The Primacy of the Ingroup: The Interplay of Entitativity and Identification

References

• Abelson , R. P. , Dasgupta , N. , Park , J. and Banaji , M. R. 1998 . Perceptions of the collective other . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 2 : 243 – 50 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allport , F. H. 1924 . Social Psychology Boston, MA : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Allport , G. W. 1954 . The Nature of Prejudice Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Allport , G. W. and Kramer , B. M. 1946 . Some roots of prejudice . Journal of Psychology , 22 : 9 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartsch , R. A. and Judd , C. M. 1995 . Majority-minority status and perceived ingroup variability revisited . European Journal of Social Psychology , 23 : 471 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister , R. F. and Leary , M. R. 1995 . The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachment as a fundamental human motivation . Psychological Bulletin , 117 : 497 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biernat , M. , Vescio , T. K. and Billings , L. S. 1999 . Black sheep and expectancy violation: Integrating two models of social judgment . European Journal of Social Psychology , 29 : 523 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blascovich , J. , Wyer , N. A. , Swart , L. A. and Kibler , J. L. 1997 . Racism and social categorization . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 1364 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branscombe , N. R. , Wann , D. L. , Noel , J. G. and Coleman , J. 1993 . In-group or out-group extremity: Importance of threatened social identity . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 19 : 381 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer , M. B. 1979 . In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 86 : 61 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer , M. B. 1991 . The social self: On being the same and different at the same time . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 17 : 475 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer , M. B. and Brown , R. J. 1998 . “ Intergroup relations ” . In The Handbook of Social Psychology, , (4th edn , Edited by: Gilbert , D. T. , Fiske , S. T. and Lindzey , G. Vol. 2 , 554 – 94 . Boston, MA : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Brewer , M. B. and Harasty , A. S. 1996 . “ Seeing groups as entities: The role of perceiver motivation ” . In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition , Edited by: Sorrentino , R. M. and Higgins , E. T. Vol. 3 , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Brewer , M. B. , Weber , J. G. and Carini , B. 1995 . Person memory in intergroup contexts: Categorization versus individuation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 9 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , D. T. 1958 . Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of person as social entities . Behavioural Science , 3 : 14 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Capozza , D. and Volpato , C. 1990 . Categorical differentiation and intergroup relationships . British Journal of Social Psychology , 29 : 93 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capozza , D. , Dazzi , C. and Minto , B. 1996 . Ingroup overexclusion: A confirmation of the effect . International Review of Social Psychology , 9 : 7 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Capozza , D. , Voci , A. and Toaldo , A. 1998 . Judgments of categorical belonging in an inferior status group Unpublished manuscript, University of Padua
   Google Scholar
• Carter , L. F. 1948 . The identification of “racial membership” . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 43 : 279 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castano , E. and Yzerbyt , V. Y. 1998 . The high and lows of group homogeneity . Behavioural Processes , 42 : 219 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castano , E. , Yzerbyt , V. Y. and Bourguignon , D. 1998 . We are one and I like it: The impact of ingroup entitativity on social identification Manuscript submitted for publication. Catholic University of Louvain at Louvain-la-Neuve
   Google Scholar
• Castano , E. , Paladino , M. P. , Coull , A. and Yzerbyt , V. Y. 1999 . Preserving the ingroup entitativity: Ingroup identification and the management of deviant ingroup members Manuscript submitted for publication. Catholic University of Louvain at Louvain-la-Neuve
   Google Scholar
• Castano , E. , Yzerbyt , V. Y. , Bourguignon , D. and Seron , E. 2000 . Who may come in? The impact of ingroup identification on ingroup-outgroup categorization Manuscript submitted for publication. Catholic University of Louvain at Louvain-la-Neuve
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini , R. B. , Borden , R. J. , Thorne , A. , Walker , M. R. , Freeman , S. and Sloan , R. L. 1976 . Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 34 : 366 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coovert , M. D. and Reeder , G. D. 1990 . Negativity effects in impression formation: The role of unit formation and schematic expectations . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 26 : 49 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coull , A. and Yzerbyt , V. Y. 1999 . Cognitive resources and stereotype preservation: Just gimme a moment Manuscript submitted for publication, Catholic University of Louvain at Louvain-la-Neuve
   Google Scholar
• Coull , A. , Yzerbyt , V. Y. , Castano , E. , Paladino , P. and Leemans , V. 1999 . Dealing with a deviant ingroup member: Motivated stereotyping has a cognitive price Manuscript submitted for publication, Catholic University of Louvain at Louvain-la-Neuve
   Google Scholar
• De Cremer , D. and Vanbeselaere , N. 1999 . I am deviant, because… The impact of situational factors upon the black sheep effect . Psychologica Belgica , 39 : 71 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dépret , E. and Fiske , S. T. 1999 . Perceiving the powerful: Intriguing individuals versus threatening groups . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 35 : 461 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deschamps , J.-C. 1973–1974 . L'attribution, la catégorisation sociale et les relations intergroupes . Bulletin de Psychologie , 27 : 710 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Devos , T. , Comby , L. and Deschamps , J.-C. 1996 . “ Asymmetries in judgments of ingroup and outgroup variability ” . In European Review of Social Psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 7 , 95 – 144 . Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Doosje , B. , Ellemers , N. and Spears , R. 1995 . Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification . Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology , 31 : 410 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doosje , B. , Spears , R. , Ellemers , N. and Koomen , W. 1999 . “ Perceived group variability in intergroup relations: The distinctive role of social identity ” . In European Review of Social Psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 10 , Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Eberhardt , J. L. and Randall , J. L. 1997 . The essential notion of race . Psychological Science , 8 : 198 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , D. N. and Wittenberg , B. H. 1955 . Accuracy of identification of Jewish and non-Jewish photographs . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 51 : 339 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Festinger , L. 1950 . Informal social communication . Psychological Review , 57 : 271 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger , L. 1954 . A theory of social comparison processes . Human Relations , 7 : 117 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger , L. and Thibaut , J. 1951 . Interpersonal communication in small groups . Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology , 46 : 92 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaertner , L. and Schopler , J. 1998 . Perceived ingroup entitativity and intergroup bias: An interconnection of self and others . European Journal of Social Psychology , 28 : 963 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerard , H. B. 1953 . The effect of different dimensions of disagreement on the communication process in small groups . Human Relations , 6 : 249 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , D. H. and Sherman , S. J. 1996 . Perceiving persons and groups . Psychological Review , 103 : 336 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , D. L. , Sherman , S. J. and Lickel , B. 1998 . “ Perceiving social groups: The importance of the entitativity continuum ” . In Intergroup Cognition and Intergroup Behavior , Edited by: Sedikides , C. , Schopler , J. and Insko , C. A. 47 – 74 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , D. L. , Sherman , S. J. and Maddox , K. B. 1998 . “ Dualities and continua: Implications for understanding perceptions of persons and groups ” . In Dual Process Theories in Social Psychology , Edited by: Chaiken , S. and Trope , Y. New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Haslam , N. , Rothschild , L. and Ernst , D. 2000 . Essentialists' beliefs about social categories . British Journal of Social Psychology , 39 : 113 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam , S. A. , Oakes , P. J. , Turner , J. C. and McGarty , C. 1995 . Social categorization and group homogeneity: Changes in the perceived applicability of stereotype content as a function of comparative context and trait favourableness . British Journal of Social Psychology , 34 : 139 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewstone , M. 1994 . “ Revision and change of stereotypic beliefs: In search of the elusive subtyping model ” . In European Review of Social Psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 5 , 69 – 109 . Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Hobbes , T. 1651/1904 . Leviathan Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hogg , M. A. 1992 . The Social Psychology of Group Cohesiveness: From Attraction to Social Identity Hemel Hempstead : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
   Google Scholar
• Hogg , M. A. and Abrams , D. 1988 . Social Identification: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hogg , M. A. and Abrams , D. 1993 . “ Towards a single-process uncertainty-reduction model of social motivation ” . In Group Motivation , Edited by: Hogg , M. A. and Abrams , D. 173 – 90 . New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
   Google Scholar
• Hogg , M. A. , Hardie , E. A. and Reynolds , K. 1995 . Prototypical similarity, self-categorization, and depersonalized attraction: A perspective on group cohesiveness . European Journal of Social Psychology , 25 : 159 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg , M. A. and Mullin , B. A. 1998 . “ Joining groups to reduce uncertainty: Subjective uncertainty reduction and group identification ” . In Social Identity and Social Cognition , Edited by: Abrams , D. and Hogg , M. A. 247 – 79 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz , M. and Rabbie , J. M. 1982 . “ Individuality and membership in the intergroup system ” . In Social Identity and Intergroup Relations , Edited by: Tajfel , H. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Insko , C. A. and Schopler , J. 1998 . “ Differential distrust of groups and individuals ” . In Intergroup Cognition and Intergroup Behavior , Edited by: Sedikides , C. , Schopler , J. and Insko , C. A. 75 – 107 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , L. and Hewstone , M. 1992 . Cognitive models of stereotype change, 3: Subtyping and the perceived typicality of disconfirming groups members . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 28 : 360 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd , C. M. and Park , B. 1988 . Outgroup homogeneity: Judgments of variability at the individual and group levels . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 778 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , C. 1989 . Political identity and perceived intragroup homogeneity . British Journal of Social Psychology , 28 : 239 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus , S. , Ryan , C. S. , Judd , C. M. , Hastie , R. and Park , B. 1993 . Use of mental frequency distributions to represent variability among members of social categories . Social Cognition , 11 : 22 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunda , Z. 1990 . The case for motivated reasoning . Psychological Bulletin , 108 : 480 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunda , Z. and Oleson , K. C. 1995 . Maintaining stereotypes in the face of disconfirmation: Constructing grounds for subtyping deviants . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 68 : 565 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunda , Z. and Oleson , K. C. 1997 . When exceptions prove the rule: How extremity of deviance determines the impact of deviant examples on stereotypes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 5 : 965 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBon , G. 1895/1983 . Psychologie des Foules Paris : Presses Universitaires de France .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , Y. T. and Ottati , V. 1995 . Perceived in-group homogeneity as a function of group membership salience and stereotype threat . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 21 : 610 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemaine , G. 1974 . Social identification and social originality . European Journal of Social Psychology , 4 : 17 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , J. and Moreland , R. 1995 . “ Group processes ” . In Advanced Social Psychology , Edited by: Tesser , A. 419 – 65 . New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , S. R. , Stroessner , S. J. and Dweck , C. S. 1998 . Stereotype formation and endorsement: The role of implicit theories . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 1421 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin , K. 1951 . Field Theories in Social Science New York : Harper .
   Google Scholar
• Leyens , J.-Ph. and Schadron , G. 1980 . Porque discriminam mais os grupos que os individuos? Categorizacão ou pretexto? . Psicologia , 2 : 161 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Leyens , J.-Ph. and Yzerbyt , V. Y. 1992 . The ingroup overexclusion effect: Impact of valence and confirmation on stereotypical information search . European Journal of Social Psychology , 22 : 549 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyens , J.-Ph. , Yzerbyt , V. Y. and Bellour , F. 1993 . “ Social judgeability and motivation: the ingroup overexclusion effect ” . In Studies on the Self and Social Cognition , Edited by: Pichevin , M.-F. , Hurtig , M.-C. and Piolat , M. Singapore : World Scientific .
   Google Scholar
• Leyens , J.-Ph. , Yzerbyt , V. Y. and Schadron , G. 1992 . “ The social judgeability approach to stereotypes ” . In European Review of Social Psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 3 , 91 – 120 . Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Leyens , J.-Ph. , Yzerbyt , V. Y. and Schadron , G. 1994 . Stereotypes and Social Cognition London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lickel , B. , Hamilton , D. , Wiecaorkowska , G. , Lewis , A. C. , Sherman , S. J. and Uhles , A. N. 1998 . Varieties of groups and the perception of group entitativity Unpublished manuscript, University of California at Santa Barbara
   Google Scholar
• Lindzey , G. and Rogolsky , S. 1950 . Prejudice and identification of minority group membership . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 45 : 37 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linville , P. W. , Fisher , G. W. and Salovey , P. 1989 . Perceived distributions of the characteristics of in-group and out-group members: Empirical evidence and a computer simulation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 165 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linville , P. W. , Salovey , P. and Fisher , G. W. 1986 . “ Stereotyping and perceived distributions of social characteristics: An application to ingroup-outgroup perception ” . In Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism , Edited by: Dovidio , J. F. and Gaertner , S. L. 165 – 208 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lorenzi-Cioldi , F. 1998 . “ Group status and perceptions of homogeneity ” . In European Review of Social Psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 9 , 31 – 75 . Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Marques , J. M. and Paez , D. 1994 . “ The ‘Black Sheep Effect’: Social categorization, rejection of ingroup deviates, and perception of group variability ” . In European Review of Social Psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 5 , Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Marques , J. M. and Yzerbyt , V. Y. 1988 . The black sheep effect: Judgmental extremity towards ingroup members in inter- and intra-group situations . European Journal of Social Psychology , 18 : 287 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques , J. M. , Yzerbyt , V. Y. and Leyens , J.-Ph. 1988 . Extremity of judgments towards ingroup members as a function of ingroup identification . European Journal of Social Psychology , 18 : 1 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer , K. L. , Park , B. and Rothbart , M. 1995 . Subtyping versus subgrouping processes in stereotype representation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 812 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell , A. R. , Sherman , S. J. and Hamilton , D. L. 1997 . Target entitativity: Implications for information processing about individual and group targets . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 750 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGarty , C. , Haslam , S. A. , Hutchinson , K. J. and Grace , D. M. 1995 . Determinants of perceived consistency: The relationship between group entitativity and the meaningfulness of categories . British Journal of Social Psychology , 34 : 237 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medin , D. L. and Ortony , A. 1989 . “ Psychological essentialism ” . In Similarity and Analogical Reasoning , Edited by: Vosnaidou , S. and Ortony , A. 179 – 95 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Menon , T. , Morris , M. , Chiu , C. Y. and Hong , Y. Y. 1998 . Culture and attributions to individuals versus groups: North Americans attribute to personal dispositions; East asians attribute to dispositions of social collectives Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University
   Google Scholar
• Messick , D. M. and Mackie , D. M. 1989 . “ Intergroup relations ” . In Annual Review of Psychology , Edited by: Rosenzweig , M. R. and Porter , L. W. Vol. 40 , 45 – 81 . Palo Alto, CA : Annual Reviews .
   Google Scholar
• Mullen , B. 1991 . Group composition, salience, and cognitive representation: The phenomenology of being a group . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 27 : 297 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mummendey , A. 1995 . Positive distinctiveness and social discrimination: An old couple living in divorce . European Journal of Social Psychology , 25 : 657 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakes , P. J. , Haslam , S. A. and Turner , J. C. 1994 . Stereotypes and Social Reality Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Oakes , P. J. , Turner , J. C. and Haslam , S. A. 1991 . Perceiving people as group members: The role of fit in the salience of social categorizations . British Journal of Social Psychology , 30 : 125 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrom , T. M. and Sedikides , C. 1992 . Out-group homogeneity effect in natural and minimal groups . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 536 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , B. and Judd , C. M. 1990 . Measures and model of perceived group variability . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 59 : 173 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters , G. and Czapinski , J. 1990 . “ Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational negativity effects ” . In European Review of Social Psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 1 , 33 – 60 . Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Perdue , C. W. , Dovidio , J. F. , Gurtman , M. B. and Tyler , R. B. 1990 . “Us” and “them”: Social categorization and the process of intergroup bias . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 59 : 475 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew , T. F. , Allport , G. W. and Barnett , E. O. 1958 . Binocular resolution and perception of race in South Africa . British Journal of Psychology , 49 : 265 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quanty , M. B. , Keats , J. A. and Harkins , S. G. 1975 . Prejudice and criteria for identification of ethnic photographs . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 32 : 449 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quattrone , G. A. 1986 . “ On the perception of a group's variability ” . In Psychology of Intergroup Relations , Edited by: Worchel , S. and Austin , W. G. Chicago, IL : Nelson-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Rogier , A. and Yzerbyt , V. Y. 1999 . Social attribution: The role of homogeneity in subjective essentialism . Swiss Journal of Psychology , 58 : 233 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbart , M. and Taylor , M. 1992 . “ Category labels and social reality: Do we view social categories as natural kinds? ” . In Language, Interaction and Social Cognition , Edited by: Sewin , G. and Fiedler , K. 11 – 36 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Rothgerber , H. 1997 . External intergroup threat as an antecedent to perceptions of in-group and out-group homogeneity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 : 1206 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachter , S. 1951 . Deviation, rejection and communication . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 46 : 190 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachter , S. 1959 . The Psychology of Affiliation Palo Alto, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schopler , J. and Insko , C. A. 1992 . “ The discontent effect in interpersonal and intergroup relations: Generality and mediation ” . In European Review of Social Psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 3 , 121 – 52 . Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Sherif , M. 1967 . Group Conflict and Cooperation: Their Social Psychology London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Sherif , M. and Hovland , C. I. 1961 . Social Judgment: Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Communication and Attitude Change New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shermann , S. J. , Hamilton , D. L. and Lewis , A. C. 1999 . “ Perceived entitativity and the social identity value of group membership ” . In Social Identity and Social Cognition , Edited by: Abrams , D. and Hogg , M. 80 – 100 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Simon , B. 1992 . “ The perception of ingroup and outgroup homogeneity: Reintroducing the intergroup context ” . In European Review of Social Psychology , Edited by: Stroebe , W. and Hewstone , M. Vol. 3 , Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Simon , B. and Brown , R. J. 1987 . Perceived intragroup homogeneity in minority-majority contexts . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 53 : 703 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon , B. and Pettigrew , T. F. 1990 . Social identity and perceived group homogeneity: Evidence for the ingroup homogeneity effect . European Journal of Social Psychology , 20 : 269 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spears , R. , Oakes , P. J. , Ellemers , N. and Haslam , S. A. 1997 . The Social Psychology of Stereotyping and Group Life Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Stephan , W. G. 1977 . Cognitive differentiation in intergroup perception . Sociometry , 40 : 50 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , L. E. and Fiske , S. T. 1995 . Motivation and cognition in social life: A social survival perspective . Social cognition , 13 : 189 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe , W. and Insko , C. A. 1989 . “ Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. Changing conceptions in theory and research ” . In Stereotypes and Prejudice: Changing Conceptions , Edited by: Bar-Tal , D. , Grauman , C. F. , Kruglanski , A. W. and Stroebe , W. 3 – 34 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel , H. 1981 . Human Groups and Social Categories Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel , H. and Turner , J. C. 1979 . “ An integrative theory of intergroup relations ” . In Psychology of Intergroup Relations , Edited by: Austin , W. G. and Worchel , S. Monterey, CA : Brooks-Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel , H. , Billig , M. , Bundy , R. and Flament , C. 1971 . Social categorization and intergroup behaviour . European Journal of Social Psychology , 1 : 149 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , J. C. 1991 . Social Influence Milton Keynes : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , J. C. , Hogg , M. A. , Oakes , P. J. , Reicher , S. D. and Wheterel , M. S. 1987 . Rediscovering the Social Group. A Self-Categorization Theory Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Vanbeselaere , N. 1991 . The impact of in-group and out-group homogeneity/heterogeneity upon intergroup relations . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 12 : 291 – 301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber , R. and Crocker , J. 1983 . Cognitive processing in the revision of stereotypic beliefs . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 45 : 961 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilder , D. A. 1978 . Perceiving persons as a group: Effects on attributions of causality and beliefs . Social Psychology , 1 : 13 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilder , D. A. 1986 . “ Social categorisation: Implications for creation and reduction of intergroup bias ” . In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 19 , 291 – 355 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wilder , D. A. and Simon , A. 1998 . “ The group as a category and an interactive entity: Implications for social perception and intergroup behavior ” . In Intergroup Cognition and Intergroup Behavior , Edited by: Sedikides , C. , Schopler , J. and Insko , C. A. 27 – 44 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Yzerbyt , V. Y. , Castano , E. and Seron , E. 1998a . The ingroup overexclusion effect: The role of social identification and ingroup homogeneity Manuscript submitted for publication. Catholic University of Louvain at Louvain-la-Neuve
   Google Scholar
• Yzerbyt , V. Y. , Coull , A. I. and Rocher , S. 1999 . Fencing off the deviant: The role of cognitive resources in the maintenance of stereotypes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77 : 449 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yzerbyt , V. Y. , Dardenne , B. and Leyens , J.-Ph. 1998b . “ Social judgeability concerns in impression formation ” . In Metacognition: Cognitive and Social Dimensions , Edited by: Yzerbyt , V. Y. , Lories , G. and Dardenne , B. 126 – 56 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Yzerbyt , V. Y. , Leyens , J.-Ph. and Bellour , F. 1995 . The ingroup overexclusion effect: Identity concerns in decision about group membership . European Journal of Social Psychology , 25 : 1 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yzerbyt , V. Y. , Rocher , S. and Schadron , G. 1997 . “ Stereotypes as explanations: A subjective essentialistic view of group perception ” . In The Psychology of Stereotyping and Group Life , Edited by: Spears , R. , Oakes , P. , Ellemers , N. and Haslam , A. London : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Yzerbyt , V. Y. and Rogier , A. in press . “ Blame it on the group: Entitativity, subjective essentialism and social attribution ” . In The Psychology of Legitimacy: Emerging Perspectives on Ideology, Justice, and Intergroup Relations , Edited by: Jost , J. and Major , B. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yzerbyt , V. Y. , Rogier , A. and Fiske , S. 1998c . Group entitativity and social attribution: On translating situational constraints into stereotypes . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 24 : 1090 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yzerbyt , V. Y. and Schadron , G. 1996 . Connaǐtre et Juger Autrui: Une Introduction à la Cognition Sociale Grenoble : Presses Universitaires de Grenoble .
   Google Scholar
• Yzerbyt , V. Y. , Schadron , G. , Leyens , J.-Ph. and Rocher , S. 1994 . Social judgeability: The impact of meta-informational cues on the use of stereotypes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 66 : 48 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar