References
- Zhu Y, Li J, Pang Z. Recent insights for the emerging COVID-19: drug discovery, therapeutic options and vaccine development. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2021;16(1):4–23.
- Debnath SK, Srivastava R. Potential application of bionanoparticles to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. Front Nanotechnol. Internet. 2022 accessed 2022 Jan 13;107. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnano.2021.813847/full
- Pickard A, Calverley BC, Chang J, et al. Discovery of re-purposed drugs that slow SARS-CoV-2 replication in human cells. PLOS Pathog Internet. 2021 [[accessed 2021 Dec 18]];17(9):e1009840. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1009840
- Eastman RT, Roth JS, Brimacombe KR, et al Remdesivir: a review of its discovery and development leading to emergency use authorization for treatment of COVID-19. ACS Cent Sci. Internet. 2020 accessed 2022 Mar 25;6:683. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7202249/
- FDA. Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA authorizes additional oral antiviral for treatment of COVID-19 in certain adults. Food Drug Adm. 2021 [ Internet] [accessed 2022 Jan 14]. p. 1. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-additional-oral-antiviral-treatment-covid-19-certain.
- Razonable RR, Pawlowski C, O’Horo JC, et al Casirivimab–Imdevimab treatment is associated with reduced rates of hospitalization among high-risk patients with mild to moderate coronavirus disease-19. E Clin Med. [Internet]. 2021 [accessed 2021 Sep 20];101102. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2589537021003825/fulltext
- FDA. Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA authorizes additional monoclonal antibody for treatment of COVID-19 [ Internet]. U.S. Food Drug Adm. 2021 [accessed 2021 Oct 21]. p. 1. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-additional-monoclonal-antibody-treatment-covid-19.
- Taylor PC, Adams AC, Hufford MM, et al. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19. Nat Rev Immunol Internet. 2021 [[accessed Sep 20]];21(6):382–393. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-021-00542-x
- FDA. Coronavirus (COVID-19)| drugs. Food Drug Adm. 2021 [ Internet] [accessed 2021 Sep 21]. p. 1. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/emergency-preparedness-drugs/coronavirus-covid-19-drugs.
- Cortegiani A, Ippolito M, Greco M, et al. Rationale and evidence on the use of tocilizumab in COVID-19: a systematic review. Pulmonology. 2021;27(1):52–66.
- Hirota K, Lambert DG. Propofol and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Br J Anaesth Internet. 2020 [[accessed 2021 Sep 27]];125(6):e475–e476. Available from: http://www.bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007091220306917/fulltext
- Khataniar A, Pathak U, Rajkhowa S, et al, A comprehensive review of drug repurposing strategies against known drug targets of COVID-19. Covid. 2(2): 148–167. 2022.
- Singh TU, Parida S, Lingaraju MC, et al. Drug repurposing approach to fight COVID-19. Pharmacol Rep Internet. 2020 [[accessed 2021 Dec 18]];72(6):30. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7474498/
- Morawska M. Reasons and consequences of COVID-19 vaccine failure in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Eur J Haematol Internet. 2022 [[accessed 2022 Jan 27]];108(2):91–98. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34717004/
- Chilimuri S, Mantri N, Gongati S, et al. COVID-19 vaccine failure in a patient with multiple sclerosis on ocrelizumab. Vaccines (Basel) Internet. 2021 [[accessed 2022 Jan 27]];9(3):1–3. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC8002140/
- Yousefi H, Mashouri L, Okpechi SC, et al. Repurposing existing drugs for the treatment of COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review describing drug mechanisms of action. Biochem Pharmacol Internet. 2021 [accessed 2021 Dec 11];183:114296. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7581400/
- Tcheng JE. Clinical challenges of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor therapy: bleeding, reversal, thrombocytopenia, and retreatment. Am Heart J Internet. 2000 [[accessed 2021 Dec 2]];139(2):s38–s45. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10650315/
- Cheng H, Lear-Rooney CM, Johansen L, et al. Inhibition of Ebola and Marburg virus entry by G protein-coupled receptor antagonists. J Virol Internet. 2015 [[accessed 2021 Dec 2]];89(19):9932–9938. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26202243/
- Chakraborty A, Koldobskiy MA, Bello NT, et al. Inositol pyrophosphates inhibit Akt signaling, thereby regulating insulin sensitivity and weight gain. Cell Internet. 2010 [[accessed 2021 Dec 2]];143(6):897–910. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21145457/
- Kwiatkowski K, Piotrowska A, Rojewska E, et al. The RS504393 influences the level of nociceptive factors and enhances opioid analgesic potency in neuropathic rats. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol Internet. 2017 [[accessed 2021 Dec 4]];12(3):402. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5527054/
- Clark MJ, Miduturu C, Schmidt AG, et al. GNF-2 Inhibits dengue virus by targeting Abl kinases and the viral E protein. Cell Chem Biol Internet. 2016 [[accessed 2021 Dec 4]];23(4):443–452. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27105280/
- Hofmann-Winkler H, Moerer O, Alt-Epping S, et al. Camostat mesylate may reduce severity of coronavirus disease 2019 sepsis: a first observation. Crit Care Explor Internet. 2020 [[accessed 2022 Jan 15]];2(11):e0284. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ccejournal/Fulltext/2020/11000/Camostat_Mesylate_May_Reduce_Severity_of.16.aspx
- Markus H, Simon S, Hannah K-W, et al Nafamostat mesylate blocks activation of SARS-CoV-2: new treatment option for COVID-19. Antimicrob Agents Chemother [ Internet]. 2020 [accessed 2020 May 6];1–7. Available from: https://aac.asm.org/content/aac/early/2020/04/14/AAC.00754-20.full.pdf.
- Campbell GR, Spector SA, Deretic V. Vitamin D inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages through the induction of autophagy. PLoS Pathog Internet. 2012 [[accessed 2022 Jan 15]];8(5):e1002689. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22589721/
- Yang L, Kiyohara T, Kanda T, et al. Inhibitory effects on HAV IRES-mediated translation and replication by a combination of amantadine and interferon-alpha. Virol J Internet. 2010 [[accessed 2022 Jan 15]];7(1):1–5. Available from: https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-7-212
- Oliver ME, Hinks TSC. Azithromycin in viral infections. Rev Med Virol Internet. 2021 [accessed 2022 Jan 15];31(2). Available from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32969125/
- Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, et al. Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today’s diseases. Lancet Infect Dis Internet. 2003 [[accessed 2022 Jan 15]];3(11):722. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7128816/
- Sperber K, Louie M, Kraus T, et al. Hydroxychloroquine treatment of patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Clin Ther Internet. 1995 [[accessed 2022 Jan 15]];17(4):622–636. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8565026/
- Kabinger F, Stiller C, Schmitzova J, et al. Mechanism of molnupiravir-induced SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis. Nat Struct Mol Biol Internet. 2022 [[accessed Jan 15]];28(9):740–746. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41594-021-00651-0
- Painter GR, Bowen RA, Bluemling GR, et al The prophylactic and therapeutic activity of a broadly active ribonucleoside analog in a murine model of intranasal venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection. Antiviral Res. 2019;171:104597.
- Masia M, Fernandez-Gonzalez M, Padilla S, et al Impact of interleukin-6 blockade with tocilizumab on SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetics and antibody responses in patients with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. EBioMedicine. Internet. 2020 accessed 2022 Jan 15;60:102999. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2352396420303753/fulltext
- Thomas BJ, Porritt RA, Hertzog PJ, et al. Glucocorticosteroids enhance replication of respiratory viruses: effect of adjuvant interferon. Sci Rep Internet. 2022 [[accessed Jan 15]];4(1):1–11. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep07176
- Xie Y, Cao S, Dong H, et al. Effect of regular intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on prognosis of severe pneumonia in patients with COVID-19. J Infect Internet. 2020 [accessed 2022 Jan 15];81(2):318. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7151471/
- Miller C, Powers J, Musselman E, et al. Immunopathologic effects of prednisolone and cyclosporine A on feline immunodeficiency virus replication and persistence. Viruses Internet. 2019 [[accessed 2022 Jan 15]];11(9):805. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31480322/
- Gay CL, Bosch RJ, Ritz J, et al. Clinical trial of the anti-PD-L1 antibody BMS-936559 in HIV-1 infected participants on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis Internet. 2017 [[accessed 2022 Jan 15]];215(11):1725–1733. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28431010/
- Wuyts L, Janssens A, Vonghia L, et al. Nivolumab and anti-HCV activity, a case report. Acta Clin Belg Internet. 2021 [[accessed 2022 Jan 15]];76(5):392–396. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32182200/
- Singh R, Vijayan V. Chloroquine: a potential drug in the COVID-19 scenario. Trans Indian Natl Acad Eng Internet. 2020 [[accessed 2022 Jan 1]];5(2):399–410. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7275976/
- Choudhary S, Malik YS, Tomar S. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry inhibitors by drug repurposing using in silico structure-based virtual screening approach. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1664.
- Gunst JD, Staerke NB, Pahus MH, et al. Efficacy of the TMPRSS2 inhibitor camostat mesilate in patients hospitalized with Covid-19-a double-blind randomized controlled trial. EClinicalMedicine. Internet. 2021 [accessed 2021 Nov 28];35:100849. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2589537021001292/fulltext
- Zhao MM, Yang WL, Yang FY, et al. Cathepsin L plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and humanized mice and is a promising target for new drug development. Signal Transduct Target Ther Internet. 2021 [[accessed Nov 28]];6(1):1–12. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-021-00558-8
- Araujo R, Aranda-Martinez JD, Aranda-Abreu GE. Amantadine treatment for people with COVID-19. Arch Med Res Internet. 2020 [[accessed 2022 Jan 20]];51(7):740. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7290190/
- Gyeongsang National University Hospital. Clinical efficacy of nafamostat mesylate for COVID-19 pneumonia. Clinical Trials.gov. 2021 [ Internet][cited 2021 Nov 28]. p. 1. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04418128.
- Shyr ZA, Gorshkov K, Chen CZ, et al. Drug discovery strategies for SARS-CoV-2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther Internet. 2020 [[accessed 2021 Nov 28]];375(1):127–138. Available from: https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/375/1/127
- Butler CC, Dorward J, Yu LM, et al. Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19 in people at increased risk of an adverse clinical course in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial. Lancet Internet. 2021 [[accessed 2022 Jan 8]];397(10279):1063–1074. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S014067362100461X/fulltext
- Devaux CA, Rolain JM, Colson P, et al. New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?. Int J Antimicrob Agents Internet. 2020 [[accessed 2022 Jan 8]];55(5):105938. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7118659/
- Yang C, Ke C, Yue D, et al Effectiveness of arbidol for COVID-19 prevention in health professionals. Front Public Health. 2020;8:249.
- Padhi AK, Seal A, Khan JM, et al Unraveling the mechanism of arbidol binding and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2: insights from atomistic simulations. Eur J Pharmacol. Internet. 2021 accessed 2022 Jan 16;894:173836. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33387467/
- Finkel Y, Gluck A, Nachshon A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 uses a multipronged strategy to impede host protein synthesis. Nat Internet. 2022 [[accessed Jan 9]];594(7862):240–245. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03610-3
- Holman W, Holman W, McIntosh S, et al. Accelerated first-in-human clinical trial of EIDD-2801/MK-4482 (molnupiravir), a ribonucleoside analog with potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Trials Internet. 2021 [[accessed 2022 Jan 8]];22(1):1–7. Available from: https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-021-05538-5
- Gordon CJ, Tchesnokov EP, Schinazi RF, et al. Molnupiravir promotes SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis via the RNA template. J Biol Chem Internet. 2021 [[accessed 2022 Jan 30]];297(1):100770. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC8110631/
- Tang Y, Liu J, Zhang D, et al. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: the current evidence and treatment strategies. Front Immunol. Internet. 2020 [accessed 2022 Jan 9];11. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7365923/ .
- Grifoni E, Valoriani A, Cei F, et al. Interleukin-6 as prognosticator in patients with COVID-19. J Infect Internet. 2020 [[accessed 2021 Nov 24]];81(3):452. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7278637/
- Mariette X, Hermine O, Tharaux PL, et al. Effectiveness of tocilizumab in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: a follow-up of the CORIMUNO-TOCI-1 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med Internet. 2021 [[accessed 2022 Jan 10]];181(9):1241–1243. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2780021
- Hung IFN, Kkw T, Lee CK, et al. Hyperimmune IV immunoglobulin treatment: a multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial for patients with severe 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection. Chest Internet. 2013 [[accessed 2022 Jan 10]];144(2):464–473. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23450336/
- Gordon DE, Jang GM, Bouhaddou M, et al. A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing. Nat Internet. 2022 [[accessed Jan 2]];583(7816):459–468. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2286-9
- Xia S, Liu M, Wang C, et al. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion. Cell Res Internet. 2022 [[accessed Jan 12]];30(4):343–355. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-020-0305-x
- Xiang R, Yu Z, Wang Y, et al Recent advances in developing small-molecule inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Acta Pharm Sin B Elsevier. 2021;1.
- Unni S, Aouti S, Thiyagarajan S, et al. Identification of a repurposed drug as an inhibitor of Spike protein of human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 by computational methods. J Biosci Internet. 2020 [[accessed 2022 Jan 12]];45(1):130. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7561504/
- Schoeman D, Fielding BC. Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge. Virol J Internet. 2022 [[accessed Jan 12]];16(1):1–22. Available from: https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0
- Zheng Y, Zhuang M-W, Han L, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) membrane (M) protein inhibits type I and III interferon production by targeting RIG-I/MDA-5 signaling. Signal Transduct Target Ther Internet. 2022 [[accessed Jan 12]];5(1):1–13. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-020-00438-7
- Saha RP, Sharma AR, Singh MK, et al. Repurposing drugs, ongoing vaccine, and new therapeutic development initiatives against COVID-19. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:1258. :10.3389/fphar.2020.01258
- Cao J, Forrest JC, Zhang X. A screen of the NIH Clinical Collection small molecule library identifies potential anti-coronavirus drugs. Antiviral Res. Internet. 2015 [accessed 2022 Jan 16];114:1–10. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25451075/
- Rocco PRM, Silva PL, Cruz FF, et al. Early use of nitazoxanide in mild COVID-19 disease: randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Respir J Internet. 2021 [[accessed 2022 Jan 16]];58(1):2003725. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33361100/
- Das G, Das T, Chowdhury N, et al. Repurposed drugs and nutraceuticals targeting envelope protein: a possible therapeutic strategy against COVID-19. Genomics. 2021;113(1):1129–1140.
- Kumar A, Choudhir G, Shukla SK, et al Identification of phytochemical inhibitors against main protease of COVID-19 using molecular modeling approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn. Internet. 2020 [accessed 2021 Dec 18];39:1. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7284142/
- Muralidharan N, Sakthivel R, Velmurugan D, et al. Computational studies of drug repurposing and synergism of lopinavir, oseltamivir and ritonavir binding with SARS-CoV-2 protease against COVID-19. J Biomol Struct Dyn Internet. 2021 [[accessed 2021 Dec 27]];39(7):2673–2678. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32248766/
- Ma C, Sacco MD, Hurst B, et al. Boceprevir, GC-376, and calpain inhibitors II, XII inhibit SARS-CoV-2 viral replication by targeting the viral main protease. Cell Res Internet. 2021 [[accessed Dec 11]];30(8):678–692. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-020-0356-z
- Mengist HM, Dilnessa T, Jin T. Structural basis of potential inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Front Chem. 2021;9:7.
- Haque SKM, Ashwaq O, Sarief A, et al. A comprehensive review about SARS-CoV-2. Future Virol Internet. 2020 [[accessed 2022 Jan 15]];15(9):625–648. Available from: https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/fvl-2020-0124
- Li Q, Kang CB. Progress in developing inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease. Microorganisms Internet. 2020 [accessed 2022 Jan 15];8(8):1–18. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7463875/
- Shin D, Mukherjee R, Grewe D, et al. Papain-like protease regulates SARS-CoV-2 viral spread and innate immunity. Nat Internet. 2022 [[accessed Jan 14]];587(7835):657–662. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2601-5
- Maiti BK. Can papain-like protease inhibitors halt SARS-CoV-2 replication?. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci Internet. 2020 [[accessed 2022 Mar 22]];3(5):1019. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7409920/
- Hsu J. Covid-19: what now for remdesivir?. BMJ. [ Internet]. 2020 [accessed 2021 Nov 28];371. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m4457.
- Manabe T, Kambayashi D, Akatsu H, et al. Favipiravir for the treatment of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis Internet. 2021 [[accessed 2022 Jan 8]];21(1):1–13. Available from: https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-021-06164-x
- Qin Z, Dong B, Wang R, et al. Preparing anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent EIDD-2801 by a practical and scalable approach, and quick evaluation via machine learning. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021;11(11):3678–3682.
- White MA, Lin W, Cheng X. Discovery of COVID-19 inhibitors targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nsp13 helicase. J Phys Chem Lett [ Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jan 14];9144–9151. Available from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02421.
- Abidi SH, Almansour NM, Amerzhanov D, et al. Repurposing potential of posaconazole and grazoprevir as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 helicase. Sci Rep Internet. 2022 [[cited Jan 14]];11(1):1–11. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89724-0
- Sultana J, Crisafulli S, Gabbay F, et al. Challenges for drug repurposing in the COVID-19 pandemic era. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:1657. :10.3389/fphar.2020.588654
- Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Internet. 2020 [[cited 2022 Jan 18]];323(11):1061–1069. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761044
- Viveiros Rosa SG, Santos WC. Clinical trials on drug repositioning for COVID-19 treatment. Rev Panam Salud Publica/Pan Am J Public Heal. 2020;44.
- Meini S, Pagotto A, Longo B, et al. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of Covid-19: a review of current evidence, guideline recommendations, and perspectives. J Clin Med Internet. 2020 [[cited 2022 Mar 26]];9(7):1–15. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7408758/
- Agrawal U, Raju R, Udwadia ZF. Favipiravir: a new and emerging antiviral option in COVID-19. Med J Internet. 2020 [[cited 2021 Dec 15]];76(4):376. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7467067/
- Doi Y, Hibino M, Hase R, et al. A prospective, randomized, open-label trial of early versus late favipiravir therapy in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Antimicrob Agents Chemother Internet. 2020 [[cited 2021 Dec 15]];64(12):e01897–20. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32958718/
- Uzunova K, Filipova E, Pavlova V, et al. Insights into antiviral mechanisms of remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine affecting the new SARS-CoV-2. Biomed Pharmacother Internet. 2020 [cited 2021 Dec 15];131:110668. Available from: https://pmc/articles/PMC7444940/
- Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, et al. A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med Internet. 2020 [[cited 2020 Apr 18]];382(19):1787–1799. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2001282
- Kokic G, Hillen HS, Tegunov D, et al. Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase stalling by remdesivir. Nat Commun Internet. 2021 [[cited Sep 21]];12(1):1–7. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-20542-0
- Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, et al. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Internet. 2020 [[cited 2021 Dec 24]];395(10236):1569–1578. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140673620310229/fulltext
- Debnath S, Srivastava R, Omri A. Emerging therapeutics for the management of COVID 19. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2020; 25(3):337–351. Internet. Internet,
- Hoffmann M, Mosbauer K, Hofmann-Winkler H, et al. Chloroquine does not inhibit infection of human lung cells with SARS-CoV-2. Nat Internet. 2022 [[cited Jan 9]];585(7826):588–590. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2575-3
- Martinez MA. Lack of effectiveness of repurposed drugs for COVID-19 treatment. Front Immunol. 2021;12:653.
- Shah RR. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: perspectives on their failure in repurposing. J Clin Pharm Ther Internet. 2021 [[cited 2022 Jan 9]];46(1):17–27. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jcpt.13267
- Bryant A, Lawrie TA, Dowswell T, et al. Ivermectin for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis to inform clinical guidelines. Am J Ther Internet. 2021 [[cited 2022 Jan 9]];28(4):e434–e460. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/americantherapeutics/Fulltext/2021/08000/Ivermectin_for_Prevention_and_Treatment_of.7.aspx
- Chaccour C, Casellas A, Blanco-Di Matteo A, et al The effect of early treatment with ivermectin on viral load, symptoms and humoral response in patients with non-severe COVID-19: a pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine. Internet. 2021 [cited 2022 Jan 9];32:100720. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2589537020304648/fulltext
- Lopez-Medina E, Lopez P, Hurtado IC, et al. Effect of ivermectin on time to resolution of symptoms among adults with mild COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internet. 2021 [[cited 2022 Jan 9]];325(14):1426–1435. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777389
- Eastell R, Nagase S, Ohyama M, et al. Safety and efficacy of the cathepsin K inhibitor ONO-5334 in postmenopausal osteoporosis: the OCEAN study. J Bone Miner Res Internet. 2011 [[cited 2022 Mar 26]];26(6):1303–1312. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21312264/
- Elie BT, Gocheva V, Shree T, et al. Identification and preclinical testing of a reversible cathepsin protease inhibitor reveals anti-tumor efficacy in a pancreatic cancer model. Biochimie Internet. 2010 [[cited 2022 Mar 26]];92(11):1618–1624. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3814225/
- Pineda B, La CVPD, Pando HR, et al Quinacrine as a potential treatment for COVID-19 virus infection. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. Internet. 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 26];25:556–566. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33506949/
- Chaves OA, Fintelman-Rodrigues N, Temerozo JR, et al. Atazanavir is a competitive inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 M pro, impairing variants replication in vitro and in vivo sible for RNA replication and transcription of structural genes. Pharmaceuticals. 2022;15(1):21.
- Ahmed MH, Hassan A. Dexamethasone for the treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a review. Sn Compr Clin Med Internet. 2020 [[cited 2022 Mar 26]];2(12):10. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7599121/
- Kalantari S, Fard SR, Maleki D, et al. Comparing the effectiveness of Atazanavir/Ritonavir/Dolutegravir/Hydroxychloroquine and Lopinavir/Ritonavir/Hydroxychloroquine treatment regimens in COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol Internet. 2021 [[cited 2022 Mar 26]];93(12):6557–6565. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmv.27195
- Alavian G, Kolahdouzan K, Mortezazadeh M, et al. Antiretrovirals for prophylaxis against COVID‐19: a comprehensive literature review. J Clin Pharmacol Internet. 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 26];61(5):581–590. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7753707/
- Perisic O. Recognition of potential COVID-19 drug treatments through the study of existing protein–drug and protein–protein structures: an analysis of kinetically active residues. Biomolecules Internet. 2020 [[cited 2022 Mar 26]];10(9):1346. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/10/9/1346/htm
- Mei M, Tan X. Current strategies of antiviral drug discovery for COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci. 2021;8:310.
- Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X, et al. Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat Commun Internet. 2020 [cited 2022 Jan 10];11(1):1620. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32221306/
- Baranov MV, Bianchi F, van den Bogaart G. The PIKfyve inhibitor apilimod: a double-edged sword against COVID-19. Cells [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jan 10];10(1):30. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/1/30/htm
- Riva L, Yuan S, Yin X, et al. Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs through large-scale compound repurposing. Nat Internet. 2022 [[cited Jan 11]];586(7827):113–119. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2577-1
- Kato F, Matsuyama S, Kawase M, et al. Antiviral activities of mycophenolic acid and IMD-0354 against SARS-CoV-2. Microbiol Immunol Internet. 2020 [cited 2022 Jan 11];64(9):635–639. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1348-0421.12828
- Rojas MS, Garcia RS, Bini E, et al Quinacrine, an antimalarial drug with strong activity inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 viral replication in vitro. Viruses. Internet. 2021 [cited 2022 Jan 11];13:MC7830524. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7830524/
- Bernal-Bello D, Morales-Ortega A, Isabel Farfán-Sedano A, et al. Imatinib in COVID-19: hope and caution. Lancet Respir Med Internet. 2021 [[cited 2022 Jan 11]];9(9):938–939. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2213260021002666/fulltext
- Aman J, Duijvelaar E, Botros L, et al. Imatinib in patients with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Lancet Respir Med Internet. 2021 [[cited 2022 Jan 11]];9(9):957–968. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S221326002100237X/fulltext
- Zhou Y, Wang F, Tang J, et al. Artificial intelligence in COVID-19 drug repurposing. Lancet Digit Heal. 2020;2(12):e667–e676.
- Greene JA, Loscalzo J, Malina D. Putting the patient back together- social medicine, network medicine, and the limits of reductionism. N Engl J Med Internet. 2017 [[cited 2022 Jan 9]];377(25):2493–2499. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29262277/
- Zhou G, Stewart L, Reggiano G, et al Computational drug repurposing studies on SARS-CoV-2 protein targets. Biol. Med. Chem. 2020 [ Internet] [cited 2022 Mar 26]. p. 1. Available from: https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/60c74b4bee301ca713c79ddb.
- Li F, Michelson AP, Foraker R, et al. Computational analysis to repurpose drugs for COVID-19 based on transcriptional response of host cells to SARS-CoV-2. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak Internet. 2021 [[cited 2022 Mar 26]];21(1):1–13. Available from: https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12911-020-01373-x
- Wang J. Fast identification of possible drug treatment of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) through computational drug repurposing study. J Chem Inf Model Internet. 2020 [cited 2022 Mar 26];60(6):3277–3286. Available from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00179
- Yingkai Gao K, Fokoue A, Luo H, et al Interpretable drug target prediction using deep neural representation. IJCAI Int Jt Conf Artif Intell. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence; 2018. p. 3371–3377.
- Beck BR, Shin B, Choi Y, et al Predicting commercially available antiviral drugs that may act on the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) through a drug-target interaction deep learning model. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. Internet. 2020 [cited 2022 Jan 10];18:784–790. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32280433/
- Behera SK, Vhora N, Contractor D, et al. Computational drug repurposing study elucidating simultaneous inhibition of entry and replication of novel Corona virus by Grazoprevir. Sci Rep Internet. 2021 [[cited 2022 Mar 26]];11(1):1–11. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-86712-2
- Venkatesan P. Repurposing drugs for treatment of COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med Internet. 2021 [[cited 2022 Jan 25]];9(7):e63. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2213260021002708/fulltext
- Talevi A, Bellera CL. Challenges and opportunities with drug repurposing: finding strategies to find alternative uses of therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Discov Internet. 2019 [[cited 2022 Mar 25]];15(4):397–401. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17460441.2020.1704729
- Jang WD, Jeon S, Kim S, et al. Drugs repurposed for COVID-19 by virtual screening of 6,218 drugs and cell-based assay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Internet. 2021 [[cited 2022 Jan 27]];118(30):e2024302118. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34234012/
- Bakowski MA, Beutler N, Wolff KC, et al. Drug repurposing screens identify chemical entities for the development of COVID-19 interventions. Nat Commun Internet. 2021 [[cited 2022 Jan 27]];12(1):1–14. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23328-0
- Sun W, Sanderson P, Zheng W. Drug combination therapy increases successful drug repositioning. Drug Discov Today Internet. 2016 [[cited 2022 Mar 26]];21(7):1189–1195. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4907866/
- FDA. Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA authorizes first oral antiviral for treatment of COVID-19 [ Internet]. Food Drug Adm. 2021 [cited 2022 Jan 30]. p. 1. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-first-oral-antiviral-treatment-covid-19.