Frank Altschul, Lazard Freres, and the council on foreign relations: The evolution of a transatlantic thinker

NOTES

• See Nevins Allan Herbert H. Lehman and His Era New York 1963 Cary Reich, Financier: The Biography of Andre Meyer, New York, 1983; Laurence H. Shoup and William Minter, Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy, New York, 1977; Peter Grose, Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996, New York, 1996; Robert D. Schulzinger, The Wise Men of Foreign Affairs: The History of the Council on Foreign Relations, New York, 1984; Michael Wala, The Council on Foreign Relations and American Policy in the EarlyCold War, Oxford, 1994.
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• Charles Altschul to Editor, Toronto Globe 1918 July 14File James T. Shotwell, Charles Altschul Papers, Lehman Suite, Columbia University, New York; Nevins, Herbert H. Lehman, pp. 29, 51.
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• See Roberts Priscilla A Conflict of Loyalties: Kuhn, Loeb & Company and the First World War, 1914–1917 Studies in the American Jewish Experience, II Marcus Jacob R. Peck Abraham J. Cincinnati and Washington, DC 1984 1 32 169–182
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• Charles Altschul to Paul Hammerschlag, January 23, March 22, 1915, May 3, 1920, January 10, 1921, February 16, 1927, and no date [1919 or 1920], Files Paul Hammerschlag 1914–1919, 1920–1922,1926–1927, Charles Altschul Papers; Charles Altschul to Willy Altschul, March 11, 1915, File Willy Altschul, Charles Altschul Papers; Charles Altschul to Carl Heyman, February 27, March 12, April 3, 1915, File Carl Heyman, Charles Altschul Papers; Charles Altschul to Frank Altschul, December 21, 1925, File Frank Altschul, Charles Altschul Papers; Altschul The War Guilt Controversy Current History 1926 June copy in Writings File, Charles Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Arthur Goodhart, January 8, 1923, File Arthur Goodhart, Charles Altschul Papers Altschul to Mr. Berrien, January 18, 1921, File Letters and Articles About Europe's Debt, Charles Altschul Papers. Eugene Meyer, later the proprietor of The Washington Post and another scion of the Lazard Freres San Francisco banking families, shared this perspective, which seems to have drawn heavily on the navalist outlook of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan. Eugene Meyer, oral history interviews, January 6, 1952, p. 59, January 7, 1952, p. 66, February 3, 1952, pp. 170–171, 212–214, draft oral histories, Eugene Meyer Papers, Library of Congress Manuscripts Division, Washington, DC.
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• Altschul, notes on Germany, 1917 or 1918, Writings File, Charles Altschul Papers; material in File Guy Ford, Charles Altschul Papers; Altschul Charles German Militarism and Its Critics Washington, DC 1918
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• Altschul , Charles . 1917 . The American Revolution in Our School Textbooks New York Roosevelt to Altschul, September 8, 1917, Northcliffe to Altschul, October 18, 1917, Bryce to Altschul, January 9, 1918, File Letters re the American Revolution, Charles Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to André Lazard, January 1921 10File Lazard, Charles Altschul Papers
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• On this distinction among United States internationalists of the First World War and interwar period, see Roberts Priscilla The Anglo-American Theme: American Visions of an Atlantic Alliance, 1914–1933 Diplomatic History 1997 21 333 364 Nicholas J. Cull, ‘Selling Peace: The Origins, Promotion and Fate of the Anglo- American New Order During World War II,’ Diplomacy and Statecraft, 7 (1996), pp. 1 –15.
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• Altschul to ‘E’, February 1919 18File E Miscellaneous, Charles Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Simonds, December 1918 2File Frank H. Simonds, Charles Altschul Papers; see also Altschul to ‘E’, February 18, 1919, File Miscellaneous E, Charles Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Berrien, January 1921 18File Letters and Articles About Europe's Debt, Charles Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Goodhart, January 1923 8File Arthur Goodhart, Charles Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to André Lazard, January 1921 10File Lazard, Charles Altschul Papers; Altschul, ‘Europe's Debt and Our Own,’ New York Times, February 6, 1921, File Letters and Articles about Europe's Debt, Charles Altschul Papers; Altschul, ‘A Plea for Cancellation,’ Current History (July 1927), copy in Writings File, Charles Altschul Papers; Altschul to James G. McDonald, March 16, 1925, File James G. McDonald, Charles Altschul Papers; Altschul to Goodhart, January 8, 1923, File Arthur Goodhart, Charles Altschul Papers.
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• Charles Altschul to McDonald, March 1925 16File James G. McDonald, Charles Altschul Papers; also Altschul to Goodhart, January 8, 1923, File Arthur Goodhart, Charles Altschul Papers.
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• Charles Altschul to McDonald, March 1925 16File James G. McDonald, Charles Altschul Papers.
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• Frank Altschul, notes for Yale alumni group, c. 1928, Series Writings By and About Altschul Frank Frank Altschul Papers Lehman Suite, Columbia University, New York [hereafter Altschul Papers].
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• Altschul to Anthony Nutting, December 1955 6File Ni-Nu, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Charles Saltzmann, January 1963 29English-Speaking Union, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to George Ball, October 1962 4File Bab-Bal, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul, speech introducing Lord Salter, c. 1956, File Sa-Saz, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Frank Altschul, notes for Yale alumni group, c. 1928, Series Writings By and About Altschul Frank Altschul Papers
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• See Frank Altschul's lifelong correspondence with Brand, Files Robert H. Brand, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; and the extensive correspondence between Brand and Charles and Frank Altschul scattered through the Robert H. Brand Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford University, Oxford, England. Although there is no biography of Brand, he features prominently in Fox James The Langhorne Sisters London 1998 Norman Rose, The Cliveden Set: Portrait of an Exclusive Fraternity, London, 2000; Alexander C. May, ‘The Round Table, 1910–66,’ D.Phil, thesis, University of Oxford, 1995;and Andrea Bosco and Alexander May, eds., The Round Table, the Empire/Commonwealth, and British Foreign Policy, London, 1997.
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• Altschul, ‘Exchange Situation,’ memorandum presented to the French ministry of finance, January 24, 1924, Altschul, memorandum, ‘En étudiant l'opportunité,’ no date but clearly 1924, two other draft memoranda, possibly by Altschul, probably for French government's use, 1924, Christian Lazard to Altschul, February 26, March 18, 19, 29, 1924, Altschul to Lazard, March 13, 1924, File Christian Lazard, Altschul Papers; Johnson H. Clark Gold, France, and the Great Depression, 1919–1932 New Haven, Connecticut 1997 79 79 Stephen Schuker, The End of French Predominance in Europe: The Financial Crisis of 1924 and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1976, pp. 104– 106, 111, 114–115, 117–120; Anne Sabouret, MM Lazard Freres: Une saga de la fortune, Paris, 1987, pp. 67–72; Barry Eichengreen, Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939, New York, 1992, pp. 176–178; Charles S. Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I, Princeton, 1975, pp. 460–461.
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• Christian Lazard to Altschul, August 27, 1924, Altschul to Lazard, September 15, 1924, File Christian Lazard, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; on this issue see also Schuker The End of French Predominance in Europe 153 153 289–294
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• Chemineau , Laurent . 1998 . L'Incroyable Histoire de Lazard Frères: La Banque qui Règne sur le Monde des Affaires 32 – 32 . Paris
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• On Europe's economic recovery of the 1920s and the role that American financiers played therein, see especially Chernow Ron The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance New York 1990 270 359 Stephen V. O. Clarke, Central Bank Cooperation, 1924–1931, New York, 1967; Eichengreen, Golden Fetters; Michael J. Hogan, Informal Entente: The Private Structure of Cooperation in Anglo-American Economic Diplomacy, 1918–1928, Columbia, Missouri, 1977, chaps. 1–5; Melvyn P. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America's Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919–1933, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1979, chaps. 2–5; William C. McNeil, American Money and the Weimar Republic: Economics and Politics on the Eve of the Great Depression, New York, 1986; Richard Hemmig Meyer, Bankers' Diplomacy: Monetary Stabilization in the Twenties, New York, 1970; Schuker, The End of French Predominance in Europe.
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• See Hamilton Fish Armstrong Files, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers the voluminous Council on Foreign Relations Files, Organizations File, Altschul Papers; Files Frank Altschul, Box 2, Hamilton Fish Armstrong Papers, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscripts Library, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; and the works by Wala, Shoup and Minter, Schulzinger, and Grose previously cited in note 1.
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• Altschul to William C. Grace, n. d. [ July 1921 or AugustFile 87, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• See Norman H. Davis to Grace, August 1921 16Herbert S. Houston to Grace, August 19, 1921, Fred I. Kent to Grace, August 11, 1921, File 87, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers; Isaiah Bowman to Grace, August 13, 1921, File 25, Isaiah Bowman, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Archibald C. Coolidge to Grace, August 11, 1921, File 44, Archibald C. Coolidge, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Hamilton Holt to Grace, August 11, 1921, File 98, Hamilton Holt, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• See the very extensive files on the Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers
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• Altschul to Franklin D. Roosevelt, October 1932 4File 176, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; also Herbert Lehman Files, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• See Altschul unfinished letter to Lehman, n.d., File 128, Herbert Lehman, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul, draft portions of Roosevelt speech, n.d. [1932], and November 1, 1932, Writings and Speeches File, Altschul Papers; correspondence in Files 176, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and File 151, Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; and File 359, Raymond Moley, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Moley, July 1934 20September 17, 1934 [not sent], File 359, Raymond C. Moley, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Alfred M. Landon, January 1936 30File 51, Alfred M. Landon, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Altschul, Memorandum re Visit to Kansas City and Topeka, February 10, 1936, File 93, 1936 Campaign, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• See correspondence in File 51, Landon Alfred M. Political Series, Altschul Papers and File 124, Alfred M. Landon, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to John Hamilton, August 1937 30File 37, John H. Hamilton, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Glenn Frank, August 1938 27File 73, Glenn Frank, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul, ‘Revolution by Inadvertence,’ May 1937, Altschul, ‘The Challenge to Republican Leadership,’ August 26, 1938, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers; three clippings from New York Mirror, October 1938, File Frank Altschul Clippings, 1938–1961, Writings and Speeches File, Altschul Papers; draft report, 1938, and other papers and memoranda, Files 113 and 114, Republican Program Committee, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Guy Gabrielson, December 1949 13File 108, Republican Party-Republican National Committee, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• See Files Brand Robert H. David-Weill David David-Weill Pierre Goodhart Arthur Kindersley Robert Sir Lazard Frères Partners and Family, A. D. Marris, André Meyer, and Granville Tyser, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Henry A. Bubb, March 1939 17File Jews and Judaism 1937–1945 B-F, Subject Files, Altschul Papers.
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• Reich . Financier 39 – 41 .
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• Altschul, second draft of memorandum or speech, April 1940 Notes and Memoranda re World War II, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Samuel F. Pryor, Jr., September 1939 20File 64, Samuel F. Pryor, Jr., Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Congressman Charles A. Halleck, February 1939 6File 35, Charles A. Halleck, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Landon, September 1939 27File 124, Alfred M. Landon, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; also Altschul to Stimson, October 31, 1939, Stimson to Altschul, October 31, 1939, File Herbert H. Lehman, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Roosevelt, May 1940 17File 176, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Herbert Lehman, May 1940 18File 128, Herbert Lehman, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• See File 223, Huxley Michael General Correspondence, Altschul Papers
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• Altschul to Dorothy Thompson, July 1940 15File 208, Dorothy Thompson, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Brand to Altschul, March 15, July 9, 1940, Altschul to Brand, April 3, 1940, File Robert H. Brand, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Walter S. Hallanan, August 1939 10File 34, Walter Hallanan, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Altschul to James H. Douglas, Jr., April 22, 1940, File 23, James H. Douglas, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Robert H. Fleming, June 19, 1950, File 82, Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Steve Neal, Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie, Garden City, New York, 1984, pp. 53–54.
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• Altschul to editor, New York Times 1939 August 17File Letters to Editor, Writings and Speeches File, Altschul Papers.
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• See Correspondence in Files 80 and 81, Wendell Willkie 1940, Political Series, Altschul Papers quotation from Altschul to Horace W. Davis, May 7, 1940, File 80, Wendell Willkie A-L 1940; correspondence in File 47, William S. Howe, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• See correspondence in File 79 Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers
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• William A. White to Altschul, September 1940 3File 5, General Correspondence T-Z, Political File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Willkie, September 1940 4File 79, Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul . November 1940 . Memorandum of Conversation with Wendell L. Willkie November , 30File 79, Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul, speech, no date [1941], Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers
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• Altschul to James B. Conant and Lewis Douglas, December 1940 13Altschul to Roosevelt, December 30, 1940, File 67, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul . December 1940 . Telephone Conversation with Wendell L. Willkie (Hobe Sound, Florida) December , 30File 79, Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• Kindersley to Altschul, March 1941 26File Sir Robert Kindersley, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Alan Valentine, February 1941 13File Alan Valentine, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul, speech to Kiwanis Club, July 1941 2Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul , Frank . 1941 . Let No Wave Engulf Us.-A Challenge to Moderates New York also clippings from New York Herald Tribune, April 27, 1941, and PM, April 23, 1941, Writings and Speeches File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul's Secretary to Styles Bridges, March 1943 31File 15, Styles Bridges, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Arthur H. Vandenberg, January 1945 15File 75, Arthur H. Vandenberg, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Charles A. Halleck, April 21, 1948, File 36, Charles A. Halleck, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Dean Rusk, November 5, 1964, File 182, Dean Rusk, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Joseph E. Johnson, April 18, 1958, and other materials in Council on Foreign Relations-Discussion Group on The United Nations and U.S. Foreign Policy 1958, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul . December 1942 . “ Wise Statesmanship Needed in the Post-War World ” . In The New York Times December , letter published in20Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Hamilton, May 1943 12File 38, John Hamilton, Political Series, Altschul Papers; see also Altschul to Frederick S. Dunn, March 18, 1943, Altschul to William T. R. Fox, July 5, 1944, File Yale University, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Eleanor Roosevelt, February 1943 17enclosing ‘Memorandum in Regard to Post War Exchange Stabilization,’ February 17, 1943, File Stabilization, Subject File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Jeidels, April 1945 2File Otto Jeidels, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to H. Alexander Smith, March 19, 23, 1945, File 72, H. Alexander Smith, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• Charles Seymour to Arthur Ballantine, November 1942 19File Yale University, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul . December 1942 . The Chance of Our Lifetime December , 31Writings and Speeches File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Jeidels, December 1943 27May 1, 1944, File Otto Jeidels, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers, quotation from second letter cited.
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• Altschul to Grayson L. Kirk, April 1944 17File Yale University, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Luce, September 1943 27File 136, Henry Luce, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; also Altschul to Clare Boothe Luce, June 29, 1943, File 135, Clare Boothe Luce, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Willkie, October 1941 8January 16, 1942, File 82, Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Willkie, November 1942 19File 82 Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers. In 1944 Altschul refused to back Willkie's renewed campaign for the Republican nomination. Altschul to Willkie, April 10, 1944, File 82, Wendell Willkie, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Neal, Dark Horse, pp. 225 –226.
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• Altschul to William Stuart Howe, January 1942 23File Hor-Howe, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to John B. Hollister, June 1943 8File 45, John B. Hollister, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Dewey, September 1943 8, 16File 50, Thomas E. Dewey, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Jeidels, November 1944 6also Altschul to Jeidels, October 13, 1944, File Otto Jeidels, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Vandenberg, June 1947 2File Va-Ve, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; see also File Arthur H. Vandenberg, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• Roberts , Priscilla . 2001 . “ Underpinning the Anglo-American Alliance: The Council on Foreign Relations and Britain between the Wars ” . In Twentieth-Century Anglo-American Relations Edited by: Hollowell , Jonathan . 25 – 43 . London inalso Council on Foreign Relations, The Council on Foreign Relations: A Record of Twenty–Five Years, New York, 1947, p. 45.
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• Wasson , R. Gordon . 1982 . “ Frank Altschul 1887–1981 ” . In Century Association Yearbook 1982 205 – 205 . New York
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• Altschul to Bayless Manning, May 1972 3File 134, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Walter Mallory, July 1945 11File 87, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• See Council on Foreign Relations Files, Organizations Series, Altschul Papers
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• See Altschul's correspondence with Kennan, Kissinger, Morgenthau, Niebuhr, Nitze, and Wolfers, in the Catalogued Correspondence and General Correspondence Files, Altschul Papers. On the Realist tradition, see also Smith Michael Joseph Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger Baton Rouge, Louisiana 1986 Joel H. Rosenthal, Righteous Realists: Political Realism, Responsible Power, and American Culture in the Nuclear Age, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1991; Greg Russell, Hans J. Morgenthau and the Ethics of American Statecraft, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1990.
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• Wala . Council on Foreign Relations 30 – 46 . Schulzinger, Wise Men of Foreign Affairs, pp. 81–112; Grose, Continuing the Inquiry, pp. 23–26; Shoup and Minter, Imperial Brain Trust, pp. 117–177; Council on Foreign Relations, The Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 15–24.
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• William Edward Dietz to members of the Study Group on Postwar Economic and Financial Problems, and enclosures, December 1942 15digest of meeting on Postwar Economic Problems Common to the United States and Great Britain, October 29, 1943, File Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Dietz, September 1943 28and enclosure, ‘Study Program 1943–1944: United States Interests and the Post- War World,’ September 28, 1943, File Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Minutes of Fifty-Second Meeting of the Political Group . 1945 . March 26Altschul, ‘Anglo-American Solidarity in the Post-War World,’ July 12, 1945, File Council on Foreign Relations-War-Peace Studies, Organizations File, Altschul Papers; Altschul, Memorandum for Mr. Armstrong, July 20, 1945, File Frank Altschul, Box 2, Armstrong Papers; Wala,Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 67–68 n. 27.
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• Altschul to William Schubart, May 20, June 10, 1946, File Council on Foreign Relations-Study Group on United States Relations with Russia, Organizations File, Altschul Papers; Draft report by Franklin, n.d. [1946], File USSR, Subject Files, Altschul Papers; Wala Council on Foreign Relations 57 76 Schulzinger, Wise Men of Foreign Affairs, pp. 115–122; Grose, Continuing the Inquiry, pp. 30–35.
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• Wala . Council on Foreign Relations 76 – 89 . Grose, Continuing the Inquiry, pp. 35–38.
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• Altschul . September 1947 . New York Tribune September , letter to the editor, published in16Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.
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• See File 113, Kennan George F. Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers
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• Quotation from Altschul, introduction at first meeting of European Recovery Program group, December 1947 17File 88, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers; these groups’ deliberations are also covered in the relevant Council on Foreign Relations Files, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Wala . Council on Foreign Relations 91 – 139 . 153–169; Grose, Continuing the Inquiry, pp. 38–39.
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• Altschul to Kennan, July 1948 8File 113, George Kennan, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Kennan, October 1948 18File 113, George Kennan, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Editor, New York Times, published July 25, 1948, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Granville Tyser, March 1946 13File Granville Tyser, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Kenneth S. Wherry, March 1946 13File 5, General Correspondence T-Z, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Halleck, July 1946 6File 36, Charles A. Halleck, Political Series, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to H. Alexander Smith, March 15, 1947, File Si-Sm, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Alexander Sachs, August 26, 1947, File Alexander Sachs, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Brand to Altschul, November 18, 1947, Altschul to Brand, March 3, 1948, File Robert H. Brand, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Halleck, December 30, 1947, File 36, Charles A. Halleck, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Wala Michael Selling the Marshall Plan at Home: The Committee for the Marshall Plan to Aid European Recovery Diplomatic History 1986 10 247 265 Wala, Continuing the Inquiry, pp. 190–214.
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• Altschul to Walter N. Maguire, May 1948 28File Maa-Mal, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers
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• 1948 . July 13File Robert H. Brand, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Owen D. Roberts, March 1949 5File Roa-Rob, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; also Altschul to Elmo Roper, June 13, 1949, File 178, Elmo Roper, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Spencer Phoenix, July 1951 26File Pf-Pi, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• See, e.g., Altschul to Ralph E. Flanders, April 1949 27, July 23File 70, Ralph Flanders, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to DeWitt Clinton Poole, June 1951 20and enclosed excerpt from radio broadcast, File 520, National Committee for a Free Europe-Radio Free Europe, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul . November 1949 . Memorandum to Members of Study Group on Economic Policy November , 21Altschul, Memorandum for the Study Group on Foreign Economic Policy, January 24, 1950,Altschul to Gordon Gray, April 3, 1950, File Council on Foreign Relations-Study Group on Economic Policy 1949–1950, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul . August 1950 . The Current Crisis: A Statement of the Committee on International Policy of the National Planning Association , Special Report No. 27 August , 8File 590, National Planning Association Pamphlets, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Wayne Morse, December 19, 1950, File 153, Wayne Morse, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; on the Committee for the Present Danger, see also Sanders Jerry Wayne Peddlers of Crisis: The Committee on the Present Danger and the Politics of Containment Boston, Massachusetts 1983 Benjamin O. Fordham, Building the Cold War Consensus: The Political Economy of U.S. National Security Policy, 1949–51, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1998, p. 45.
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• See Committee for a United Europe-Radio Free Europe Files, Organization Files, Altschul Papers also Altschul to Harold E. Rider, October 21,1969, File Rh-Ri, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Cecily Goodhart, March 31,1950, File Arthur and Cecily Goodhart, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; on Radio Free Europe, see also Mickelson Sig America's Other Voice: The Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Free Liberty New York 1982 Gregory Mitrovich, Undermining the Kremlin: America's Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947–1956, Ithaca, New York, 2000, pp. 21–23; Wala, Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 215–216; Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945–1961, New York, 1997, pp. 59–63.
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• Wasson . Frank Altschul 1887–1981 206 – 206 .
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• Altschul to Beardsley Ruml, July 1947 10File 181, Beardsley Ruml, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Thomas E. Stephens, August 14, September 16, 1952, Altschul to Editor, Stamford Advocate 1952 October 27Altschul to Editor, New York Times, October 28, 1952, File 28, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Altschul to R. Gordon Wasson, October 3, 1952, File R. Gordon Wasson, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Elmer Rice, April 1953 13File Rh-Ri, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Margaret Chase Smith, May 1953 11File 193, Margaret Chase Smith, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Joseph Alsop, September 21, 1954, Altschul to Oppenheimer, January 5, 1955, File Robert Oppenheimer, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to editor, New York Times 1958 January 9File 377, Nea-Nez, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Philip D. Reed, June 1954 17File 28, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Political Series, Altschul Papers; Altschul to James Grafton Rogers, February 11, 1954, File Roc-Roo, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Anthony Nutting, December 1955 6File Ni-Nu, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Jan Mladek, November 1956 26File Jan Mladek, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; also Altschul to Sir Berkeley Ormerod, January 31, 1962, File Berkeley Ormerod, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul . 1956 . Reflections on Suez Writings and Speeches File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Henry M. Wriston, October 1959 28File 357, Council on Foreign Relations-Report to Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Dudley A. White, August 1953 4File Dudley A. White, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul, memorandum, August 1953 File 138, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul . 1953 . America's New Economic Role . Foreign Affairs , 31 : 392 – 404 .
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• Altschul to Tracy S. Voorhees, June 1953 10and enclosed memorandum, June 10, 1953, File Committee on the Present Danger, Subject File, Altschul Papers.
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• December 1955 . The Outlook after the Two Geneva Conferences — A Note of Warning: A Policy Statement by the Members of the Members of the Committee on International Policy of the National Planning Association , Special Report 38 December , File 590, National Planning Association, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to John J. McCloy, July 1954 2File 361, Council on Foreign Relations-Study Group on Soviet American Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers. See also, ‘American Policy in the New Phase of the Cold War,’ A Joint Statement by Members of the Board of Trustees and the Agriculture, Business, Labor, and International Committees of the National Planning Association adopted at the Twentieth Anniversary Joint Meeting, Washington, D.C., December 14, 1954, Special Report No. 35, January 1955, File 590, National Planning Association, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Arnold Wolfers, November 1956 19File Arnold Wolfers, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Kissinger, October 1956 19File 120, Henry Kissinger, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Ann Whitman, November 1957 14File Ann Whitman, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul et al. to Eisenhower, October 1957 8File 586, National Planning Association Correspondence, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• On the Gaither Committee, see Snead David L. The Gather Committee, Eisenhower, and the Cold War Columbus, Ohio 1990
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• Altschul to Whitman, December 1958 24File Ann Whitman, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; ‘An Adequate Military Shield for U.S. Foreign Policy’, Special Report No. 51, December 1958, File 590, National Planning Association, Organizational File, Altschul Papers.
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• See Files Council on Foreign Relations-Study Group on Soviet-American Relations, 1953– 1955, and Council on Foreign Relations-Study Group on The United States and the Soviet Union 1958 Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• See File Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Organizations File, Altschul Papers and correspondence in File 173, Nelson A. Rockefeller, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Stamford Forum for World Affairs, Some Recommendations for Long-Range Policy Planning 1959 October File Stamford Forum on World Affairs, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Chester Bowles, January 1960 19also Altschul to Bowles, February 24, March 15, 1960, File 24, Chester Bowles, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Bowles, June 1960 15File 24, Chester Bowles, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to William H. Vanderbilt, October 1960 12File William H. Vanderbilt, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; also Altschul to Bowles, September 16, 1960, File 24, Chester Bowles, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Kennedy, January 1961 30File 114, John F. Kennedy, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Arthur J. Freund, February 7, 1961, File Arthur J. Freund, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; ‘The National Peril,’ A Statement by the NPA International Committee, 1961, File 590, National Planning Association, Organizations File, Altschul Papers; ‘U.S. Said to Face Greatest Threat,’ New York Times, January 9, 1961, Clippings File, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.
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• On the latter point, see Smith Realist Thought Rosenthal, Righteous Realists; Russell, Hans J. Morgenthau.
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• Altschul to Kissinger, October 1956 19File 120, Henry Kissinger, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; on this group, see also File 337, Council on Foreign Relations-Study Group on Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul, memorandum, spring 1959, Altschul to John Campbell, October 1959 14File 357, Council on Foreign Relations-Report to Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul . May 1961 . Reflections on Disarmament in the Light of the Arden House Conference May , 11File Disarmament, Subject Files, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Armstrong, July 1961 1File 114, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Kennedy, September 1961 25File 114, John F. Kennedy, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Margaret Chase Smith, September 1961 29File 193, Margaret Chase Smith, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Seligman, November 1961 18File 188, Eustace Seligman, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to James Wechsler, November 1961 16File 218, James Wechsler, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Rusk, February 1962 9, May 21enclosing ten-page memorandum by Altschul, May 21, 1962, October 30, 1962, January 29, April 2, 1964, File 182, Dean Rusk, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Kissinger, November 1962 15File 120, Henry Kissinger, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul, ‘A Turning Point in History?,’ address to United States Reserve army officers, November 11, 1962, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Harlan van B. Cleveland, January 1964 21File Hudson Institute, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul . December 1966 . Reflections on the Max Kohnstamm Dinner December , 7File Disarmament, Subject File, Altschul Papers; also Altschul, memorandum, October 3, 1968, File 333, Council on Foreign Relations-Study Group Non-Nuclear Force in a Nuclear Age, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Editor, New York Times 1973 August 22File 63, Speeches and Writings File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to George McGovern, May 1972 11File 140, George McGovern, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Cleveland, January 1964 21File Hudson Institute, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Clarence Streit, February 1953 13File Clarence Streit, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Adolph Schmidt, March 1963 11File Sca-Sco, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Saltzmann, January 1963 29Altschul to Acheson, March 7, 1963, File English-Speaking Union, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• See the relevant Council on Foreign Relations files for 1962, 1963, 1964 and 1965, Organizations File, Altschul Papers
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• Altschul to William Foster, February 1963 28File Disarmament, Subject Files, Altschul Papers; see also Altschul to Archibald S. Alexander, April 9, 30, 1963, Foster to Altschul, March 13, 1963, Alexander to Altschul, April 11, 15, 30, May 7, November 27, 1963, File Disarmament, Subject Files, Altschul Papers; see also ‘A Suggested Letter from President Kennedy to Chairman Khrushchev,’ largely drafted by Altschul, 1963, minutes of the International Committee Meeting of the National Planning Association, January 15, 1963, draft of Possible NPA International Committee Statement on Keeping Western Initiative in World Affairs, December 28, 1962, File 587, National Planning Association, Organizations File, Altschul Papers; Proposed Steering Committee Statement on Restoring U.S. Freedom of Action on Domestic and International Economic Problems, May 2, 1963, Outline of Possible International Policy Committee Statement on the Outlook for United States-Soviet Relations, May 15, 1963, Revised Draft of NPA International Committee Policy Statement on Soviet Foreign Trade and Aid, May 20, 1963, File 588, National Planning Association, Organization Files, Altschul Papers; also Altschul to Norman Cousins, April 24, 1968, File 45, Norman Cousins, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Richard N. Gardner, December 1963 4File Richard N. Gardner, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Clinton S. Van Cise, December 1964 17File Clinton S. Van Cise, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Charles E. Osgood, December 1965 27File Om-Oz, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to James P. Warburg, June 1965 16also Altschul to Warburg, January 10, 1967, March 19, 1968, File James P. Warburg, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Abbott M. Washburn, October 1967 12File Abbott M. Washburn, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; see also Altschul to Eugene McCarthy, November 8, 1967, File 137, Eugene McCarthy, Catalogued Correspondence, Altschul Papers; for the evolution of Altschul's thinking on Vietnam, see also his correspondence with Hans Morgenthau, File 367, Hans Morgenthau, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• File Council on Foreign Relations-Discussion Group on Vietnam's Post-Conflict Prospects, and File Council on Foreign Relations-Ad Hoc Discussion Group on Vietnam, Organizations File, Altschul Papers
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• Altschul to William J. Barnds, October 1968 23File 319, Council on Foreign Relations-Discussion Group on Intelligence and Foreign Policy, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Ett May Van Tassel, December 1969 30File Va-Ve, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to John B. Oakes, May 1973 13and enclosed memorandum, May 13, 1973, File John B. Oakes, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Mrs. Charles Denny, May 1973 24File Dea-Den, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Wendy Boardman, December 1973 5File Wendy Boardman, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers; Altschul to Harriet Van Home, October 12, 1972, April 3, 1973, February 26, 1974, File Va-Ve, General Correspondence, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to McGovern, August 1972 13File 57, George McGovern, Political Series, Altschul Papers; cf. Altschul to Marshall D. Shulman, February 18, 1971, File 347, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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• Altschul to Manning, September 1973 11also Altschul to Manning, September 20, 1973, File 136, Council on Foreign Relations, Organizations File, Altschul Papers.
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