‘I speak small’: unequal Englishes and transnational identities among Ghanaian migrants

References

• Ajuntament d’Igualada. (2012). Padrón municipal continuo. Resumen numérico por nacionalidades [Municipal register of inhabitants. Record by nationality], 23 November. Town Hall Registry, Igualada.
   Google Scholar
• Ajuntament d’Igualada. (2013). Igualada notícies. Dinamització econòmica [Igualada news. Economic promotion]. Retrieved from http://igualada.cat/
   Google Scholar
• Akyeampong, K. (2009). Revisiting free compulsory universal basic education (FCUBE) in Ghana. Comparative Education, 45(2), 175–195. doi: 10.1080/03050060902920534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan, K. (2013). Skilling the self: The communicability of immigrants as flexible labour. In A. Duchêne, M. G. Moyer, & C. Roberts (Eds.), Language, migration and social inequalities: A critical sociolinguistic perspective on institutions and work (pp. 56–78)). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Barth, F. (Ed.). (1969). Ethnic groups and boundaries. The social organization of cultural difference. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Bastardas, A. (1996). Ecologia de les llengües: medi, contactes i dinàmica sociolingüística. Barcelona: Proa.
   Google Scholar
• Baynham, M. (2005). Network and agency in the migration stories of Moroccan women. In M. Baynham and A. De Fina (Eds.), Dislocations/relocations. Narratives of displacement (pp. 15–35). Manchester & Northampton: St. Jerome Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Blommaert, J. (2013). Chronicles of complexity: Ethnography, superdiversity, and linguistic landscapes. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Blommaert, J., Collins, J., & Slembrouck, S. (2005). Spaces of multilingualism. Language and Communication, 25(3), 197–216. doi: 10.1016/j.langcom.2005.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodomo, A. B. (1996). On language and development in Africa: The case of Ghana. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 5(2), 31–51.
   Google Scholar
• BOE. (2015, November 7). Real Decreto 1004/2015, de 6 de noviembre, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento por el que se regula el procedimiento para la adquisición de la nacionalidad española por residencia. Madrid: Spanish Ministry of Justice. Retrieved form https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2015-12047
   Google Scholar
• Canagarajah, S. (2013). Translingual practice. Global Englishes and cosmopolitan relations. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Canagarajah, S. (2017). The Routledge handbook of migration and language. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. (Ed.). (2004). The network society: A cross-cultural perspective. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• CIA. (2016). The world factbook: Ghana. Central Intelligence Agency. Washington. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html
   Google Scholar
• Codó, E., & Garrido, M. R. (2014). Deskilling and delanguaging African migrants in Barcelona: Pathways of labour market incorporation and the value of ‘global’ English. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 29–49 doi:10.1080/14767724.2014.944757.
   Google Scholar
• Comissió Obrera. (2011). Mapa de l’Atur a Catalunya 2011 [Unemployment map of Catalonia]. Retrieved from http://www.ccoo.cat/pdf_documents/2012/mapa_atur_2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Convey, I., & O’Brien, V. (2012). Gypsy-traveler narratives: Making sense of place. A co-ethnography. Narrative Inquiry, 22(2), 332–347. doi: 10.1075/ni.22.2.07con
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Fina, A. (2003). Identity in narrative. A study of immigrant discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• De Fina, A. (2016). Linguistic practices and transnational identities. In S. Preece (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of language and identity (pp. 163–178). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• De Fina, A., & Perrino, S. (2011). Introduction: Interviews vs. ‘natural’ contexts: A false dilemma. Language in Society, 40(1), 1–11. doi: 10.1017/S0047404510000849
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Fina, A., & Perrino, S. (2013). Transnational identities. Applied Linguistics, 34(5), 509–515. doi: 10.1093/applin/amt024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dovchin, S., Sultana, S., & Pennycook, A. (2016). Unequal translingual Englishes in the Asian peripheries. Asian Englishes. doi: 10.1080/13488678.2016.1171673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duchêne, A., Moyer, M. G., & Roberts, C. (Eds.) (2013). Language, migration and social inequalities: A critical sociolinguistic perspective on institutions and work. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• EFSET. (2016). EF EPI. Índice del EF English Proficiency. EF: Madrid. Retrieved from http://www.ef.com/__/~/media/centralefcom/epi/downloads/full-reports/v6/ef-epi-2016-spanish-euro.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Eurobarometer. (2012). Europeans and their languages. 2012 (Report No. 386). The European Commission, Directorate General for Education and Culture, Directorate General Press and Communication. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_sum_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fairclough, N. (2006). Language and globalization. London & New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gal, S. (2006). Migration, minorities and multilingualism: Language ideologies in Europe. In C. Mar-Molinero, & P. Stevenson (Eds.), Language ideologies, policies and practices (pp. 13–27). Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Galí Izard, J. M., & Vallès, C. (2010). Informe Econòmic Anual de l’Anoia 2010 [ Yearly Economic Report of Anoia 2010]. Igualada: Gràfiques Cubí.
   Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society. Outline of the theory of structuration. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Glick Schiller, N. (2010). A global perspective on transnational migration: Theorising migration without methodological nationalism. In R. Bauböck, & T. Faist (Eds.), Diaspora and transnationalism: Concepts, theories and methods (pp. 109–129). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heller, M. (2007). Bilingualism: A social approach. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Idescat. (2016). Demographics and quality of life – population. Statistics Institute of Catalonia. Retrieved from http://www.idescat.cat/economia/inec?tc=3&id=d001&lang=en
   Google Scholar
• Jacquemet, M. (2005). Transidiomatic practices: Language and power in the age of globalization. Language and Communication, 25(3), 257–277. doi: 10.1016/j.langcom.2005.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacquemet, M. (2010). Language and transnational spaces. In P. Auer, & J. E. Schmidt (Eds.), Language and space: An international handbook of linguistic variation. Theories and methods (pp. 50–69). New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Kachru, B. B. 2006. Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In K. Bolton and B. B. Kachru (Eds.), World Englishes: Critical concepts in linguistics (Vol. 3, pp. 241–269). London & New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kropp Dakubu, M. E.2015 [1988]). The languages of Ghana. Oxon & New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kroskrity, P. V.2000). Regimes of language: Ideologies, polities, and identities. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press and James Currey Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Lake, O. (1995). Toward a pan-African identity: Diaspora African repatriates in Ghana. Anthropological Quarterly, 68(1), 21–36. doi: 10.2307/3317462
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanza, E. (2012). Empowering a migrant identity: Agency in narratives of a work experience in Norway. Sociolinguistic Studies, 6(2), 285–307.
   Google Scholar
• Makoni, S., & Pennycook, A. (2012). Disinventing multilingualism from monological multilingualism to multilingua francas. In M. Martin-Jones, A. Blackledge, & A. Creese (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of multilingualism (pp. 439–453). Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Martín-Rojo, L. (Ed.). (2010). Constructing inequality in multilingual classrooms. Berlin & New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Pennycook, A. (1994). The cultural politics of English as an international language. Harlow: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Pennycook, A. (2007). Global Englishes and transcultural flows. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pennycook, A. (2012). Language and mobility: Unexpected places. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pierre, J. (2012). The predicament of blackness: Postcolonial Ghana and the politics of race. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Piller, I. (2016). Linguistic diversity and social justice. An introduction to applied sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pujolar, J. (2007). Bilingualism and the nation-state in the post-national era. In M. Heller (Ed.), Bilingualism: A social approach (pp. 71–95). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Pujolar, J., & O’Rourke, B. (2016). New speakers, non-native speakers: Towards a post-national linguistics. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/30325038/Theorizing_the_speaker_and_speakerness_lessons_learned_from_research_on_new_speakers
   Google Scholar
• Relaño-Pastor, A. M. (2010). Ethnic categorization and moral agency in ‘fitting in’ narratives among Madrid immigrant students. Narrative Inquiry, 20(1), 82–105. doi: 10.1075/ni.20.1.05rel
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabaté i Dalmau, M. (2014). Migrant communication enterprises: Regimentation and resistance. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Schieffelin, B. B., Woolard, K. A., & Kroskrity, P. V. (Eds.). (1998). Language ideologies: Practice and theory. Oxford & New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tsikata, D., & Seini, W. (2004). Identities, inequalities and conflicts in Ghana. CRISE Working Paper 5 (November). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dzodzi_Tsikata/publication/228917698_Identities_Inequalities_and_Conflicts_in_Ghana/links/553ffcf20cf29680de9dc269.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tupas, R. F. (2001). Global politics and the Englishes of the world. In J. Cotterill, & A. Ife (Eds.), Language across boundaries. British studies in applied linguistics (pp. 81–98). London & New York, NY: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Tupas, R., & Rubdy, R. (2015). Introduction: From world Englishes to unequal Englishes. In R. Tupas (Ed.), Unequal Englishes. The politics of English today (pp. 1–17). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Urry, J. (2007). Mobilities. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vertovec, S. (2009). Transnationalism. London & New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Woolard, K. A. (2006). Language and identity choice in Catalonia: The interplay of contrasting ideologies of linguistic authority. Institute for International, Comparative and Area Studies, University of California. Retrieved from http://www.ihc.ucsb.edu/research/identity_articles/WoolardNov5.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Woolard, K. A., & Frekko, S. A. (2013). Catalan in the twenty-first century: Romantic publics and cosmopolitan communities. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 16(2), 29–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar