334
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Part 2: mucormycosis: focus on therapy

&
Pages 737-748 | Received 09 Mar 2023, Accepted 25 May 2023, Published online: 13 Jun 2023

References

  • Skiada A, Pagano L, Groll A, et al. Zygomycosis in Europe: analysis of 230 cases accrued by the registry of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) Working Group on Zygomycosis between 2005 and 2007. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:1859–1867.
  • Sun HY, Forrest G, Gupta KL, et al. Rhino-orbital-cerebral zygomycosis in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2010;90:85–92.
  • Ruping MJ, Heinz WJ, Kindo AJ, et al. Forty-one recent cases of invasive zygomycosis from a global clinical registry. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(2):296–302. doi:10.1093/jac/dkp430
  • Ma J, Jia R, Li J, et al. Retrospective clinical study of eighty-one cases of intracranial mMucormycosis. J Glob Infect Dis. 2015;7:143–150. DOI:10.4103/0974-777X.170497
  • Patel A, Kaur H, Xess I, et al. A multicentre observational study on the epidemiology, risk factors, management and outcomes of mucormycosis in India. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26:944 e9–e15 . DOI:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.11.021
  • Kyvernitakis A, Torres HA, Jiang Y, et al. Initial use of combination treatment does not impact survival of 106 patients with haematologic malignancies and mucormycosis: a propensity score analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22:811 e1–e8.
  • Sanghvi D, Kale H. Imaging of COVID-19-associated craniofacial mucormycosis: a black and white review of the “black fungus”. Clin Radiol. 2021;76(11):812–819. DOI:10.1016/j.crad.2021.07.004.
  • Skiada A, Lanternier F, Groll AH, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis in patients with hematological malignancies: guidelines from the 3rd European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL 3). Haematologica. 2013;98:492–504. doi:10.3324/haematol.2012.065110
  • Giudice G, Cutrignelli DA, Sportelli P, et al. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis with orosinusal involvement: diagnostic and surgical treatment guidelines. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2016;16:264–269. doi:10.2174/1871530316666161223145055
  • Tissot F, Agrawal S, Pagano L, et al. ECIL-6 guidelines for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis and mucormycosis in leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Haematologica. 2017;102(3):433–444. doi:10.3324/haematol.2016.152900
  • Jenks JD, Salzer HJ, Prattes J, et al. Spotlight on isavuconazole in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis: design, development, and place in therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;12:1033–1044. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S145545
  • Badali H, Canete-Gibas C, McCarthy D, et al. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibilities of mucoralean fungi in clinical samples from the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 2021;59(9):e0123021. doi:10.1128/JCM.01230-21
  • Kontoyiannis DP, Azie N, Franks B, et al. Prospective antifungal therapy (PATH) alliance((R)): focus on mucormycosis. Mycoses. 2014;57:240–246. doi: 10.1111/myc.12149
  • Imhof A, Balajee SA, Fredricks DN, et al. Breakthrough fungal infections in stem cell transplant recipients receiving voriconazole. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(5):743–746. doi:10.1086/423274
  • Rudramurthy SM, Hoenigl M, Meis JF, et al. ECMM/ISHAM recommendations for clinical management of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis in low- and middle-income countries. Mycoses. 2021;64(9):1028–1037. doi:10.1111/myc.13335
  • Chamilos G, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Delaying amphotericin B-based frontline therapy significantly increases mortality among patients with hematologic malignancy who have zygomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:503–509.
  • Roden MM, Zaoutis TE, Buchanan WL, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:634–653.
  • Lanternier F, Poiree S, Elie C, et al. Prospective pilot study of high-dose (10 mg/kg/day) liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) for the initial treatment of mucormycosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(11):3116–3123. doi:10.1093/jac/dkv236
  • Cornely OA, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Arenz D, et al. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis: an initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:e405–e21. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30312-3
  • Shoham S, Magill SS, Merz WG, et al. Primary treatment of zygomycosis with liposomal amphotericin B: analysis of 28 cases. Med Mycol. 2010;48(3):511–517. doi:10.3109/13693780903311944
  • Tedder M, Spratt JA, Anstadt MP, et al. Pulmonary mucormycosis: results of medical and surgical therapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;57:1044–1050.
  • Song Y, Qiao J, Giovanni G, et al. Mucormycosis in renal transplant recipients: review of 174 reported cases. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):283. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2381-1
  • Legouge C, Caillot D, Chretien ML, et al. The reversed halo sign: pathognomonic pattern of pulmonary mucormycosis in leukemic patients with neutropenia? Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(5):672–678. doi:10.1093/cid/cit929
  • Almyroudis NG, Sutton DA, Linden P, et al. Zygomycosis in solid organ transplant recipients in a tertiary transplant center and review of the literature. Am J Transplant. 2006;6(10):2365–2374. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01496.x
  • Chakrabarti A, Das A, Mandal J, et al. The rising trend of invasive zygomycosis in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Med Mycol. 2006;44(4):335–342. doi:10.1080/13693780500464930
  • Kaur H, Ghosh A, Rudramurthy SM, et al. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis in apparently immunocompetent hosts-A review. Mycoses. 2018;61:898–908. doi: 10.1111/myc.12798
  • Ziaka M, Papakonstantinou E, Vasileiou E, et al. Paediatric cutaneous mucormycosis: a case report and review of the literature. Mycoses. 2022;65(7):674–682. doi:10.1111/myc.13452
  • Datarkar A, Bhawalkar A, Daware S, et al. Anti-fungal therapy: an overview for maxillofacial surgeons in post-covid-19 fungal infections. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2022;13(3):330–336. doi:10.4103/njms.njms_412_21
  • Gupta S, Goil P, Mohammad A, et al. Mucormycosis management in COVID-19 era: is immediate surgical debridement and reconstruction the answer? Arch Plast Surg. 2022;49(3):397–404. doi:10.1055/s-0042-1748654
  • Sen M, Honavar SG, Bansal R, et al. Epidemiology, clinical profile, management, and outcome of COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis in 2826 patients in India - Collaborative OPAI-IJO Study on Mucormycosis in COVID-19 (COSMIC), Report 1. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69:1670–1692.
  • Moorthy A, Nayak T, Bachalli PS, et al. COVID-associated rhinocerebral mucormycosis: a retrospective analysis of presentation and outcomes. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2022;208:1–9.
  • Thajeb P, Thajeb T, Dai D. Fatal strokes in patients with rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis and associated vasculopathy. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36(9):643–648. doi:10.1080/00365540410020794.
  • Okwechime RT, Reyes N, Trivedi D, et al. Bilateral cerebral mucormycosis in an immunocompetent female. Ochsner J. 2022;22(2):169–175. doi:10.31486/toj.21.0088
  • Cornely OA, Arikan-Akdagli S, Dannaoui E, et al. ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis 2013. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(Suppl 3):5–26. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12371
  • Biddeci G, Antonello M, Pizzi M, et al. Mucormycosis with peculiar aortic involvement in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2020;37(2):164–169. doi:10.1080/08880018.2019.1691294
  • Coffey MJ, Fantone J, Stirling MC, et al. Pseudoaneurysm of pulmonary artery in mucormycosis. Radiographic characteristics and management. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145:1487–1490. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/145.6.1487
  • Athanasiadou KI, Athanasiadis DI, Constantinidis J, et al. Successful treatment of rhinoorbital mucormycosis due to Rhizopus arrhizus with liposomal amphotericin B, posaconazole and surgical debridement in a child with neuroblastoma. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2019;25:10–14. doi:10.1016/j.mmcr.2019.06.003
  • Gamaletsou MN, Sipsas NV, Roilides E, et al. Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2012;14(4):423–434. doi:10.1007/s11908-012-0272-6
  • Ziakas PD, Adraktas P, Ntountas J, et al. Isolated orbital mucormycosis: a rare presentation ending in a fatal outcome. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13(1):112–114. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2008.01.015
  • Eldsouky SM, Shahat AK, Al-Tabbakh AM, et al. Clinical and mycological investigations of post-COVID-19 acute invasive fungal sinusitis. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol. 2022;7:1780–1789. doi:10.1002/lio2.956
  • Saluja G, Bhari A, Pushker N, et al. Experience on rhino-orbital mucormycosis from a tertiary care hospital in the first wave of COVID-19: an Indian perspective. Med J Armed Forces India. 2022. doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2022.01.009
  • Hoenigl M, Seidel D, Carvalho A, et al. The emergence of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: a review of cases from 18 countries. Lancet Microbe. 2022;3(7):e543–e552. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00237-8
  • Muthu V, Agarwal R, Rudramurthy SM, et al. Multicenter case-control study of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis Outbreak, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29:8–19. doi:10.3201/eid2901.220926
  • Patel M, Panchal J, Desai C, et al. Emergence of cerebral mucormycosis in the Post-COVID Period: a detailed analysis of risk factors, clinical progression, and management of this opportunistic fungal infection. Cureus. 2022;14:e31220. .
  • Rizvi SWA, Khan S, Shahbaz M, et al. Long-term outcomes of transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B in COVID-19-associated mucormycosis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2023;71(2):452–456. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1382_22
  • Kamath S, Kumar M, Sarkar N, et al. A study of profile of mucormycosis during the second wave of COVID-19 in a tertiary care hospital. Cureus. 2022;14:e21054. doi:10.7759/cureus.21054
  • Gupta U, Paliwal D, Rawat S. Mucormycosis in India: pathophysiology and perspectives on treatment and management. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2022, May 9;22.
  • Chaurpagar R, Chiplunkar B, Doifode P, et al. Study of clinicoepidemiology and surgical complications in acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2023;75:1–8. doi: 10.1007/s12070-022-03430-5
  • Sirohiya P, Vig S, Mathur T, et al. Airway management, procedural data, and in-hospital mortality records of patients undergoing surgery for mucormycosis associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). J Mycol Med. 2022;32(4):101307. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2022.101307
  • Chretien ML, Legouge C, Pages PB, et al. Emergency and elective pulmonary surgical resection in haematological patients with invasive fungal infections: a report of 50 cases in a single centre. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(9):782–787. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.12.029
  • Feng J, Sun X. Characteristics of pulmonary mucormycosis and predictive risk factors for the outcome. Infection. 2018;46(4):503–512. doi:10.1007/s15010-018-1149-x.
  • Pagano L, Ricci P, Tonso A, et al. Mucormycosis in patients with haematological malignancies: a retrospective clinical study of 37 cases. GIMEMA infection program (Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche Maligne dell’Adulto). Br J Haematol. 1997;99(2):331–336. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.3983214.x
  • Hamilos G, Samonis G, Kontoyiannis DP. Pulmonary mucormycosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;32(6):693–702. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1295717.
  • Sun HY, Aguado JM, Bonatti H, et al. Pulmonary zygomycosis in solid organ transplant recipients in the current era. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:2166–2171.
  • Lee JH, Hyun JS, Kang DY, et al. Rare complication of bronchoesophageal fistula due to pulmonary mucormycosis after induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2016;10(1):195–197. DOI:10.1186/s13256-016-0991-7
  • Chamilos G, Marom EM, Lewis RE, et al. Predictors of pulmonary zygomycosis versus invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(1):60–66. DOI:10.1086/430710
  • Mills SEA, Yeldandi AV, Odell DD. Surgical treatment of multifocal pulmonary mucormycosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;106:e93–e5. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.12.033
  • Vercillo MS, Liptay MJ, Seder CW. Early pneumonectomy for pulmonary mucormycosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;99(3):e67–8. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.11.061.
  • Lee E, Vershvovsky Y, Miller F, et al. Combined medical surgical therapy for pulmonary mucormycosis in a diabetic renal allograft recipient. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38(6):E37. DOI:10.1053/ajkd.2001.29293
  • Multani A, Reveron-Thornton R, Garvert DW, et al. Cut it out! Thoracic surgeon’s approach to pulmonary mucormycosis and the role of surgical resection in survival. Mycoses. 2019;62(10):893–907. DOI:10.1111/myc.12954
  • Kontoyiannis DP, Wessel VC, Bodey GP, et al. Zygomycosis in the 1990s in a tertiary-care cancer center. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30(6):851–856. DOI:10.1086/313803
  • Bao J, Liu C, Dong Y, et al. Clinical manifestations of pulmonary mucormycosis in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a 21-Case series report and literature review. Can Respir J. 2022;2022:1237125. doi:10.1155/2022/1237125
  • Choi H, Lee H, Jeon K, et al. Factors affecting surgical resection and treatment outcomes in patients with pulmonary mucormycosis. J Thorac Dis. 2019;11:892–900.
  • McAdams HP, Rosado de Christenson M, Strollo DC, et al. Pulmonary mucormycosis: radiologic findings in 32 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;168(6):1541–1548. DOI:10.2214/ajr.168.6.9168721
  • Lee FY, Mossad SB, Adal KA. Pulmonary mucormycosis: the last 30 years. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1301–1309. doi: 10.1001/archinte.159.12.1301
  • Pulle MV, Puri HV, Asaf BB, et al. Outcomes of early anti-fungal therapy with aggressive surgical resection in pulmonary mucormycosis. Lung India. 2021;38(4):314–320. DOI:10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_758_20
  • Hicks WL Jr., Nowels K, Troxel J. Primary cutaneous mucormycosis. Am J Otolaryngol. 1995;16:265–268. doi: 10.1016/0196-0709(95)90155-8
  • Planegger A, Uyulmaz S, Poskevicius A, et al. Cutaneous invasive fungal infections with Saksenaea species in immunocompetent patients in Europe: a systematic review and case report. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2022;10(4):e4230. DOI:10.1097/GOX.0000000000004230
  • Li H, Hwang SK, Zhou C, et al. Gangrenous cutaneous mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus oryzae: a case report and review of primary cutaneous mucormycosis in China over past 20 years. Mycopathologia. 2013;176(1–2):123–128. DOI:10.1007/s11046-013-9654-z
  • Castrejon-Perez AD, Welsh EC, Miranda I, et al. Cutaneous mucormycosis. An Bras Dermatol. 2017;92(3):304–311. DOI:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20176614
  • Lelievre L, Garcia-Hermoso D, Abdoul H, et al. Posttraumatic mucormycosis: a nationwide study in France and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93(24):395–404. DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000000221
  • Skiada A, Drogari-Apiranthitou M, Pavleas I, et al. Global cutaneous mucormycosis: a systematic review. J Fungi (Basel). 2022;8(2):8.194–9. doi:10.3390/jof8020194
  • Dannaoui E. Antifungal resistance in mucorales. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2017;50(5):617–621. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.08.010.
  • Clark NM, Grim SA, Lynch JP 3rd. Posaconazole: use in the prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;36:767–785. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1562902
  • Vehreschild JJ, Birtel A, Vehreschild MJ, et al. Mucormycosis treated with posaconazole: review of 96 case reports. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2013;39:310–324. doi:10.3109/1040841X.2012.711741
  • van Burik JA, Hare RS, Solomon HF, et al. Posaconazole is effective as salvage therapy in zygomycosis: a retrospective summary of 91 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:e61–5. doi:10.1086/500212
  • Ananda-Rajah MR, Kontoyiannis D. Isavuconazole: a new extended spectrum triazole for invasive mold diseases. Future Microbiol. 2015;10:693–708. doi: 10.2217/fmb.15.34
  • Bagshaw E, Enoch DA, Blackney M, et al. Economic impact of treating invasive mold disease with isavuconazole compared with liposomal amphotericin B in the UK. Future Microbiol. 2018;13:1283–1293. doi:10.2217/fmb-2018-0119
  • Perfect JR, Cornely OA, Heep M, et al. Isavuconazole treatment for rare fungal diseases and for invasive aspergillosis in patients with renal impairment: challenges and lessons of the VITAL trial. Mycoses. 2018;61(7):420–429. doi:10.1111/myc.12769
  • Marty FM, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Cornely OA, et al. Isavuconazole treatment for mucormycosis: a single-arm open-label trial and case-control analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:828–837.
  • Falci DR, Pasqualotto AC. Profile of isavuconazole and its potential in the treatment of severe invasive fungal infections. Infect Drug Resist. 2013;6:163–174. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S51340
  • Natesan SK, Chandrasekar PH. Isavuconazole for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis: current evidence, safety, efficacy, and clinical recommendations. Infect Drug Resist. 2016;9:291–300. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S102207
  • Guinea J, Pelaez T, Recio S, et al. In vitro antifungal activities of isavuconazole (BAL4815), voriconazole, and fluconazole against 1,007 isolates of zygomycete, Candida, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Scedosporium species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:1396–1400. doi:10.1128/AAC.01512-07
  • Espinel-Ingroff A, Chakrabarti A, Chowdhary A, et al. Multicenter evaluation of MIC distributions for epidemiologic cutoff value definition to detect amphotericin B, posaconazole, and itraconazole resistance among the most clinically relevant species of Mucorales. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(3):1745–1750. doi:10.1128/AAC.04435-14
  • Arendrup MC, Jensen RH, Meletiadis J. In vitro activity of isavuconazole and comparators against clinical Isolates of the Mucorales order. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(12):7735–7742. doi:10.1128/AAC.01919-15.
  • Groll AH, Desai A, Han D, et al. Pharmacokinetic assessment of drug-drug interactions of isavuconazole with the immunosuppressants cyclosporine, mycophenolic acid, prednisolone, sirolimus, and tacrolimus in healthy adults. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2017;6(1):76–85. doi:10.1002/cpdd.284
  • Sansone-Parsons A, Krishna G, Martinho M, et al. Effect of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Pharmacother. 2007;27(6):825–834. doi:10.1592/phco.27.6.825
  • Collins J, Shea K, Parsad S, et al. The impact of initiating posaconazole on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in allogeneic stem cell transplantation. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2020;26(1):5–12. doi:10.1177/1078155219833440
  • Moton A, Ma L, Krishna G, et al. Effects of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of sirolimus. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25(3):701–707. DOI:10.1185/03007990802644209
  • Manesh A, John AO, Mathew B, et al. Posaconazole: an emerging therapeutic option for invasive rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis. Mycoses. 2016;59(12):765–772. DOI:10.1111/myc.12529
  • Epstein JB, Kupferman SB, Zabner R, et al. Early diagnosis and successful management of oral mucormycosis in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient: case report and literature review. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(8):3343–3346. DOI:10.1007/s00520-016-3170-x
  • Abboud CS, Bergamasco MD, Baia CE, et al. Case report of hepatic mucormycosis after liver transplantation: successful treatment with liposomal amphotericin B followed by posaconazole sequential therapy. Transplant Proc. 2012;44(8):2501–2502. DOI:10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.07.042
  • Ashkenazi-Hoffnung L, Bilavsky E, Avitzur Y, et al. Successful treatment of cutaneous zygomycosis with intravenous amphotericin B followed by oral posaconazole in a multivisceral transplant recipient. Transplantation. 2010;90(10):1133–1135. DOI:10.1097/TP.0b013e3181f86916
  • Tobon AM, Arango M, Fernandez D, et al. Mucormycosis (zygomycosis) in a heart-kidney transplant recipient: recovery after posaconazole therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36(11):1488–1491. DOI:10.1086/375075
  • Tverdek FP, Heo ST, Aitken SL, et al. Real-life assessment of the safety and effectiveness of the new tablet and intravenous formulations of posaconazole in the prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections via analysis of 343 courses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(8):61. DOI:10.1128/AAC.00188-17
  • Auberger J, Lass-Florl C, Aigner M, et al. Invasive fungal breakthrough infections, fungal colonization and emergence of resistant strains in high-risk patients receiving antifungal prophylaxis with posaconazole: real-life data from a single-centre institutional retrospective observational study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(9):2268–2273. DOI:10.1093/jac/dks189
  • Shirley M, Scott LJ. Isavuconazole: a Review in invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Drugs. 2016;76:1647–1657. doi: 10.1007/s40265-016-0652-6
  • Peixoto D, Gagne LS, Hammond SP, et al. Isavuconazole treatment of a patient with disseminated mucormycosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(3):1016–1019. DOI:10.1128/JCM.03176-13
  • Miceli MH, Kauffman CA. Isavuconazole: a new broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:1558–1565. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ571
  • Graves B, Morrissey CO, Wei A, et al. Isavuconazole as salvage therapy for mucormycosis. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2016;11:36–39. doi:10.1016/j.mmcr.2016.03.002
  • Ervens J, Ghannoum M, Graf B, et al. Successful isavuconazole salvage therapy in a patient with invasive mucormycosis. Infection. 2014;42(2):429–432. doi:10.1007/s15010-013-0552-6.
  • Rausch CR, DiPippo AJ, Bose P, et al. Breakthrough fungal infections in patients with leukemia receiving isavuconazole. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67:1610–1613. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy406
  • Dagher H, Hachem R, Chaftari AM, et al. Real-world use of isavuconazole as primary therapy for invasive fungal infections in high-risk patients with hematologic malignancy or stem cell transplant. J Fungi (Basel). 2022;8(1):8.74–8. DOI:10.3390/jof8010074
  • Maertens JA, Raad II, Marr KA, et al. Isavuconazole versus voriconazole for primary treatment of invasive mould disease caused by Aspergillus and other filamentous fungi (SECURE): a phase 3, randomised-controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2016;387:760–769. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01159-9
  • Monforte A, Los-Arcos I, Martin-Gomez MT, et al. Safety and effectiveness of isavuconazole treatment for fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients (ISASOT Study). Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(1):e0178421. DOI:10.1128/spectrum.01784-21
  • Kronig I, Masouridi-Levrat S, Chalandon Y, et al. Clinical considerations of isavuconazole administration in high-risk hematological patients: a single-center 5-year experience. Mycopathologia. 2021;186(6):775–788. doi:10.1007/s11046-021-00583-9
  • Patterson TF, Thompson GR 3rd, Denning DW, et al. Executive summary: practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Aspergillosis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(4):433–442. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw444
  • Schmitt-Hoffmann A, Desai A, Kowalski D, et al. Isavuconazole absorption following oral administration in healthy subjects is comparable to intravenous dosing, and is not affected by food, or drugs that alter stomach pH. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016;54(8):572–580. doi:10.5414/CP202434
  • Furfaro E, Signori A, Di Grazia C, et al. Serial monitoring of isavuconazole blood levels during prolonged antifungal therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74(8):2341–2346. doi:10.1093/jac/dkz188
  • Desai AV, Kovanda LL, Hope WW, et al. Exposure-response relationships for isavuconazole in patients with invasive Aspergillosis and other filamentous fungi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(12):61.34–9. doi:10.1128/AAC.01034-17
  • Tacke D, Koehler P, Markiefka B, et al. Our 2014 approach to mucormycosis. Mycoses. 2014;57(9):519–524. doi:10.1111/myc.12203.
  • Candoni A, Aversa F, Busca A, et al. Combination antifungal therapy for invasive mould diseases in haematologic patients. An update on clinical data. J Chemother. 2015;27(1):1–12. doi:10.1179/1973947814Y.0000000224
  • Pagano L, Cornely OA, Busca A, et al. Combined antifungal approach for the treatment of invasive mucormycosis in patients with hematologic diseases: a report from the SEIFEM and FUNGISCOPE registries. Haematologica. 2013;98(10):e127–30. doi:10.3324/haematol.2012.083063
  • Reed C, Bryant R, Ibrahim AS, et al. Combination polyene-caspofungin treatment of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(3):364–371. doi:10.1086/589857
  • Spellberg B, Fu Y, Edwards JE Jr., et al. Combination therapy with amphotericin B lipid complex and caspofungin acetate of disseminated zygomycosis in diabetic ketoacidotic mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(2):830–832. doi:10.1128/AAC.49.2.830-832.2005
  • Ibrahim AS, Gebremariam T, Fu Y, et al. Combination echinocandin-polyene treatment of murine mucormycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(4):1556–1558. DOI:10.1128/AAC.01458-07
  • Gebremariam T, Gu Y, Singh S, et al. Combination treatment of liposomal amphotericin B and isavuconazole is synergistic in treating experimental mucormycosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021;76(10):2636–2639. doi:10.1093/jac/dkab233
  • Spellberg B, Ibrahim AS, Chin-Hong PV, et al. The Deferasirox-AmBisome therapy for Mucormycosis (DEFEAT Mucor) study: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:715–722. doi:10.1093/jac/dkr375
  • Hoenigl M, Sprute R, Egger M, et al. The antifungal pipeline: fosmanogepix, ibrexafungerp, olorofim, opelconazole, and rezafungin. Drugs. 2021;81(15):1703–1729. doi:10.1007/s40265-021-01611-0
  • Gebremariam T, Gu Y, Alkhazraji S, et al. The combination treatment of fosmanogepix and liposomal Amphotericin B is superior to monotherapy in treating experimental invasive mold infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022;66(7):e0038022. doi:10.1128/aac.00380-22
  • Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al. An official American Thoracic Society statement: treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(1):96–128. doi:10.1164/rccm.2008-740ST
  • Muthu V, Agarwal R, Patel A, et al. Definition, diagnosis, and management of COVID-19-associated pulmonary mucormycosis: delphi consensus statement from the Fungal Infection Study Forum and Academy of Pulmonary Sciences, India. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(9):22;e240–e253. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00124-4

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.