Evaluation of duration of antibiotic therapy across hospitals in Scotland including the impact of COVID-19 pandemic: a segmented interrupted time series analysis

References

• Founou RC, Founou LL, Essack SY. Clinical and economic impact of antibiotic resistance in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0189621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. Stemming the superbug tide. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Spellberg B. The new antibiotic mantra—“shorter is better.” JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(9):1254–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashiru-Oredope D, Kerr F, Hughes S, et al. Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on antimicrobial stewardship activities/programs in the United Kingdom. Antibiotics. 2021;10(2):110.
   Google Scholar
• Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, et al. Antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19: rapid review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(4):520–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alshaikh FS, Godman B, Sindi ON, et al. Prevalence of bacterial coinfection and patterns of antibiotics prescribing in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2022;17(8):e0272375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaton RA, Gibbons CL, Cooper L, et al. Survey of antibiotic and antifungal prescribing in patients with suspected and confirmed COVID-19 in Scottish hospitals. J Infect. 2020;81(6):952–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infection (ARHAI) Scotland. Scottish one health antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in 2020. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Pinzone MR, Cacopardo B, Abbo L, et al. Duration of antimicrobial therapy in community acquired pneumonia: less is more. Sci World J. 2014;2014:759138.
   Google Scholar
• Hanretty AM, Gallagher JC. Shortened courses of antibiotics for bacterial infections: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacother J Human Pharmacol Drug Ther. 2018;38(6):674–687.
   Google Scholar
• Spellberg B. The maturing antibiotic mantra: “shorter is still better”. J Hosp Med. 2018;13(5):361.362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughn VM, Flanders SA, Snyder A, et al. Excess antibiotic treatment duration and adverse events in patients hospitalized with pneumonia: a multihospital cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(3):153–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Improvment Scotland. Implementing an electronic prescribing and medicines administration system. 2022. [cited 2022 Oct 11]. Available from: https://www.healthcareimprovementscotland.org/our_work/technologies_and_medicines/electronic_prescribing.aspx
   Google Scholar
• McKight PE, Najab J. Kruskal‐wallis test I.B. Weiner and W.E. Craighead . In: The corsini encyclopedia of psychology (New York, USA: Wiley). 2010. p. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Woolson RF. Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. Wiley encyclopedia of clinical trials: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2007. p. 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner AK, Soumerai SB, Zhang F, et al. Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series studies in medication use research. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2002;27(4):299–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbation): antimicrobial prescribing. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Seaton A. COVID-19 and its impact on antimicrobial stewardship. Switzerland: REVIVE; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Gray A, Dryden M, Charos A. Antibiotic management and early discharge from hospital: an economic analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(9):2297–2302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hand KS, Cumming D, Hopkins S, et al. Electronic prescribing system design priorities for antimicrobial stewardship: a cross-sectional survey of 142 UK infection specialists. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(4):1206–1216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biedron C, Chopra T. Issues surrounding antibiotic use in older adults. Curr Transl Geriatr Exp Gerontol Rep. 2013;2(3):151–158
   Google Scholar
• Beckett C, Harbarth S, Huttner B. Special considerations of antibiotic prescription in the geriatric population. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(1):3–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaton RA, Cooper L, Gibbons CL, et al. Antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infection in patients with suspected and proven COVID-19: results from an antibiotic point prevalence survey in Scottish hospitals. JAC-Antimicrob Resist. 2021;3(2):dlab078.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russell CD, Fairfield CJ, Drake TM, et al. Co-infections, secondary infections, and antimicrobial usage in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK study: a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Microbe. 2021;2(8):e354–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Services Scotland. Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infection Scotland (ARHAI). Scotland; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Tomczyk S, Taylor A, Brown A, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the surveillance, prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance: a global survey. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021;76(11):3045–3058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathwani D, Lawson W, Dryden M, et al. Implementing criteria-based early switch/early discharge programmes: a European perspective. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21:S47–S55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Moussaoui R, De BCA, Van den Broek P, et al. Effectiveness of discontinuing antibiotic treatment after three days versus eight days in mild to moderate-severe community acquired pneumonia: randomised, double blind study. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(9):1257–1265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon J-Y, et al. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. Jama. 2003;290(19):2588–2598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliakim-Raz N, Yahav D, Paul M, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment for acute pyelonephritis and septic urinary tract infection—7 days or less versus longer treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(10):2183–2191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer RG, Claridge JA, Nathens AB, et al. Trial of short-course antimicrobial therapy for intraabdominal infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(21):1996–2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Moussaoui R, Roede BM, Speelman P, et al. Short-course antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and COPD: a meta-analysis of double-blind studies. Thorax. 2008;63(5):415–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Karageorgopoulos DE, Grammatikos AP, et al. Effectiveness and safety of short vs long duration of antibiotic therapy for acute bacterial sinusitis: a meta‐analysis of randomized trials. Br J Clinic Pharmacol. 2009;67(2):161–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepburn MJ, Dooley DP, Skidmore PJ, et al. Comparison of short-course (5 days) and standard (10 days) treatment for uncomplicated cellulitis. Arch Internal Med. 2004;164(15):1669–1674.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duration of Treatment for Spondylodiscitis (DTS) study group; Bernard L, Dinh A, Ghout I, et al. Antibiotic treatment for 6 weeks versus 12 weeks in patients with pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2015;385(9971):875–882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polk RE, Fox C, Mahoney A, et al. Measurement of adult antibacterial drug use in 130 US hospitals: comparison of defined daily dose and days of therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 1;44(5):664–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polk RE, Hohmann SF, Medvedev S, et al. Benchmarking risk-adjusted adult antibacterial drug use in 70 US academic medical center hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Dec;53(11):1100–1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett N, Schulz L, Boyd S, et al. Understanding inpatient antimicrobial stewardship metrics. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(4):230–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Protection Scotland. National point prevalence survey of healthcare associated infection and antimicrobial prescribing. 2016.
   Google Scholar