The neuroinflammatory biomarker YKL-40 for neurodegenerative diseases: advances in development

References

• Heneka MT, Carson MJ, El Khoury J, et al. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:388–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heneka MT, Kummer MP, Latz E. Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14:463–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arranz AM, De Strooper B. The role of astroglia in Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18:406–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass CK, Saijo K, Winner B, et al. Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration. Cell. 2010;140:918–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuello AC. Early and late CNS inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: two extremes of a continuum?. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017;38:956–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson J, Nutma E, van der Valk P, et al. Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology. 2018;154:204–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molinuevo JL, Ayton S, Batrla R, et al. Current state of Alzheimer’s fluid biomarkers. Acta Neuropathol. 2018;136:821–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig-Schapiro R, Perrin RJ, Roe CM, et al. YKL-40: a novel prognostic fluid biomarker for preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;68:903–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhiman K, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for understanding multiple aspects of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019;76:1833–1863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldacci F, Lista S, Cavedo E, et al. Diagnostic function of the neuroinflammatory biomarker YKL-40 in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics. 2017;14:285–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson RW, Toombs J, Slattery CF, et al. Dissecting IWG-2 typical and atypical Alzheimer’s disease: insights from cerebrospinal fluid analysis. J Neurol. 2015;262:2722–2730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janelidze S, Hertze J, Zetterberg H, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin and YKL-40 as biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2016;3:12–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teunissen CE, Elias N, Koel-Simmelink MJA, et al. Novel diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for pathologic subtypes of frontotemporal dementia identified by proteomics. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2016;2:86–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alcolea D, Carmona-Iragui M, Suárez-Calvet M, et al. Relationship between β-Secretase, inflammation and core cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42:157–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wennström M, Surova Y, Hall S, et al. The inflammatory marker YKL-40 is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer’s but not Parkinson’s disease or dementia with lewy bodies. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0135458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinther-Jensen T, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Simonsen AH, et al. YKL-40 in cerebrospinal fluid in Huntington’s disease–a role in pathology or a nonspecific response to inflammation? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:1301–1303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall S, Surova Y, Öhrfelt A, et al. Longitudinal measurements of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2016;31:898–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melah KE, Lu SY-F, Hoscheidt SM, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid markers of Alzheimer’s disease pathology and microglial activation are associated with altered white matter microstructure in asymptomatic adults at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;50:873–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaetani L, Blennow K, Calabresi P, et al. Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker in neurological disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;pii: jnnp-2018-320106. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-320106. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Khalil M, Teunissen CE, Otto M, et al. Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14:577–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magdalinou NK, Paterson RW, Schott JM, et al. A panel of nine cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers may identify patients with atypical parkinsonian syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2015;86:1240–1247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnetti L, Gaetani L, Eusebi P, et al. CSF and blood biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18:573–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergallo A, Bun R-S, Toschi N, et al. Association of cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein with total and phospho-tau181 protein concentrations and brain amyloid load in cognitively normal subjective memory complainers stratified by Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14:1623–1631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcolea D, Vilaplana E, Pegueroles J, et al. Relationship between cortical thickness and cerebrospinal fluid YKL-40 in predementia stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2015;36:2018–2023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of department of health and human services task force on Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1984;34:939–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:263–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:270–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, et al. Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: the IWG-2 criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:614–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:280–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Chalabi A, Hardiman O, Kiernan MC, et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: moving towards a new classification system. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:1182–1194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks BR. El Escorial World Federation of Neurology criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Subcommittee on Motor Neuron Diseases/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis of the World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Neuromuscular Diseases and the El Escorial “Clinical limits of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis” workshop contributors. J Neurol Sci. 1994;124(Suppl):96–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa J, Swash M, de Carvalho M. Awaji criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: asystematic review. Arch Neurol. 2012;69:1410–1416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2017;89:88–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2005;65:1863–1872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neary D, Snowden JS, Gustafson L, et al. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology. 1998;51:1546–1554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piguet O, Hornberger M, Mioshi E, et al. Behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia: diagnosis, clinical staging, and management. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:162–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, et al. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology. 2011;76:1006–1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Ben-Shlomo Y, et al. The accuracy of diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes in a specialist movement disorder service. Brain. 2002;125:861–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30:1591–1601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Kilford L, et al. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55:181–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manix M, Kalakoti P, Henry M, et al. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: updated diagnostic criteria, treatment algorithm, and the utility of brain biopsy. Neurosurg Focus. 2015;39:E2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organization WH. WHO manual for surveillance of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, including variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2003 [cited 2019 May 18]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42656.
   Google Scholar
• Xia J, Broadhurst DI, Wilson M, et al. Translational biomarker discovery in clinical metabolomics: an introductory tutorial. Metabolomics. 2013;9:280–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llorens F, Thüne K, Tahir W, et al. YKL-40 in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of neurodegenerative dementias. Mol Neurodegener. 2017;12:83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López González I, Garcia-Esparcia P, Llorens F, et al. Genetic and transcriptomic profiles of inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer, Parkinson, Creutzfeldt-Jakob and Tauopathies. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llorens F, Ansoleaga B, Garcia-Esparcia P, et al. PrP mRNA and protein expression in brain and PrP(c) in CSF in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease MM1 and VV2. Prion. 2013;7:383–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chohan G, Pennington C, Mackenzie JM, et al. The role of cerebrospinal fluid 14-3-3 and other proteins in the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK: a 10-year review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81:1243–1248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldacci F, Toschi N, Lista S, et al. Two-level diagnostic classification using cerebrospinal fluid YKL-40 in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13:993–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampel H, Toschi N, Baldacci F, et al. Alzheimer’s disease biomarker-guided diagnostic workflow using the added value of six combined cerebrospinal fluid candidates: aβ1-42, total-tau, phosphorylated-tau, NFL, neurogranin, and YKL-40. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14:492–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Querol-Vilaseca M, Colom-Cadena M, Pegueroles J, et al. YKL-40 (Chitinase 3-like I) is expressed in a subset of astrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies. J Neuroinflammation. 2017;14:118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcolea D, Irwin DJ, Illán-Gala I, et al. Elevated YKL-40 and low sAPPβ: YKL-40ratio in antemortem cerebrospinal fluid of patients with pathologically confirmed FTLD. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;90:180–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack CR, Bennett DA, Blennow K, et al. A/T/N: an unbiased descriptive classification scheme for Alzheimer disease biomarkers. Neurology. 2016;87:539–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lista S, Hampel H. Synaptic degeneration and neurogranin in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Rev Neurother. 2017;17(1):47–57.
   Google Scholar
• Schindler SE, Li Y, Todd KW, et al. Emerging cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15:655–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkmalm A, Brinkmalm G, Honer WG, et al. SNAP-25 is a promising novel cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for synapse degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2014;9:53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin O-H. Exocytosis and synaptic vesicle function. Compr Physiol. 2014;4:149–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reus LM, Vijverberg EG, Tijms BM, et al. Disease trajectories in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, primary psychiatric and other neurodegenerative disorders presenting with behavioural change. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;104:183–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson RW, Slattery CF, Poole T, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid in the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: clinical utility of an extended panel of biomarkers in a specialist cognitive clinic. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2018;10:32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanfilippo C, Longo A, Lazzara F, et al. CHI3L1 and CHI3L2 overexpression in motor cortex and spinal cord of sALS patients. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2017;85:162–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oeckl P, Weydt P, Steinacker P, et al. Different neuroinflammatory profile in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia is linked to the clinical phase. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;90:4–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson AG, Gray E, Thézénas M-L, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid macrophage biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2018;83:258–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illán-Gala I, Alcolea D, Montal V, et al. CSF sAPPβ, YKL-40, and NfL along the ALS-FTD spectrum. Neurology. 2018;91:e1619–e1628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Z, Henderson RD, David M, et al. Neurofilaments as biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0164625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampel H, O’Bryant SE, Molinuevo JL, et al. Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer disease: mapping the road to the clinic. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14:639–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampel H, Frank R, Broich K, et al. Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: academic, industry and regulatory perspectives. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9:560–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janelidze S, Mattsson N, Stomrud E, et al. CSF biomarkers of neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction in early Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2018;91:e867–e877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Ng KP, Therriault J, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated tau, visinin-like protein-1, and chitinase-3-like protein 1 in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Transl Neurodegener. 2018;7:23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shen X-N, Niu L-D, Wang Y-J, et al. Inflammatory markers in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis and systematic review of 170 studies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;90:590–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merluzzi AP, Carlsson CM, Johnson SC, et al. Neurodegeneration, synaptic dysfunction, and gliosis are phenotypic of Alzheimer dementia. Neurology. 2018;91:e436–e443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos I, Vos S, Verhey F, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neurodegeneration, synaptic integrity, and astroglial activation across the clinical Alzheimer’s disease spectrum. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15:644–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordengen K, Kirsebom B-E, Henjum K, et al. Glial activation and inflammation along the Alzheimer’s disease continuum. J Neuroinflammation. 2019;16:46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack CR, Bennett DA, Blennow K, et al. NIA-AA Research Framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14:535–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferretti MT, Iulita MF, Cavedo E, et al. Sex differences in Alzheimer disease - the gateway to precision medicine. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14:457–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavedo E, Chiesa PA, Houot M, et al. Sex differences in functional and molecular neuroimaging biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease in cognitively normal older adults with subjective memory complaints. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14:1204–1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampel H, Vergallo A, Giorgi FS, et al. Precision medicine and drug development in Alzheimer’s disease: the importance of sexual dimorphism and patient stratification. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2018;50:31–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grewal R, Haghighi M, Huang S, et al. Identifying biomarkers of dementia prevalent among amnestic mild cognitively impaired ethnic female patients. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2016;8:43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deming Y, Black K, Carrell D, et al. Chitinase-3-like 1 protein (CHI3L1) locus influences cerebrospinal fluid levels of YKL-40. BMC Neurol. 2016;16:217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanfilippo C, Malaguarnera L, Di Rosa M. Chitinase expression in Alzheimer’s disease and non-demented brains regions. J Neurol Sci. 2016;369:242–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampel H, Goetzl EJ, Kapogiannis D, et al. Biomarker-drug and liquid biopsy co-development for disease staging and target druggability: cornerstones for Alzheimer precision medicine and pharmacology. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10. [Internet]. DOI:10.3389/fphar.2019.00310/full
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldacci F, Lista S, Garaci F, et al. Biomarker-guided classification scheme of neurodegenerative diseases. J Sport Health Sci. 2016;5(4):383–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldacci F, Lista S, O’Bryant SE, et al. Blood-based biomarker screening with agnostic biological definitions for an accurate diagnosis within the dimensional spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1750:139–155.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hampel H, Toschi N, Babiloni C, et al. Revolution of Alzheimer precision neurology. Passageway of systems biology and neurophysiology. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;64:S47–S105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampel H, O’Bryant SE, Durrleman S, et al. A Precision Medicine Initiative for Alzheimer’s disease: the road ahead to biomarker-guided integrative disease modeling. Climacteric. 2017;20:107–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, et al. Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:734–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampel H, Vergallo A, Aguilar LF, et al. Precision pharmacology for Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Res. 2018;130:331–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampel H, Vergallo A, Perry G, et al. The Alzheimer precision medicine initiative. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;68:1–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar