Major depressive disorder: insight into candidate cerebrospinal fluid protein biomarkers from proteomics studies

References

• World Health Organization (website). Depression: fact sheet updated [Internet]. [cited Apr 2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/ ​​​​​​
   Google Scholar
• Andrade L, Caraveo-Anduaga JJ, Berglund P, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive episodes: results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) surveys. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2003;12(1):3–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, et al. Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet. 2007;370(9590):851–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland JRM, Beekman ATF, Braam AW, et al. Depression among older people in Europe: the EURODEP studies. World Psychiatry. 2004;3(1):45–49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olesen J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, et al. The economic cost of brain disorders in Europe. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:155–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belmaker RH, Agam G, Major depressive disorder. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:55–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulbins E, Palmada M, Reichel M, et al. Acid sphingomyelinase-ceramide system mediates effects of antidepressant drugs. Nat Med. 2013;19(7):934–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jernigan PL, Hoehn RS, Grassme H, et al. Sphingolipids in major depression. NeuroSignals. 2015;23(1):49–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sapolsky RM. Depression, antidepressants, and the shrinking hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2001;98(22):12320–12322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann J. The medical management of depression. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(17):1819–1834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush A. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(11):1905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennings JM, Owashi T, Binder EB, et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in a representative sample of depressed inpatients – findings from the Munich Antidepressant Response Signature (MARS) project. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43(3):215–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert J. Cortisol and depression: three questions for psychiatry. Psychol Med. 2013;43(3):449–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merali Z. Dysregulation in the suicide brain: mRNA expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors and GABAA receptor subunits in frontal cortical brain region. J Neurosci. 2004;24(6):1478–1485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berent D, Zboralski K, Orzechowska A, et al. Thyroid hormones association with depression severity and clinical outcome in patients with major depressive disorder. Mol Biol Rep. 2014;41(4):2419–2425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodes GE, Kana V, Menard C, et al. Neuroimmune mechanisms of depression. Nat Neurosci. 2015;18(10):1386–1393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Gameroff MJ, et al. Offspring of depressed parents: 30 years later. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(10):1024–1032. ​​​​​​
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koukopoulos A, Sani G. DSM-5 criteria for depression with mixed features: a farewell to mixed depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;129(1):4–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp R. The Hamilton rating scale for depression. Occup Med. 2015;65(4):340–340.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell AJ, Vaze A, Rao S. Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;374(9690):609–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le-Niculescu H, Kurian SM, Yehyawi N, et al. Identifying blood biomarkers for mood disorders using convergent functional genomics. Mol Psychiatry. 2009;14(2):156–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin C, Xu W, Yuan J, et al. Meta-analysis of association between the −1438A/G (rs6311) polymorphism of the serotonin 2A receptor gene and major depressive disorder. Neurol Res. 2013;35(1):7–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyekis JP, Yu W, Dong S, et al. No association of genetic variants in BDNF with major depression: a meta- and gene-based analysis. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2013;162(1):61–70.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Z, Li X, Sun N, et al. Microarray profiling and co-expression network analysis of circulating lncRNAs and mRNAs associated with major depressive disorder. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e93388. ​​​​​​
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mostafavi S, Battle A, Zhu X, et al. Type I interferon signaling genes in recurrent major depression: increased expression detected by whole-blood RNA sequencing. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(12):1267–1274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins-de-Souza D, Harris LW, Guest PC, et al. The role of proteomics in depression research. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;260:499–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann M, Kulak NA, Nagaraj N, et al. The coming age of complete, accurate, and ubiquitous proteomes. Mol Cell. 2013;49(4):583–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aebersold R, Mann M. Mass-spectrometric exploration of proteome structure and function. Nature. 2016;537(7620):347–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamanishi CD, Chiu JH-C, Takayama S. Systems for multiplexing homogeneous immunoassays. Bioanalysis. 2015;7(12):1545–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson EJ, Keir G. Laboratory investigation of cerebrospinal fluid proteins. Ann Clin Biochem. 1990;27(5):425–435.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zougman A, Pilch B, Podtelejnikov A, et al. Integrated analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid peptidome and proteome. J Proteome Res. 2008;7:386–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche S, Gabelle A, Lehmann S. Clinical proteomics of the cerebrospinal fluid: towards the discovery of new biomarkers. Proteomics Clin Appl. 2008;2:428–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumani H, Teunissen C, Süssmuth S, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neurodegeneration in chronic neurological diseases. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2008;8(4):479–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leistedt SJ, Linkowski P. Brain, networks, depression, and more. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;23(1):55–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell S, Marriott M, Nahmias C, et al. Lower hippocampal volume in patients suffering from depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(4):598–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenigs M, Grafman J. The functional neuroanatomy of depression: distinct roles for ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res. 2009;201(2):239–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald PB, Laird AR, Maller J, et al. A meta-analytic study of changes in brain activation in depression. Hum Brain Mapp. 2008;29(6):683–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drevets WC, Price JL, Furey ML. Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: implications for neurocircuitry models of depression. Brain Struct Funct. 2008;213(1–2):93–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner J, Bronisch T, Uhr M, et al. Proteomic analysis of the CSF in unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder reveals alterations in suicide attempters. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;255:438–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang T-J, Markus Leweke F, Oxley D, et al. Disease biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with first-onset psychosis. PLoS Med. 2006;3:e428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salton SR, Ferri GL, Hahm S, et al. VGF: a novel role for this neuronal and neuroendocrine polypeptide in the regulation of energy balance. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2000;21(3):199–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakker-Varia S, Alder J. Neuropeptides in depression: role of VGF. Sci Transl Med. 2010;2(20):20ra14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pasinetti GM, Ungar LH, Lange DJ, et al. Identification of potential CSF biomarkers in ALS. Neurology. 2006;66(8):1218–1222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rüetschi U, Zetterberg H, Podust VN, et al. Identification of CSF biomarkers for frontotemporal dementia using SELDI-TOF. Exp Neurol. 2005;196(2):273–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang JT, Leweke FM, Tsang TM, et al. CSF metabolic and proteomic profiles in patients prodromal for psychosis. PLoS One. 2007;2(8):e756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrickson RC, Lee AYH, Song Q, et al. High resolution discovery proteomics reveals candidate disease progression markers of Alzheimer’s disease in human cerebrospinal fluid. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Su X, Jiang X, et al. ITRAQ technology-based identification of human peripheral serum proteins associated with depression. Neuroscience. 2016;330:291–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattaneo A, Sesta A, Calabrese F, et al. The expression of VGF is reduced in leukocytes of depressed patients and it is restored by effective antidepressant treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35(7):1423–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattaneo A, Gennarelli M, Uher R, et al. Candidate genes expression profile associated with antidepressants response in the GENDEP study: differentiating between baseline ‘predictors’ and longitudinal ‘targets’. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(10):377–385.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thakker-Varia S, Krol JJ, Nettleton J, et al. The neuropeptide VGF produces antidepressant-like behavioral effects and enhances proliferation in the hippocampus. J Neurosci. 2007;27(45):12156–12167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malberg JE, Monteggia LM. VGF, a new player in antidepressant action? Sci Signal. 2008;1(18):pe19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsson J, Stridsberg M, Zetterberg H, et al. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid secretogranin II concentrations in severe forms of bipolar disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2013;38(4):E21–E26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditzen C, Tang N, Jastorff AM, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for major depression confirm relevance of associated pathophysiology. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;37(10).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahley RW, Rall SC. APOLIPOPROTEIN E: far more than a lipid transport protein. Annu Rev Genom Hum Genet. 2000;1(1):507–537.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skoog I, Waern M, Duberstein P, et al. A 9-year prospective population-based study on the association between the APOE∗E4 allele and late-life depression in Sweden. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;78(10):730–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki K, Iwata Y, Matsuzaki H, et al. Reduced expression of apolipoprotein E receptor type 2 in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with major depressive disorder. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010;34(6):1007–1010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans DA, Rajan KB. APOEε4 and depression: following a winding road. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;78(10):670–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urade Y, Hayaishi O. Prostaglandin D 2 and sleep/wake regulation. Sleep Med Rev. 2011;15(6):411–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesseling H, Gottschalk MG, Bahn S. Targeted multiplexed selected reaction monitoring analysis evaluates protein expression changes of molecular risk factors for major psychiatric disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;18(1):pyu015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stelzhammer V, Alsaif M, Chan MK, et al. Distinct proteomic profiles in post-mortem pituitary glands from bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder patients. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;60:40–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins-De-Souza D, Guest PC, Vanattou-Saifoudine N, et al. Phosphoproteomic differences in major depressive disorder postmortem brains indicate effects on synaptic function. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;262:657–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins-De-Souza D, Guest P, Harris L, et al. Identification of proteomic signatures associated with depression and psychotic depression in post-mortem brains from major depression patients. Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2:e87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbier E, Wang JB. Anti-depressant and anxiolytic like behaviors in PKCI/HINT1 knockout mice associated with elevated plasma corticosterone level. BMC Neurosci. 2009;10:132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalovich JM, Eisenberg E. Association of the histidine-triad nucleotide-binding protein-1 (HINT1) gene variants with nicotine dependence KJ. Biophys Chem. 2005;257(5):2432–2437.
   Google Scholar
• Gottschalk MG, Wesseling H, Guest PC, et al. Proteomic enrichment analysis of psychotic and affective disorders reveals common signatures in presynaptic glutamatergic signaling and energy metabolism. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;18(2):1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston-Wilson N, Sims C, Hofmann J-P, et al. Disease-specific alterations in frontal cortex brain proteins in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2000;5:142–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beasley CL, Pennington K, Behan A, et al. Proteomic analysis of the anterior cingulate cortex in the major psychiatric disorders: evidence for disease-associated changes. Proteomics. 2006;6(11):3414–3425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim KH, Dasari AKR, Hung I, et al. Structural changes associated with transthyretin misfolding and amyloid formation revealed by solution and solid-state NMR. Biochemistry. 2016;55(13):1941–1944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanoine JP, Alex S, Fang SL, et al. Role of transthyretin in the transport of thyroxine from the blood to the choroid plexus, the cerebrospinal fluid, and the brain. Endocrinology. 1992;130(2):933–938. ​​​​​​
   Google Scholar
• Hage MP, Azar ST. The link between thyroid function and depression. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012(6):1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkegaard C, Kørner A, Faber J. Increased production of thyroxine and inappropriately elevated serum thyrotropin in levels in endogenous depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1990;27(5):472–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park YJ, Lee EJ, Lee YJ, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is not associated with metabolic derangement, cognitive impairment, depression or poor quality of life (QoL) in elderly subjects. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2010;50(3):e68–e73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engum A, Bjøro T, Mykletun A, et al. Thyroid autoimmunity, depression and anxiety; are there any connections? An epidemiological study of a large population. J Psychosom Res. 2005;59(5):263–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan GM, Mann JJ, Oquendo MA, et al. Low cerebrospinal fluid transthyretin levels in depression: correlations with suicidal ideation and low serotonin function. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;60:500–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan GM, Hatterer JA, Herbert J, et al. Low levels of transthyretin in the CSF of depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(5):710–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatterer JA, Herbert J, Hidaka C, et al. CSF transthyretin in patients with depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(5):813–815. ​​​​​​
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mussap M, Plebani M. Biochemistry and clinical role of human cystatin C. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2004;41(5–6):467–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy E. Cystatin C in Alzheimer’s disease. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 2012;5,79: eCollection 2012. ​​​​​​
   Google Scholar
• Deng A, Irizarry MC, Nitsch RM, et al. Elevation of cystatin C in susceptible neurons in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Pathol. 2001;159(3):1061–1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minev E, Unruh M, Shlipak MG, et al. Association of cystatin C and depression in healthy elders: the health, aging and body composition study. Nephron Clin Pract. 2010;116(3):c241–c246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Chalabi A, Miller CCJ. Neurofilaments and neurological disease. BioEssays. 2003;25(4):346–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weydt P, Oeckl P, Huss A, et al. Neurofilament levels as biomarkers in asymptomatic and symptomatic familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2016;79(1):152–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinacker P, Feneberg E, Weishaupt J, et al. Neurofilaments in the diagnosis of motoneuron diseases: a prospective study on 455 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;87(1):12–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oeckl P, Jardel C, Salachas F, et al. Multicenter validation of CSF neurofilaments as diagnostic biomarkers for ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Front Degener. 2016;17(5–6):404–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudmundsson P, Skoog I, Waern M, et al. Is there a CSF biomarker profile related to depression in elderly women? Psychiatry Res. 2010;176(2–3):174–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan A, Nixon RA. Specialized roles of neurofilament proteins in synapses: relevance to neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain Res Bull. 2016;126:334–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hol EM, Pekny M. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the astrocyte intermediate filament system in diseases of the central nervous system. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2015;32:121–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatemi SH, Laurence JA, Araghi-Niknam M, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein is reduced in cerebellum of subjects with major depression, but not schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2004;69(2–3):317–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altshuler LL, Abulseoud OA, Foland-Ross L, et al. Amygdala astrocyte reduction in subjects with major depressive disorder but not bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2010;12(5):541–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandley MJ, Szebeni K, Szebeni A, et al. Gene expression deficits in pontine locus coeruleus astrocytes in men with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2013;38(4):276–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres-Platas SG, Nagy C, Wakid M, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein is differentially expressed across cortical and subcortical regions in healthy brains and downregulated in the thalamus and caudate nucleus of depressed suicides. Mol. Psychiatry. 2016; 21(4):509–515.
   Google Scholar
• Si X, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, O’Dwyer G, et al. Age-dependent reductions in the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the prefrontal cortex in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(11):2088–2096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern S, Skoog I, Börjesson-Hanson A, et al. Higher CSF interleukin-6 and CSF interleukin-8 in current depression in older women. Results from a population-based sample. Brain Behav Immun. 2014;41:55–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasayama D, Hattori K, Wakabayashi C, et al. Increased cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 levels in patients with schizophrenia and those with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47:401–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez JM, Garakani A, Yehuda R, et al. Proinflammatory and “resiliency” proteins in the CSF of patients with major depression. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29:32–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter LL, Heninger GR, Malison RT, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin (IL)-6 in unipolar major depression. J Affect Disord. 2004;79(1–3):285–289. ​​​​​​
   Google Scholar
• Stübner S, Schön T, Padberg F, et al. Interleukin-6 and the soluble IL-6 receptor are decreased in cerebrospinal fluid of geriatric patients with major depression: no alteration of soluble gp130. Neurosci Lett. 1999;259(3):145–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uher T, Bob P. Cerebrospinal fluid S100B levels reflect symptoms of depression in patients with non-inflammatory neurological disorders. Neurosci Lett. 2012;529:139–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabe HJ, Ahrens N, Rose H-J, et al. Neurotrophic factor S100 beta in major depression. Neuropsychobiology. 2001;44:88–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt FM, Mergl R, Stach B, et al. Elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid neuron-specific enolase (NSE), but not S100B in major depressive disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2015;16(2):106–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diniz BS, Teixeira AL, Machado-Vieira R, et al. Reduced cerebrospinal fluid levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with cognitive impairment in late-life major depression. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2014;69(6):845–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hock C, Heese K, Müller-Spahn F, et al. Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) in elderly patients with major depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2000;5:510–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt FM, Arendt E, Steinmetzer A, et al. CSF-hypocretin-1 levels in patients with major depressive disorder compared to healthy controls. Psychiatry Res. 2011;190:240–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuschle M, Schilling C, Leweke FM, et al. Hypocretin in cerebrospinal fluid is positively correlated with Tau and pTau. Neurosci Lett. 2014;561:41–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schönknecht P, Pantel J, Kaiser E, et al. Increased tau protein differentiates mild cognitive impairment from geriatric depression and predicts conversion to dementia. Neurosci Lett. 2007;416(1):39–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis T, Brandão CO, Freire Coutinho ES, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease and geriatric depression: preliminary findings from Brazil. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2012;18(7):524–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattori K, Ota M, Sasayama D, et al. Increased cerebrospinal fluid fibrinogen in major depressive disorder. Sci Rep. 2015;5:11412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattori K, Sasayama D, Hidese S, et al. Increased cerebrospinal fluid fibrinogen levels in major depressive disorder replicated in a larger sample set. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26:S403–S404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudmundsson P, Skoog I, Waern M, et al. The relationship between cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and depression in elderly women. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;15(10):832–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomara N, Bruno D, Sarreal AS, et al. Lower CSF amyloid beta peptides and higher F2-isoprostanes in cognitively intact elderly individuals with major depressive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry.2012;169(5):523–530. ​​​​​​
   Google Scholar
• Westrin Å, Ekman R, Regnéll G, et al. A follow up study of suicide attempters: increase of CSF-somatostatin but no change in CSF-CRH. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001;11(2):135–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banki CM, Karmacsi L, Bissette G, et al. CSF corticotropin-releasing hormone and somatostatin in major depression: response to antidepressant treatment and relapse. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1992;2(2):107–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molchan SE, Hill JL, Martinez RA, et al. CSF somatostatin in Alzheimer’s disease and major depression: relationship to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and clinical measures. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1993;18(7):509–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westling S, Ahrén B, Träskman-Bendz L, et al. Low CSF leptin in female suicide attempters with major depression. J Affect Disord. 2004;81(1):41–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banki CM, Bissette G, Arato M, et al. CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depression and schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144(7):873–877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeroff CB, Widerlöv E, Bissette G, et al. Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science. 1984;226(4680):1342–1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kling MA, Roy A, Doran AR, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactivity corticotropin-releasing hormone and adrenocorticotropin secretion in Cushing’s disease and major depression: potential clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;72(2):260–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy A, Pickar D, Paul S, et al. CSF corticotropin-releasing hormone in depressed patients and normal control subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144(5):641–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garakani A, Martinez JM, Yehuda R, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of glutamate and corticotropin releasing hormone in major depression before and after treatment. J Affect Disord. 2013;146(2):262–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuser I, Bissette G, Dettling M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin, and somatostatin in depressed patients and healthy controls: response to amitriptyline treatment. Depress Anxiety. 1998;8:71–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nikisch G, Ågren H, Eap CB, et al. Neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing hormone in CSF mark response to antidepressive treatment with citalopram. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;8(3):403–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikisch G, Mathé AA. CSF monoamine metabolites and neuropeptides in depressed patients before and after electroconvulsive therapy. Eur Psychiatry. 2008;23(5):356–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilig M, Zachrisson O, Thorsell A, et al. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y (NPY) in patients with treatment refractory unipolar major depression: preliminary evidence for association with preproNPY gene polymorphism. J Psychiatr Res. 2004;38(2):113–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widerlöv E, Lindström LH, Wahlestedt C, et al. Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY as possible cerebrospinal fluid markers for major depression and schizophrenia, respectively. J Psychiatr Res. 1988;22(1):69–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soleimani L, Oquendo MA, Sullivan GM, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y levels in major depression and reported childhood trauma. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;18(1):pyu023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou C, Jia F, Liu Y, et al. CSF serotonin, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and neuropeptide Y levels in severe major depressive disorder. Brain Res. 2006;1095(1):154–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrettini WH, Doran AR, Kelsoe J, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y in depression and schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1987;1(1):81–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geracioti TD, Carpenter LL, Owens MJ, et al. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid substance P concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(4):637–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mårtensson B, Nyberg S, Toresson G, et al. Fluoxetine treatment of depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1989;79(6):586–596.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deuschle M, Sander P, Herpfer I, et al. Substance P in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients: no effect of antidepressant treatment. Psychiatry Res. 2005;136(1):1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter LL, Bayat L, Moreno F, et al. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of substance P in treatment-resistant depression and lack of alteration after acute adjunct vagus nerve stimulation therapy. Psychiatry Res. 2008;157(1–3):123–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65:732–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, et al. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67(5):446–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiles SA, Baker AL, de Malmanche T, et al. Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and interleukin-10 after antidepressant treatment in people with depression: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2012;42(10):2015–2026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erta M, Quintana A, Hidalgo J. Interleukin-6, a major cytokine in the central nervous system. Int J Biol Sci. 2012;8(9):1254–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Barger SW, Liu L, et al. S100β induction of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 in neurons. J Neurochem. 2000;74(1):143–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boufidou F, Lambrinoudaki I, Argeitis J, et al. CSF and plasma cytokines at delivery and postpartum mood disturbances. J Affect Disord. 2009;115:287–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brat DJ, Bellail AC, Van Meir EG. The role of interleukin-8 and its receptors in gliomagenesis and tumoral angiogenesis. Neuro Oncol. 2005;7(2):122–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang D, Power SE, Dunbar PR, Hill AG. Central nervous system interleukin-8 production following neck of femur fracture. ANZ J. Surg. 2005; 75(9):813–816. ​​​​​​
   Google Scholar
• Levine J, Barak Y, Chengappa KNR, et al. Cerebrospinal cytokine levels in patients with acute depression. Neuropsychobiology. 1999;40(4):171–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arolt V, Peters M, Erfurth A, et al. S100B and response to treatment in major depression: a pilot study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003;13(4):235–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishiyama H, Knöpfel T, Endo S, et al. Glial protein S100B modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(6):4037–4042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeter ML, Abdul-Khaliq H, Krebs M, et al. Serum markers support disease-specific glial pathology in major depression. J Affect Disord. 2008;111(2–3):271–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banasr M, Duman RS. Glial loss in the prefrontal cortex is sufficient to induce depressive-like behaviors. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;64:863–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajkowska G. Postmortem studies in mood disorders indicate altered numbers of neurons and glial cells. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48(8):766–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller K, Elverland A, Romner B, et al. Analysis of protein S-100B in serum: a methodological study. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44(9):1111–1114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korgaonkar MS, Fornito A, Williams LM, et al. Abnormal structural networks characterize major depressive disorder – a connectome analysis. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76(7):567–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempermann G, Kronenberg G. Depressed new Neurons? – adult hippocampal neurogenesis and a cellular plasticity hypothesis of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(5):499–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao MV. Neurotrophins and their receptors: a convergence point for many signalling pathways. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4(4):299–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rantamäki T, Castrén E. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets targeting TrkB neurotrophin receptor to treat depression. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2008;12(6):705–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu E, Hashimoto K, Okamura N, et al. Alterations of serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in depressed patients with or without antidepressants. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(1):70–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkenhäger TK, Geldermans S, Van Den Broek WW, et al. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor level in relation to illness severity and episode duration in patients with major depression. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(3):285–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blouin AM, Fried I, Wilson CL, et al. Human hypocretin and melanin concentrating hormone levels are linked to emotion and social interaction. Nat. Commun. 2013;4:1547. ​​​​​​
   Google Scholar
• Torterolo P, Scorza C, Lagos P, et al. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH): role in REM sleep and depression. Front Neurosci. 2015;9(DEC):1–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pace-Schott EF, Hobson JA. The neurobiology of sleep: genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002;3(8):591–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan V, Nestler EJ. The molecular neurobiology of depression. Nature. 2008;455(7215):894–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brundin L, Björkqvist M, Petersén Å, et al. Reduced orexin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of suicidal patients with major depressive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;17:573–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinazzi R, Andreis PG, Rossi GP, et al. Orexins in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Clin Exp Med. 2006;58(1):46–57.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt FM, Nowak C, Kratzsch J, et al. Dynamics of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) serum levels in major depressive disorder during antidepressant treatment. J Affect Disord. 2015;180:207–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasckow JW, Baker D, Geracioti TD. Corticotropin-releasing hormone in depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Peptides. 2001;22(5):845–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hökfelt T, Pernow B, Wahren J. Substance P: a pioneer amongst neuropeptides. J Int Med. 2001;249(1):27–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimón R, Le Grevés P, Nyberg F, et al. Elevation of substance P-like peptides in the CSF of psychiatric patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1984;19(4):509–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichmann F, Holzer P. Neuropeptide Y: a stressful review. Neuropeptides. 2016;55(1):99–109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patel YC. Somatostatin and its receptor family. Front Neuroendocrinol. 1999;20(3):157–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapiola T, Alafuzoff I, Herukka S, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid ␤-amyloid 42 and tau proteins as biomarkers of Alzheimer-type pathologic changes in the brain. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(3):382–389.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ownby RL, Crocco E, Acevedo A, et al. Depression and risk for Alzheimer disease: systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(5):530–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osorio RS, Gumb T, Pomara N. Soluble amyloid-β levels and late-life depression. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(15):2547–2554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hock C, Golombowski S, Müller-Spahn F, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid beta-peptide in Alzheimer’s disease and major depression - inverse correlation with dementia severity. Eur Neurol. 1998;39(2):111–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buerger K, Zinkowski R, Teipel SJ, et al. Differentiation of geriatric major depression from Alzheimer’s disease with CSF tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 231. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(2):376–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins-de-Souza D, Maccarrone G, Ising M, et al. Plasma fibrinogen: now also an antidepressant response marker? Transl Psychiatry. 2014;4(1):e352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maccarrone G, Ditzen C, Yassouridis A, et al. Psychiatric patient stratification using biosignatures based on cerebrospinal fluid protein expression clusters. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47:1572–1580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin GN, Lee HW, Cho J-Y, et al. Neuronal pentraxin receptor in cerebrospinal fluid as a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res. 2009;1265:158–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaidi A. Plasma membrane Ca-ATPases: targets of oxidative stress in brain aging and neurodegeneration. World J Biol Chem. 2010;1(9):271–280.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szegő ÉM, Janáky T, Szabó Z, et al. A mouse model of anxiety molecularly characterized by altered protein networks in the brain proteome. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010;20(2):96–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henningsen K, Palmfeldt J, Christiansen S, et al. Candidate hippocampal biomarkers of susceptibility and resilience to stress in a rat model of depression. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2012;11(7):M111.016428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Webster MJ. Correlation analysis between genome-wide expression profiles and cytoarchitectural abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex of psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2010;16(4):452–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson A, Stroth N, Zhang X, et al. Neuropeptidomics of mouse hypothalamus after imipramine treatment reveal somatostatin as a potential mediator of antidepressant effects. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62(1):347–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Y, Jakovcevski M, Bharadwaj R, et al. Setdb1 histone methyltransferase regulates mood-related behaviors and expression  of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B. J. Neurosci. 2010;30(21):7152–7167. ​​​​​​
   Google Scholar
• Okerlund ND, Cheyette BNR. Synaptic Wnt signaling-a contributor to major psychiatric disorders? J Neurodev Disord. 2011;3(2):162–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato T. Molecular genetics of bipolar disorder and depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;61(1):3–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCurdy RD, Féron F, Perry C, et al. Cell cycle alterations in biopsied olfactory neuroepithelium in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder using cell culture and gene expression analyses. Schizophr Res. 2006;82(2–3):163–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi N, Sakurai T, Bozdagi-Gunal O, et al. Increased expression of receptor phosphotyrosine phosphatase-β/ζ is associated with molecular, cellular, behavioral and cognitive schizophrenia phenotypes. Transl Psychiatry. 2011;1(5):e8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu C, Mullersman JE, Wang L, et al. Polymorphisms in seizure 6-like gene are associated with bipolar disorder I: evidence of gene×gender interaction. J Affect Disord. 2013;145(1):95–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullerton JM, Tiwari Y, Agahi G, et al. Assessing oxidative pathway genes as risk factors for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2010;12(5):550–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rask-Andersen M, Olszewski PK, Levine AS, et al. Molecular mechanisms underlying anorexia nervosa: focus on human gene association studies and systems controlling food intake. Brain Res Rev. 2010;62(2):147–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcı́a-Sevilla JA, Walzer C, Busquets X, et al. Density of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins in platelets of patients with major depression: increased abundance of the Gαi2 subunit and down-regulation by antidepressant drug treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42(8):704–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oeckl P, Steinacker P, Feneberg E, et al. Neurochemical biomarkers in the diagnosis of frontotemporal lobar degeneration: an update. J Neurochem. 2016;138:184–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson RJ, Lim JW, Moritz RL, et al. Exosomes: proteomic insights and diagnostic potential. Expert Rev Proteomics. 2009;6(3):267–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar