Staff experiences of working in a Sexual Assault Referral Centre: the impacts and emotional tolls of working with traumatised people

References

• Anshel, M. (2000). A conceptual model and implications for coping with stressful events in police work. Criminal Justice Behaviour, 27, 375–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, R. D. (1989). Stress and Coping in Nursing. London: Chapman Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323–370.
   Google Scholar
• Bender, A., Eynan, R., O’Grady, J., Nisenbaum, R., Shah, R., & Links, P. S. (2016). Best practice intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder among transit workers. Work 54, 59–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Block, J., & Kremen, A. (1996). IQ and ego resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the origination of behavior. In W. A. Collings (Ed.), The minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39–101). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J., & Campbell, E. (1994). Stress and policing. New York: New York. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J., Fielding, J., & Grover, J. (1999). Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operations stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers. Work and Stress, 13(4), 312–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlier, I. V. E., Lamberts, R. D., & Gersons, B. P. R. (1997). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptomology in police officers: A prospective analysis. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 498–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 92–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catanese, S. A. (2010). Truamatized by association: The risk of working sex crimes. Federal Probation, 74(2), 36–38.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, G. (2017). Secondary traumatic stress and empowerment among social workers working with family violence or sexual assault survivors. Journal of Social Work, 17(3), 358–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopko, B. A., Palmieri, P. A., & Adams, R. E. (2013). Association between police stress and alcohol use: Implications for practice. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 18, 482–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, J., & Logan, T. K. (2008). Negotiating the challenges of multidisciplinary responses to sexual assault victims: Sexual assault nurse examiner and victim advocacy programs. Research in Nursing & Health, 31, 76–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, S. (2007). Social workers, resilience, positive emotions and optimism. Practice: Social Work in Action, 19, 255–269.
   Google Scholar
• Cornille, T. A., & Woodard Meyers, T. (1999). Secondary traumatic stress among child protective service workers. Traumatology, 5(1), 15–31.
   Google Scholar
• Whelan, T. A. (2006). Vicarious traumatisation: Current status and future directions. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 34(1), 107–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firth-Cozens, J. (1987). Emotional distress in junior house officers. British Medical Journal, 295(6597), 533–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, P., Wearing, A., & Headey, B. (1993). Police stress and well-being: Integrating personality, coping and daily work experiences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68(2), 133–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, S. B., Milligan-Saville, J. S., Paterson, H. M., Harkness, E. L., Marsh, A. M., Dobson, M., … Bryant, R. A. (2016). The mental health of fire-fighters: An examination of the impact of repeated trauma exposure. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(7), 649–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henman, L. D. (2008). Humor as a coping mechanism: Lessons from POW’s. International Journal of Humor Research, 14, 83–94.
   Google Scholar
• Horvath, M. A. H., & Massey, K. (2018). The impact of witnessing other people’s trauma: The resilience and coping strategies of members of the faculty of forensic and legal medicine. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 55, 99–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito, T. A., Larsen, J., Smith, N. K., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1998). Negative information weighs more heavily on the brain: The negativity bias in evaluative categorizations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(4), 887–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, J. M. (2012). Risk of compassion fatigue and burnout and potential for compassion satisfaction among employee assistance professionals: Protecting the workforce. Traumatology, 19(3), 62–72.
   Google Scholar
• Joinson, C. (1992). Coping with compassion fatigue. Nursing, 22(4), 116–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kessler, R. C. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klohen, E. (1996). Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego resiliency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(5), 1067–1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, M. (2009). Identifying and managing stress in child pornography and child exploitation investigators. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 24(1), 22–29.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 1–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthar, S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 857–885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major, B., Richards, C., Cooper, L., Cozzarelli, C., & Zubek, J. (1998). Personal resilience, cognitive appraisals, and coping: An integrative model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 735–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, P. Y. (2005). Rape work: Victims, gender and emotions in organization and community context. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• McCrae, R. R. (1989). Age differences and changes in the use of coping mechanisms. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 44, 161–169.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1988). Psychological resilience among widowed men and women: A 10-year follow up of a national survey. Journal of Social Issues, 44, 129–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, C. C. (2002). Humor as a moderator of compassion fatigue. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Treating Compassion fatigue (pp. 139–154). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Raunick, C. B., Lindell, D. F., Morris, D. L., & Backman, T. (2015). Vicarious Trauma Among Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 11(3), 123–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves, S., Kuper, A., & Hodges, B. D. (2008). Qualitative research: Qualitative research methodologies: Ethnography. British Medical Journal, 337, a1020–a1020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter, M. (1979). Protective factors in children’s responses to stress and disadvantage. In M. W. Kent & J. E. Rolf (Eds.), Primary prevention in psychopathology: Social competence in children (pp. 49–74). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
   Google Scholar
• Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salovey, P., Bedell, B. T., Detweiler, J. B., & Mayer, J. D. (1999). Coping intelligently: Emotional intelligence and the coping process. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping: The psychology of what works (pp. 141–164). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Swatt, M. L., Gibson, C. L., & Piquero, N. L. (2007). Exploring the utility of general strain theory in explaining problematic alcohol consumption by police officers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 596–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E. (2011). How psychosocial resources enhance health and well-being. In S. I. Donaldson, M. Csikszentmihalyi, & J. Nakamura (Eds.), Applied positive psychology: improving everyday life, health, schools, work, and society (pp. 65–78). East Sussex, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Violanti, J. M., Slaven, J. E., Charles, L. E., Burchfiel, C. M., Andrew, M. E., & Homish, G. G. (2011). Police and alcohol use: A descriptive analysis and associations with stress outcomes. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 36, 344–356.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, P., Ritchie, E., Demer, J., Bartone, P., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2006). Improving resilience trajectories following mass violence and disasters. In E. Richie, P. Watson, & M. Friedman (Eds.), Interventions following mass violence and disasters (pp. 37-53). New York: Guildford.
   Google Scholar
• Zavala, E., & Kurtz, D. L. (2016). Applying differential coercion and social support theory to police officer’s misconduct. Deviant Behavior, 37, 877–892.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zavala, E., & Kurtz, D. L. (2017). Using Gottfredson and Hirschi’s A general theory of crime to explain problematic alcohol consumption by police officers: A Test of self-control as self-regulation. Journal of Drug Issues, 47(3), 505–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar