;
   Google Scholar
• Sun P, Lu X, Xu C, et al. Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. J Med Virol. 2020;10–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai AL, Millet JK, Daniel S, et al. Transmission potential and severity of COVID-19 in South Korea. Int J Infect Dis. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang F, Deng L, Zhang L, et al. Review of the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(5):35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salzberger B, Buder F, Lampl B, et al. Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Internist. 2020;61(8):782–788. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma O, Aa S, Ding H, et al. A review of the progress and challenges of developing a vaccine for COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Physical activity [internet]. World Heal Organ. 2020;1–10. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Shephard RJ, et al. Position statement: immune function of exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2011;17:6–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, et al. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease Noriyuki. Psychol Rozw. 2014;19:37–47.
   Google Scholar
• Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Dawson J, et al. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies of influenza A virus infection in human lungs. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000;114(2):227–233. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J. Cytokine storm in COVID-19 and treatment Qing. J Infect. 2020;80(6):607–613. Internet]. ; Available from.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Channappanavar R, Perlman S. Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology. Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39(5):529–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jc M, Wm V. Exercise and older adults. Clin Geriatr Med. 2018;34(1):145–162. Internet]. ;:. Available from.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen BK. Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Invest. 2017;47(8):600–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, et al. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(9):607–610. Internet]. ;:. Available from.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefani L, Galanti G. Physical exercise prescription in metabolic chronic disease. transl informatics smart healthc. Adv Exp Med Biol Internet]. 2017;1005:47–61. Available from. ;:. : http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-10-5717-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews CE, Ockene IRAS, Freedson PS, et al. Moderate to vigorous physical activity and risk of upper-respiratory tract infection CHARLES. Med Sci Sport Exercise. 1998;34(8):1242–1248. .
   Google Scholar
• Wong C, Lai H, Ou C, et al. Is exercise protective against influenza-associated mortality? 2008;3:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Jiménez-Pavón D, Carbonell-Baeza A, Lavie CJ. Physical exercise as therapy to fight against the mental and physical consequences of COVID-19 quarantine: special focus in older people. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;63(3):386–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson RJ, Katsanis E. The immunological case for staying active during the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:6–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voet N, Van Der Kooi E, Riphagen I, et al. Strength training and aerobic exercise training for muscle disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7:5–54.
   Google Scholar
• Fabre O, Ingerslev LR, Garde C, et al. Exercise training alters the genomic response to acute exercise in human adipose tissue. Epigenomics. 2018;10(8):1033–1050. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulart C, Caruso F, Araújo A, et al. Non-invasive ventilation improves exercise tolerance and peripheral vascular function after high-intensity exercise in COPD-HF patients. Respir Med. 2020;173:1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu S, Bosnyák E, Treff G, et al. Acute exercise-induced irisin release in healthy adults: associations with training status and exercise mode. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018;18(9):1226–1233. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Oliveira M, De Sibio MT, Mathias LS, et al. Irisin modulates genes associated with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outcome in human subcutaneous adipocytes cell culture. Mol Cell Endocrinol. Internet]. Available from. 2020;515:110917. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammami A, Harrabi B, Mohr M, et al. Physical activity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): specific recommendations for home-based physical training. Manag Sport Leis. 2020;1:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Giallauria F, Piccioli L, Vitale G, et al. Exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: a new challenge for cardiac rehabilitation community. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2018;88(3):38–44. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousfi N, Bragazzi NL, Briki W, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic: how to maintain a healthy immune system during the lockdown - A multidisciplinary approach with special focus on athletes. Biol Sport. 2020;37(3):211–216. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narici M, De Vito G, Franchi M, et al. Impact of sedentarism due to the COVID-19 home confinement on neuromuscular, cardiovascular and metabolic health: physiological and pathophysiological implications and recommendations for physical and nutritional countermeasures. Eur J Sport Sci. Internet]. ;:. Available from. 2020;1–22. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ACSM’S guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 10th Editi. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Chen P, Mao L, Nassis GP, et al. Wuhan coronavirus (2019-nCoV): the need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. J Sport Heal Sci. 2020;9(2):103–104. Internet]. ;:. Available from.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas E, Battaglia G, Patti A, et al. Physical activity programs for balance and fall prevention in elderly: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(27):16218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shubert TE, Basnett J, Chokshi A, et al. Are virtual rehabilitation technologies feasible models to scale an evidence-based fall prevention program? a pilot study using the kinect camera. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2015;2(2):e10. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ansai JH, Aurichio TR, Gonçalves R, et al. Effects of two physical exercise protocols on physical performance related to falls in the oldest old : a randomized controlled trial. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2016;16(4):492–499. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brülhart Y. Does multicomponent physical exercise with simultaneous cognitive training boost cognitive performance in older adults? A 6-month randomized controlled trial with a 1-year follow-up. In: physioscience. 2016. p. 124–125.
   Google Scholar
• Eggenberger P, Theill N, Holenstein S, et al. Multicomponent physical exercise with simultaneous cognitive training to enhance dual-task walking of older adults: a secondary analysis of a 6-month randomized controlled trial with I-year follow-up. Clin Interv Aging. 2015;10:1711–1732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo-Escobar R, González-Represas A, Gómez-González AM, et al. Effectiveness and safety of a home-based cardiac rehabilitation programme of mixed surveillance in patients with ischemic heart disease at moderate cardiovascular risk: a randomised, controlled clinical trial. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017;17(1):1–11. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jovancevic J, Rosano C, Perera S, et al. A protocol for a randomized clinical trial of interactive video dance: potential for effects on cognitive function. In: BMC Geriatr. 2012. p. 12.
   Google Scholar
• Eggenberger P, Wolf M, Schumann M, et al. Exergame and balance training modulate prefrontal brain activity during walking and enhance executive function in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016;8:1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adaptive ANEW, Technology HE, Feasibility SON. A new adaptive home-based exercise technology among older adults living in nursing home: a pilot study on feasibility, acceptability and physical performance. J Nutr Heal Aging. 2017;21(7):819–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eguíluz G, García MB. Use of a time-of-flight camera with an Omek BeckonTM framework to analyze, evaluate and correct in real time the verticality of multiple sclerosis patients during exercise. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10(11):5807–5829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano A, Pietro BG, Vanoglio F, et al. Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary home-telehealth intervention programme to reduce falls among elderly discharged from hospital: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16(1):1–7. Internet]. ;:. Available from.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cots JM, Alós J, Bárcena M, et al. Continuity of care and outpatient management for patients with and at high risk for cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scientific statement from the American Society for Preventive Cardiology. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2020;1:100009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mukaino M, Tatemoto T, Kumazawa N, et al. Staying active in isolation: telerehabilitation for individuals with the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;99(6):478–479. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee A. COVID-19 and the advancement of digital physical therapist practice and telehealth. Phys Ther. 2020;100(7):1054–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choon-Huat Koh G, Hoenig H. How should the rehabilitation community prepare for 2019-nCoV? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;101(6):1068–1071. Internet]. ;:. Available from.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dantas LO, Barreto RPG, Ferreira CHJ. Digital physical therapy in the COVID-19 pandemic. Braz J Phys Ther. 2020;24(5):381–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mg C, De SA, Andrenelli E, et al. Systematic rapid “living” review on rehabilitation needs due to covid-19: update to march 31st 2020. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2020;56(3):347–353. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katulanda P, Dissanayake HA, Ranathunga I, et al. Prevention and management of COVID-19 among patients with diabetes: an appraisal of the literature. Diabetologia. 2020;63(8):1440–1452. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsson J, Malm C, Furberg M, et al. Physical activity during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: prevention of a decline in metabolic and immunological functions. Front Sport Act Living. 2020;2:2018–2021.
   Google Scholar
• Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2129–2200m.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Exercise as medicine - Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25:1–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burtscher J, Millet GP, Burtscher M. Low cardiorespiratory and mitochondrial fitness as risk factors in viral infections: implications for COVID-19. Br J Sports Med. 2020;1–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieman DC, Wentz LM. The compelling link between physical activity and the body’s defense system. J Sport Heal Sci. 2019;8(3):201–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, et al. the incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann Intern Med. 2020;10:20–0504.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Yan LM, Wan L, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;2019:2019–2020. Internet]. ;:. Available from. : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30232-2
   Google Scholar
• Msandiwa R, Hausler H, Ph D, et al. A novel coronavirus associated with severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:225–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding Y, Wang H, Shen H, et al. The clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a report from China. J Pathol. 2003;200(3):282–289. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin definition. J Am Med Assoc. 2012;307:2526–2533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng -Y-Y, Ma Y-T, Zhang J-Y, et al. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(5):259–260. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, et al. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury. Nat Med. 2005;11(8):875–879. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, et al. SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009;39(7):618–625. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, Guo F, Liu K, et al. Endocytosis of the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein together with virus receptor ACE2. Virus Res. 2008;136(1–2):8–15. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong CK, Lam CWK, Wu AKL, et al. Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004;136(1):95–103. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. J Am Med Assoc. 2020;1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou P, Lou YX, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270–273. Internet]. ;:. Available from.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas P, Baldwin C, Bissett B, et al. Physiotherapy management for COVID-19 in the acute hospital setting: clinical practice recommendations. J Physiother. 2020;66(2):73–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199–1207. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, et al. Transmission of 2019-NCOV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):970–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler RA, Guest CB, Lapinsky SE, et al. Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome during intubation and mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169(11):1198–1202. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordin FM. Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome in critical care. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169(11):1176–1177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scales DC, Green K, Chan AK, et al. Illness in intensive care staff after brief exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9(10):1205–1210. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safety F, Businesses F. COVID-19 and Food Safety: guidance for food businesses: interim guidance. COVID-19 Food Saf Guid food businesses Interim Guid. 2020; 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Recommendations to Member States to improve hand hygiene practices to help prevent the transmission of the COVID-19 virus. 2020;1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Patients L, Taylor D, Ac L, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020;0–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau JTF, Fung KS, Wong TW, et al. SARS transmission among hospital workers in Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(2):280–286. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbeek JH, Rajamaki B, Ijaz S, et al. Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4:011621.
   Google Scholar
• Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, et al. cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(18):2352–2371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwendinger F, Pocecco E. Counteracting physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence-based recommendations for home-based exercise. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):2–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierre V, Candeias V, Merchez P, et al. Global recommendations on physical activity for health WHO. World Heal Organ. 2010;53:1689–1699.
   Google Scholar
• Nigro E, Polito R, Alfieri A, et al. Molecular mechanisms involved in the positive effects of physical activity on coping with COVID-19. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020;120(12):2569–2582. Internet]. Available from.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laoutaris ID. The ‘aerobic/resistance/inspiratory muscle training hypothesis in heart failure.’. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018;25(12):1257–1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang T. Handbook of COVID-19 prevention and treatment. 2020. p. 1–68.
   Google Scholar
• WHO . Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when COVID-19 is suspected (v1.2). 2020;1–21. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected.
   Google Scholar
• Waldschläger K, Lechthaler S, Stauch G, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a critical care perspective beyond China. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2020;39(2):167–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferioli M, Cisternino C, Leo V, et al. Protecting healthcare workers from sars-cov-2 infection: practical indications. Eur Respir Rev. 2020;29(155):1–10. Internet]. Available from.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ñamendys-Silva SA. Respiratory support for patients with COVID-19 infection. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;2600:30110.
   Google Scholar
• Aylward, Bruce (WHO); Liang W (PRC). Report of the WHO-China joint mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). WHO-China Jt Mission Coronavirus Dis. 2019;2020(9):16–24.
   Google Scholar
• Zuo M, Huang Y, Ma W, et al. Expert recommendations for tracheal intubation in critically ill patients with noval coronavirus disease 2019. Chin Med Sci J. 2020;35:105–109.
   Google Scholar
• Cavalcanti AB, Éa S, Laranjeira LN, et al. Effect of lung recruitment and titrated Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) vs low PEEP on mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome - A randomized clinical trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2017;318(14):1335–1345. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wujtewicz M, Dylczyk-Sommer A, Aszkiełowicz A, et al. COVID-19 - what should anaethesiologists and intensivists know about it? Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2020;52(1):34–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briel M, Meade M, Mercat A. Higher vs lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 2010;303(9):865–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirkes S, Dickinson S, Havey R, et al. Prone positioning: is it safe and effective? Crit Care Nurs Q. 2012;35(1):64–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jolley SE, Bunnell AE, Hough CL. ICU-acquired weakness. Chest. 2016;150(5):1129–1140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung TW, Wong KS, Hui AC, et al. Myopathic changes associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a postmortem case series. Arch Neurol. 2005;62(7):1113–1117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anekwe DE, Biswas S, Bussières A, et al. Early rehabilitation reduces the likelihood of developing intensive care unit-acquired weakness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiother (United Kingdom). 2020;107:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Burtin C, Clerckx B, Robbeets C, et al. Early exercise in critically ill patients enhances short-term functional recovery. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(9):2499–2505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding N, Zhang Z, Zhang C, et al. What is the optimum time for initiation of early mobilization in mechanically ventilated patients? A network meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):1–12. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kho ME, Truong AD, Zanni JM, et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomized, sham-controlled pilot trial with blinded outcome assessment. J Crit Care. 2015;30(1):32–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan KS, Zheng JP, Mok YW, et al. SARS: prognosis, outcome and sequelae. Respirology. 2003;8(s1):36–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar